The resistance of the phenological forms of the common oak (Quercus robur L.) to unfavorable external factors

Author(s):  
И.А. Уткина ◽  
В.В. Рубцов

Ранняя (Quercus robur var. praecox Czern.) и поздняя (Q. robur var. tardiflora Czern.) фенологические формы дуба черешчатого, выделенные в самостоятельные таксоны в середине XIX в., неоднократно становились объектами исследований для специалистов разного профиля. Собрано немало данных о различиях в их росте, требованиях к условиям местообитания, устойчивости к неблагоприятным внешним факторам. Иногда кроме ранней и поздней феноформ выделяют еще и промежуточные между ними. Наиболее отчетливо различия между феноформами, обусловленные разными сроками листораспускания, проявляются в реакции на поздние весенние заморозки и повреждение листвы насекомыми-филлофагами. Так как на деревьях поздней формы листовые и цветочные почки раскрываются намного позже, чем на ранней, поздняя форма избегает повреждения весенними заморозками. Кроме того, обладая меньшей способностью к формированию летних побегов, она меньше повреждается и ранними осенними заморозками, а также зимними морозами, что способствует образованию у нее более прямых и полнодревесных стволов, по сравнению с ранней формой. Ранняя форма чаще и сильнее повреждается филлофагами ранневесеннего комплекса, у которых отрождение гусениц из яиц синхронизировано с раскрытием почек и распусканием листьев. Есть данные, что видовой состав вредителей листвы на деревьях ранней и поздней форм дуба при их совместном произрастании примерно одинаков, зато численность отдельных видов филлофагов и их соотношение различны. На деревьях ранней формы их больше в несколько раз, что объясняется совпадением фаз развития большинства ранневесенних видов филлофагов и листвы этой формы дуба. Согласно результатам проведенных исследований, поздняя форма предпочтительнее для создания лесных культур дуба как более устойчивая к неблагоприятным погодным условиям и насекомым-вредителям. Early (Quercus robur var. praecox Czern.) and late (Q. robur var. tardiflora Czern.) phenological forms of the common oak, recognized as independent taxa in the mid-nineteenth century, have been subjects of multiple studies by specialists of different fields. Abundant data on the differences in their growth requirements, habitat conditions, and resistance to unfavorable external factors have been collected. Some specialists in addition to early and late phenoforms distinguish intermediate forms. Most clearly the differences between these forms appear in response to late spring frosts and damage of leaves by phyllophagous insects due to different timing of the forms' leafing. As leaf and flower buds in late oaks are revealed much later than in early oaks, late form avoids damage by spring frosts. In addition, due to lower ability to form summer shoots, late oaks are less damaged by early autumn frosts and winter freeze, which contributes to the formation of more straight and full trunks comparing to early oaks. Early oaks are damaged more severely by phyllophagous insects of spring complex, in which hatching of caterpillars from eggs is synchronized with opening buds and unfolding of leaves. There is evidence that species composition of foliage pests on co-occurant early and late forms of oak is nearly the same, but the number of individual species of phyllophagous insects and their ratio are different. In the early form the number of phyllophagous insects is greater by several fold due to concurrence of developmental phases in most early spring phyllophagous species and foliage of this oak form. The obtained results show that the late form of common oak is preferable for forest plantations as more resistant to unfavorable weather conditions and insect pests.

2016 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 177-185
Author(s):  
Magdalena Lubiarz

Abstract This paper presents results of studies conducted in the forest areas of the Polesie National Park and in the surroundings of the chemical producer Zakłady Azotowe in the town of Puławy on the abundance of mites from the families Tetranychidae and Phytoseiidae. These studies were conducted on eight different sites in the years 2002–2004 and aimed at answering the question of whether mite abundance is related to factors such as area, site and year. In total, 8894 specimen of the spider mite family and 1835 specimen of the predatory mite family were collected. Spider mites were more abundant in Puławy than in the Polesie National Park, whilst the abundances of predatory mites were similar in both study areas. For spider mites, statistically significant differences were found in terms of study area and site, but also in terms of the study area in relation to the year of investigation. In the case of predatory mites, statistically significant differences were also found in terms of the study area in relation to the year of investigation.


