scholarly journals Phonetics or phonology: asymmetries in loanword adaptations; French and German mid front rounded vowels in Japanese

2005 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 117-135
Author(s):  
Katrin Dohlus
Keyword(s):  
Adaptation Process ◽  
Language Play ◽  
Loanword Adaptation ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Loanword Phonology

It is one of the most highly debated issues in loanword phonology whether loanword adaptations are phonologically or phonetically driven. This paper addresses this issue and aims at demonstrating that only the acceptance of both a phonological as well as a phonetic approximation stance can adequately account for the data found in Japanese. This point will be exemplified with the adaptation of German and French mid front rounded vowels in Japanese. It will be argued that the adaptation of German /oe/ and /ø/ as Japanese /e/ is phonologically grounded, whereas the adaptation of French /oe/ and /ø/ as Japanese /u/ is phonetically grounded. This asymmetry in the adaptation process of German and French mid front rounded vowels and further examples of loans in Japanese lead to the only conclusion that both strategies of loanword adaptation occur in languages. It will be shown that not only perception, but also the influence of orthography, of conventions and the knowledge of the source language play a role in the adaptation process.  

A Structural Account of Root Node Deletion in Loanword Phonology

1999 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvan Rose
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Constraints ◽  
Loanword Adaptation ◽  
Root Node ◽  
Nasal Vowels ◽  
Loanword Phonology ◽  
Structural Account ◽  
Segmental Representations

AbstractParadis and LaCharité (1996, 1997) have proposed a model of loanword adaptation, couched within theTheory of Constraints and Repair Strategies(Paradis 1988a,b). One of the mechanisms used in their model, called the Threshold Principle, first advanced by Paradis, Lebel, and LaCharité (1993), poses problems. This principle, whose implementation implies arithmetic counting, goes counter to standard views of generative phonology against counting. In this article, an analysis of deletion contexts found in loanwords which accounts for the data observed on structural grounds only is developed without any appeal to arithmetic counting. Based on the adaptation of French rising diphthongs and nasal vowels in two languages, Fula and Kinyarwanda, it is argued that an analysis based solely on the segmental representations of the foreign forms to adapt and the segmental and syllabic constraints of the borrowing language is sufficient to make correct predictions regarding the adaptation patterns found in these languages.

Loanword Adaptation in Lama: Testing the TCRS Model

1997 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 415-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles H. Ulrich
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Constraints ◽  
Loanword Adaptation ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Phonological Constraints ◽  
Data Support ◽  
French And English

AbstractWhen words are borrowed from one language into another, they are often adapted to conform with the phonological constraints of the borrowing language. This article looks at the adaptation of six hundred loanwords from French and English into Lama in light of the predictions of the Theory of Constraints and Repair Strategies. The Lama data support the Minimality Principle, which predicts that ill-formed structures will be repaired as economically as possible, and the Preservation Principle, which predicts that epenthesis will be favoured over deletion. They also support the claim that the form in which loanwords are stored in the borrowing language is equivalent to the output of the phonology of the source language, even when that includes segments which are ill-formed in the borrowing language. However, the Lama data do not support the Threshold Principle, which predicts deletion when adaptation would be too costly.

Perceptual similarity in loanword adaptation: English postvocalic word-final stops in Korean

Phonology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoonjung Kang
Keyword(s):  
Strong Evidence ◽  
Large Body ◽  
English Word ◽  
Perceptual Similarity ◽  
Loanword Adaptation ◽  
Loanword Phonology

When an English word with a postvocalic word-final stop is adapted to Korean, a vowel is variably inserted after the final stop. Vowel insertion in this position is puzzling not only because of its variability but also because of the fact that it is not motivated by the native phonology in any obvious way. After providing a thorough description of the vowel-insertion pattern on the basis of a survey of a large body of data, the paper proposes that vowel insertion is motivated to improve the perceptual similarity between the English input and the Korean output as well as to obey a morphophonemic restriction in Korean. The paper provides strong evidence that non-contrastive phonetic details of lending or borrowing languages are relevant in the process of loanword adaptation and at the same time suggests a richer view of loanword phonology, one which involves interaction of phonetic, phonemic and morphophonemic factors.

