Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infections: Strain and Type Variations; Diagnosis and Prevention

1991 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norrby Erling ◽  
Eva M. Fenyo
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

scholarly journals Early Adopters of Event-driven Human Immunodeficiency Virus Pre-exposure Prophylaxis in a Large Healthcare System in San Francisco

2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (10) ◽  
pp. 2710-2712 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Carlo Hojilla ◽  
Julia L Marcus ◽  
Michael J Silverberg ◽  
C Bradley Hare ◽  
Rachel Herbers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Healthcare System ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Early Adopters ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Event Driven ◽  
Exposure Prophylaxis

Abstract Among 279 patients within a large healthcare system in San Francisco, event-driven HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis using a 2–1–1 regimen was a desirable alternative to daily dosing. Problems with adherence, planning sex in advance, or side effects were infrequent (13.9%). We found no new HIV infections over 136 person-years of follow-up.

Late diagnosis of human immunodeficiency virus infections in high-risk groups in Karachi, Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (14) ◽  
pp. 1400-1406
Author(s):  
Zahra Hasan ◽  
Sharaf Shah ◽  
Rumina Hasan ◽  
Shoaib Rao ◽  
Manzoor Ahmed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Hiv Infection ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection prevalence in Pakistan has been increasing in high-risk groups, including people who inject drugs (PWID) and transgender hijra sex workers (TG-HSWs) nationwide. Effective control of HIV requires early diagnosis of the infection. We investigated recency of HIV infections in newly-diagnosed cases in PWID and TG-HSWs. This was an observational study with convenience sampling. Overall, 210 HIV-positive subjects comprising an equal number of PWID and TG-HSWs were included. Antibody avidity was tested using the Maxim HIV-1 Limiting Antigen Avidity (LAg) EIA (Maxim Biomedical, Inc. Rockville, Maryland, USA). The mean age of study subjects was 29.5 years: PWID, 28.5 years and TG-HSWs, 30.4 years. Study subjects were married, 27%, or unmarried. Eighteen percent of individuals had recently-acquired HIV infections: 19% of PWID and 17% of TG-HSWs. Eighty-two percent of individuals had long-term HIV infections: 81% of PWID and 83% of TG-HSWs. This is the first study identification of recent HIV-1 infections in Pakistan. We show that most newly-diagnosed HIV patients in the high-risk groups studied had long-term infections. There is an urgent need for intervention in these groups to facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of HIV infection to reduce transmission in Pakistan.

scholarly journals The South African Nurse’s Knowledge of Occupational Human Immunodeficiency Virus Postexposure Prophylaxis in the Era of Controlled and Stable HIV Prevalence

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (21) ◽  
pp. 7784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melitah Molatelo Rasweswe ◽  
Mmapheko Doriccah Peu
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Postexposure Prophylaxis ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Healthcare Settings ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Acquisition ◽  
Risk Of Hiv Acquisition

Knowledge is a crucial aspect of nursing. Nurses, just like any other healthcare workers (HCWs), are empowered with the knowledge of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Postexposure Prophylaxis (PEP) protocol to be followed, including post-exposure to blood and body fluids (BBFs). The utilization of HIV PEP demonstrated its capabilities to prevent HCWs from HIV infections. However, the practice in healthcare settings remains a challenge, as many HCWs do not adhere to the protocol. This study investigated how knowledgeable nurses are about HIV PEP in the era of controlled and stable HIV prevalence. Ninety-four nurses completed a self-administered questionnaire to provide information. A biostatistician assisted with data analysis, using Microsoft Excel converted to the STATA 13 format. Most (77.0%) were female with a mean age of 30 ± 9 years. The degree of knowledge was low, although the results showed that 90.43% of nurses had been informed about HIV PEP. Eighty (84%) did not know where to access HIV PEP, and (55.32%) were unaware of HIV PEP guidelines. A comparison between knowledge and work experience revealed that those with five years and less experience are less knowledgeable. There is a need to improve nurses’ knowledge of HIV PEP to reduce the risk of HIV acquisition from work-related activities.

scholarly journals Atazanavir Signature I50L Resistance Substitution Accounts for Unique Phenotype of Increased Susceptibility to Other Protease Inhibitors in a Variety of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Genetic Backbones

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (9) ◽  
pp. 3816-3824 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Weinheimer ◽  
L. Discotto ◽  
J. Friborg ◽  
H. Yang ◽  
R. Colonno
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Protease Inhibitors ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Hiv Protease ◽  
Hiv Protease Inhibitors ◽  
Protease Inhibition ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Increased Susceptibility

ABSTRACT Substitution of leucine for isoleucine at residue 50 (I50L) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease is the signature substitution for atazanavir (ATV) resistance. A unique phenotypic profile has been associated with viruses containing the I50L substitution, which produces ATV-specific resistance and increased susceptibility to most other approved HIV protease inhibitors (PIs). The basis for this unique phenotype has not been clearly elucidated. In this report, a direct effect of I50L on the susceptibility to the PI class is described. Cell-based protease assays using wild-type and PI-resistant proteases from laboratory and clinical isolates and in vitro antiviral assays were used to demonstrate a strong concordance between changes in PI susceptibility at the level of protease inhibition and changes in susceptibility observed at the level of virus infection. The results show that the induction of ATV resistance and increased susceptibility to other PIs by the I50L substitution is likely determined at the level of protease inhibition. Moreover, the I50L substitution functions to increase PI susceptibility even in the presence of other primary and secondary PI resistance substitutions. These findings may have implications regarding the optimal sequencing of PI therapies necessary to preserve PI treatment options of patients with ATV-resistant HIV infections.

scholarly journals Risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in homosexual men.

1987 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 479-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
W W Darrow ◽  
D F Echenberg ◽  
H W Jaffe ◽  
P M O'Malley ◽  
R H Byers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Homosexual Men ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

scholarly journals Efficacy of Prompt Initiation of Antiretroviral Therapy in the Treatment of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis Triggered by Uncontrolled Human Immunodeficiency Virus

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryan P. Fitzgerald ◽  
Amy L. Wojciechowski ◽  
Rajinder P. S. Bajwa
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Antiretroviral Therapy ◽  
Critically Ill ◽  
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Hiv Viral Load ◽  
Hematologic Disorder ◽  
Immune System Activation ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a life-threatening, rapidly progressive hematologic disorder involving uncontrolled immune system activation. HLH has been associated with viral infections, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. We report a case of a critically ill 30-year-old female who was hospitalized with HIV-associated HLH, with a CD4 count of 4 cells/mL and HIV viral load of 1,842,730 copies/mL. After ruling out other potential infectious causes of HLH, antiretroviral therapy (ART) was initiated with darunavir, ritonavir, tenofovir, and emtricitabine. Within one week of initiation of ART, the patient began to improve clinically and hematologically and was stable enough for discharge from the hospital three weeks after starting therapy. This case suggests that treatment with ART in patients with HIV-associated HLH should be considered even in critically ill patients with low CD4 counts.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document