2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Bobinac ◽  
Branislava Batos ◽  
Danijela Miljkovic ◽  
Stojanka Radulovic

Polycyclism is the ability for a plant to produce several flushes in the same growing season. The rare phenomenon of common oak (Quercus robur L.) summer flowering is proof of complex polycyclism. Common oak summer flowering and the unusual transformation of inflorescences were the starting point for this study of the phenological variability of common oak trees in identical site conditions. This paper presents comparative research of leaf flushing, flowering, and leaf fall phenophases in a common oak with summer flowering and a control tree in which this phenomenon was not observed. Both trees displayed frequent polycyclism (polyphase formation of annual shoots during the growing season), but with different intensities depending on the trees and the years. Compared to the control tree, the tree with summer flowering was characterized by a later onset of leaf-flush phenophase and leaf fall phenophase and a longer retention of the leaves in the crown.


2016 ◽  
pp. 9-28
Author(s):  
Branislava Batos ◽  
Sasa Orlovic ◽  
Jelena Ninic-Todorovic ◽  
Darka Seslija-Jovanovic ◽  
Danijela Miljkovic

Our study of phenological variability in the common oak (Quercus robur L.) was mainly focused on the analysis of the leaf-fall phenophase. The observations were made in two populations in the area of Belgrade (Serbia). We observed 29 trees in each site, during three consecutive years. According to the results of a nonparametric analysis of Mann-Whitney U test we found differences in the leaf fall phenophase (the start, the length and the end) among the populations: statistically significant differences were verified for the start and the length of the leaf fall in two of three observed years, and for the end of leaf fall in one observed year. The differences in the leaf fall within each population among the observed years were verified by the F-test at the significance level of P < 0.05: statistically significant differences were found for the start of leaf fall in ?Ada Ciganlija? population, and for the length and the end of leaf fall in both populations. According to the phenological pattern of population 31% of trees in ?Ada Ciganlija? population and 24.1% of trees in ?Bojcin forest? population did not change its phenological group in relation to the start of the leaf fall (?early?, ?average? and ?late?) during three years of observation. Since the phenological traits are under significant influence of both environmental and genetic factors, it is very important to evaluate those factors according to tree differentiation to phenological groups for pedunculate oak selection. An overview of the pattern of leaf fall phenology and the response to the changing climatic factors will help in understanding the leaf fall phenology at the level of an individual and at the level of species.


2008 ◽  
Vol 159 (5) ◽  
pp. 103-111
Author(s):  
Urs Mühlethaler ◽  
Yvonne Reisner ◽  
Nele Rogiers

On behalf of the Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), the Swiss College for Agriculture established the basis to foster oak species in Switzerland. For this, the growth areas of three oak species, common oak (Quercus robur), sessile oak (Q. petraea) and pubescent oak (Q. pubescens) were assessed throughout the entire country. The assessment was based on their physiological potential, their natural growth area and on the appearance of the middle spotted woodpecker. In addition, the older mixed oak stands were surveyed. These fundamental data were collected with a geographical information system and analyzed for each canton. Altogether, approximately one-fourth of the Swiss forest area is suitable for oak. The natural oak growth area covers however 38 500 ha only. About 19 000 ha of forest are populated by the middle spotted woodpecker and extended older mixed oak forests are found on approximately 24 500 ha. According to the applied evaluation matrix, the greatest potential for fostering oak species lies in eight cantons: Aargau, Zürich, Solothurn, Thurgau, Vaud, BaselLandschaft, Ticino and Schaffhausen.