scholarly journals Perception of Illegal Contrasts: Japanese Adaptations of Korean Coda Obstruents

2010 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 488
Author(s):  
James Whang
Keyword(s):  
Acoustic Signal ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Loanword Adaptation ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Japanese Speakers

In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt:A series of studies by Dupoux and colleagues (Dupoux et al. (1999), Peperkamp & Dupoux (2003), Vendelin & Peperkamp (2004), Peperkamp (2005)) have proposed that loanword adaptation, which refers to the transformation words go through when they are borrowed from a source language (L2) to a borrowing language (L1), happens entirely during perception. They claim that when an L1 speaker is given an acoustic signal that contains segments that are illegal in his native language, his native phonotactics distort how this signal is perceived, automatically mapping it to the closest well-formed sound, and that this process, called perceptual assimilation, often makes it extremely difficult to perceive nonnative sounds accurately. This paper provides evidence partially contrary to their claims, from adaptations of Korean final coda obstruents into Japanese, showing that Japanese speakers are able to perceive some phonotactically illegal contrasts.

scholarly journals Loanword adaptation in Esperanto

2019 ◽  
pp. 72-80
Author(s):  
Karina Oliveira, Gonçalves de Souza de
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Loanword Adaptation ◽  
Original Language ◽  
Youth Organization ◽  
Loanword Phonology

This research investigated the phonological directions by which new roots are incorporated into Esperanto. Words were selected from the following magazines: Kontakto, the official magazine of the Tutmonda Esperantista Junulara Organizo (TEJO – World Esperanto Youth Organization), which was first published in 1963 and has subscribers in over 90 countries, and Esperanto, the official magazine of the Universala Esperanto-Asocio (UEA – Esperanto Universal Association), which was first released in 1905 and has readers in 115 countries, in addition to a technological terminology list (Nevelsteen, 2012) and to words not quoted in dictionaries but published in a list on the blog <http://vortaroblogo.blogspot.com.br/2009/09/nepivajvortoj-i.html>. Words were collected from 13 different languages: Arabic, Chinese, French, English, Japanese, Komi, Korean, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, Turkish, Sanskrit and Swahili. The theoretical basis that guided this analysis was Loanword Phonology, mainly the works of Calabrese & Wetzels (2009), Vendelin & Peperkamp (2006), Paradis (1988), Kang (2011), Friesner (2009), Menezes (2013), Chang (2008), Kenstowicz & Suchato (2006) and Roth (1980). An analysis of the corpus showed that words can be adapted by their phonetic form as well as by their root’s orthographic form from the original language. Furthermore, we observed that long vowels were, for the most part, adapted as simple vowels; and some words are present in two synchronic variations.

Perception of Contrast in Korean Loanword Adaptation

2006 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 49-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Iverson ◽  
Ahrong Lee
Keyword(s):  
Categorical Perception ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Syllable Structure ◽  
Loanword Adaptation ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Sound Structure ◽  
Unified View ◽  
Phonological Perception

Abstract. A number of modifications affect the sound structure of foreign words as they are bor-rowed into Korean. We consider specifically the adaptation of word-final stops, liquids, and voiceless as well as voiced coronal sibilants. The particular manifestation of these is shown to corre-late with the place they hold in the syllable structure of the recipient language rather than, as might seem to be the case, with either contrastive categories of the source language or allophonic qualities of the recipient. This discussion thus contributes to the continuing debate over the awareness that listeners may have of phonetic properties that are contrastive in the source language but redundant in the recipient (and hence presumably below the threshold of categorical perception), as well as vice versa, and it offers a unified view of the factors which appear to be at play in the phonological pro-cessing of both native words and loanwords. At base is a simple yet comprehensive principle of phonological perception: Phonetic representations are interpreted according to the salient perceptual categories of the listener's native language.