1994 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 468-472
Author(s):  
M. Martin Dupuis

For millenia, fire and insects have played an important role in forested land evolution. Understanding the roles they play can be important in helping us not only to control them, but to use them as an ecological tool. Also, we notice some important interactions between these two agents. As insects affect fire, fire may control insect pests. Controlled burning may provide excellent results, but allows a very slight margin for possible errors. Fire use as an insect mangement tool, requires a very precise and wide knowledge of weather conditions, fire intensity, insect's life cycle, available fuels, and type of ecosystem involved.After a long run of experiences and research, we notice that fire has been and will always be an important factor in equilibrium of some ecosystems. Since wild fire prevention campaigns and the emergence of insecticides, some forests have become excessively vulnerable to insect pests. Proper knowledge, and use of fire control, rather than immediate suppression of forest fires, would allow us to conserve various ecosystems in a healthy balance.


Biologia ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Dostálek ◽  
Tomáš Frantík

AbstractThe extreme habitats of dry grasslands are suitable for investigations of the response of vegetation to local climate changes. The impact of weather variability on the dynamics of a plant community in a dry grassland was studied. Correlations were found between different functional groups of species and individual species and weather variability. During a 9-year study in five nature reserves in Prague (Czech Republic), the following responses of dry grassland vegetation to weather conditions were observed: (i) wetter conditions, especially in the winter, affected the dominance and species richness of perennial grass species and the decline of rosette plants; (ii) the year-to-year higher temperatures in the winter produced a decline in the dominance of short graminoids and creeping forbs; (iii) spring drought adversely impacted the overall abundance, especially the abundance of dicotyledonous species, and the species richness. However, these relationships may be manifested in different ways in different locations, and in some cases the vegetation of different locations may respond to weather conditions in opposite manners.


2005 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 585-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rozenn Le Hir ◽  
Sandrine Pelleschi-Travier ◽  
Jean-Daniel Viémont ◽  
Nathalie Leduc

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 01-08
Author(s):  
Anderson Gonçalves da Silva ◽  
Arlindo Leal Boiça Junior ◽  
Bruno Henrique Sardinha de Souza ◽  
Eduardo Neves Costa ◽  
James da Silva Hoelhert ◽  
...  

Resumo. A cultura do feijoeiro pode ser infestada por insetos que afetam a produção antes e após a colheita, tendo como estimativa de perdas causadas nos rendimentos pelas pragas variando de 33 a 86%. Dentre essas pragas a mosca-branca Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) Autor merece destaque. Esta ocasiona danos diretos decorrentes de sua alimentação e indiretos que ocorrem por meio da excreção açucarada de honeydew ou “mela” e simbiose com a fumagina. No entanto, o dano mais sério causado pela B. tabaci é a transmissão de viroses como o mosaico-dourado-do-feijoeiro, provocando perdas econômicas que podem variar de 30% a 100%. Desse modo, o objetivo do presente estudo é disponibilizar informações a respeito de aspectos importantes de B. tabaci, como: histórico e distribuição geográfica, bioecologia e dinâmica populacional, plantas hospedeiras, métodos de controle adotados, dentre outros, a fim de se fornecer subsídios para futuras pesquisas sobre a mosca-branca em feijão.Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in common beans: General characteristics, bioecology, and methods of controlAbstract. Common bean plants are infested by insects, which can ultimately affect the crop production before and after harvest, with estimated losses ranging from 33 to 86%. Among the insect pests infesting the common beans the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) stands out. This species cause direct injury by feeding on the plants and indirect injury by excreting sugary honeydew that is after colonized by the sooty mold. In addition, the most serious damage caused by B. tabaci is the transmission of virus diseases, especially the common bean golden mosaic, responsible for economic losses varying from 30 to 100%. This review aims at providing information on important aspects of B. tabaci including its geographical distribution, bioecology, population dynamics, host plants, and methods of pest control. We expect that this review can provide valuable subsidies for future studies on the whitefly in common beans.


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