Three Korean transcription systems for Mandarin loanwords

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 257-272
Author(s):  
Youyong Qian
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Loanword Adaptation ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Robust Model

Abstract This paper investigates the factors involved in the adaptation of loanwords and how these factors influence each other through a case study of three systems of transcription for Mandarin loanwords in Korean. The result of this study demonstrates that perception, phonology, and source-language orthography are all important factors in the three systems of transcription. This study provides empirical evidence to what causes speakers of the same native language – in our case, Korean – to propose different adapted forms for the same source input and argues that variation in adaption patterns can be viewed as results of different constraints and different rankings of the same constraints. Last, this study invites researchers to pay more attention to the role of borrowers in the hope of building a more robust model of loanword adaptation.

Foreign names into native tongues

Target ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Chao Chris Li
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Syllable Structure ◽  
Lexical Retrieval ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Loanword Phonology ◽  
Target Languages ◽  
Language Boundaries

The transfer of sound from one language into another is not a uniform process, but rather, takes different forms depending on the orthographies and phonological properties of source and target languages, the less common of which involve processes significantly different from transliteration between European phonetic scripts. This paper pools techniques commonly used in loanword phonology and second language acquisition to illustrate complications that arise when translating names from English into languages such as Japanese and Chinese, which differ significantly from the source language in syllable structure and orthographic convention. Competing strategies of adaptation and accommodation are placed in the context of lexical retrieval and compared with experimental studies of nativization in interlanguage. It will be shown that for names to be perceived as similar-sounding across language boundaries, it would be desirable to look beyond segmental equivalence and consider stress, syllable count and other suprasegmental factors that play a greater role in phonological memory.

scholarly journals Vowel Quality Cues to Variable Nasal Adaptation in Mandarin Loanword Phonology

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ho-Hsin Huang ◽  
Yen-Hwei Lin
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Vowel Quality ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Loanword Adaptation ◽  
Loanword Phonology ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Phonetic Cues ◽  
Range Of Variation ◽  
Do So ◽  
Perceived Duration

Variation in phonological adaptation has not always been analysed in detail, but some studies on Standard Mandarin (SM) loanword phonology, where a seemingly wide range of variation is present, have started to uncover cases where instances of variable adaptation are contextually conditioned (e.g. Hsieh, Kenstowicz, & Mou, 2009 on SM nasal codas; Lin 2008 on SM vowels). Our study presents corpus and experimental data in which intervocalic English nasals are variably adapted as either geminates or singletons in SM. We argue that the perceived duration and nasalization of the English prenasal vowels condition which variant is preferred in SM, and suggest how these vowel quality cues are processed and mapped onto SM phonological representation by monolingual and bilingual SM speakers. This study contributes to a better understanding of which phonetic cues modulate variation in adapted forms and how they do so.  It also showcases multiple sources for variable loanword adaptation: linguistic contexts, auditory vs. non-auditory inputs, and monolingual vs. bilingual differences.

Capturing the Four-Phase Team Adaptation Process With Behaviorally Anchored Rating Scales (BARS)

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 336-347
Author(s):  
Eleni Georganta ◽  
Felix C. Brodbeck
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scales ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Team Development ◽  
Adaptation Process ◽  
Adaptation Studies ◽  
Team Processes ◽  
Team Adaptation ◽  
The Common ◽  
Acceptable Reliability ◽  
Adaptation Phase

Abstract. As a response to the lack of quantitative and reliable measures of the team adaptation process, the aim of the present study was to develop and validate an instrument for assessing the four phases of the team adaptation process as described by Rosen and colleagues (2011) . Two trained raters and two subject matter expert groups contributed to the development of four behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS) that span across the spectrum of team processes involved in each team adaptation phase. To validate the four BARS, two different trained raters assessed independently the team adaptation phases of 66 four-person teams. The validation study provided empirical support for the BARS’ psychometric adequacy. The BARS measures overcame the common middle anchor problem, showed sensitivity in differentiating between teams and between the four phases, showed evidence for acceptable reliability, construct, and criterion validity, and supported the theoretical team adaptation process assumptions. The study contributes to research and praxis by enabling the direct assessment of the overall team adaptation process, thereby facilitating our understanding of this complex phenomenon. This allows the identification of behavioral strengths and weaknesses for targeted team development and comprehensive team adaptation studies.

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