ROSE LEAF SURFACE - BLACKSPOT DISEASE RESISTANCE: A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE VIEW

Blackspot disease, caused by Diplocarpon rosae, is a devastating disease of garden roses. Most hybrid teas and floribundas are susceptible to this disease in contrast to many species roses, which are resistant. The basis of this resistance is not known. The first barrier to invasion by the pathogen is the outer surface of the leaf. The physical nature of this surface may influence the attempted infection, landing, germination and penetration by the fungal spore and may cause a failure of infection. The leaf surfaces of susceptible and resistant genotypes were observed using SEM that allowed examination of the fine structure of the leaf surface. The characteristics of the leaf surface topography including wax structures were pictorially compared and visual concepts developed in relation to the dynamic nature of the leaf surface in space and time as leaf is infected by the pathogen.

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Notes on leaf micromorphology of the rare herbaceous bamboo Buergersiochloa bambusoides Pilg. (Olyreae, Poaceae) from New Guinea and its taxonomic implications

PhytoKeys ◽

10.3897/phytokeys.172.59506 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 172 ◽

pp. 135-143

Author(s):

Jamile F. Lima ◽

Kelly Regina B. Leite ◽

Lynn G. Clark ◽

Reyjane P. Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Leaf Surface ◽

New Guinea ◽

Abaxial Surface ◽

Leaf Micromorphology ◽

Stomatal Complexes ◽

Herbaceous Bamboos ◽

Leaf Surfaces ◽

Taxonomic Implications ◽

First Time ◽

Scanning Electron

We present notes on the leaf micromorphology of Buergersiochloa bambusoides, a rare species from New Guinea and included in Buergersiochloinae, one of three subtribes of the herbaceous bamboos (tribe Olyreae). We used scanning electron microscopy and light microscopy to analyze the microcharacters of both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces. Within the Olyreae, saddle-shaped silica bodies in both the costal and intercostal zones are considered unique to Buergersiochloinae. Simple, circular and very small papillae are observed on the adaxial surface, and for the first time, branched papillae on the abaxial surface are observed in B. bambusoides. On the abaxial surface, there are papillae on long cells associated with the stomatal complexes. Bicellular microhairs are the only trichomes present and they are found almost exclusively on the abaxial surface. The saddle-shaped silica bodies are the most taxonomically important among the microcharacters observed on the leaf surface of B. bambusoides.

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SPRAY DROPLET/CHEMICAL DEPOSIT INTERACTION WITH LEAF SURFACES

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1146a ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 25 (9) ◽

pp. 1146a-1146

Author(s):

M.J. Bukovac ◽

D.L. Reichard

Keyword(s):

Fine Structure ◽

Growth Regulators ◽

Leaf Surface ◽

Crop Protection ◽

Chemical Deposition ◽

Lateral Diffusion ◽

Tween 20 ◽

Spray Droplet ◽

Leaf Surfaces ◽

Droplet Drying

Most growth regulators and crop protection chemicals are delivered to the plant as aqueous sprays. Spray droplet:plant surface interaction is central to establishing spray and, hence, dose retention by the plant. Further, the nature of chemical deposition from spray droplets plays an important role in determining the efficiency of the active ingredient (a.i.). Using scanning electron microscopy and dispersive x-ray analysis, we investigated chemical deposit formation of selected growth regulators (e.g. ethephon, 2,4, 5-TP, TIBA) on leaf surfaces differing in wettability and surface fine-structure. The a.i. frequently deposited in the form of an annulus on droplet drying, and the degree of spreading was related to surface tension of the spray solution, and wettability, fine-structure and morphology of the leaf surface. Marked differences were observed in spreading following impaction on veins vs. interveinal areas of leaves of Prunus and Pyrus sp. The epidermis over veins was more readily wetted leading to rapid lateral diffusion along veins. Surfactants (e.g. Tween 20, Regulaid) altered the deposition pattern, expanding the annulus and increasing spreading on the leaf surface.

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Glands on the foliar surfaces of tribe Cercideae (Caesapiniodeae, Leguminosae): distribution and taxonomic significance

Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências ◽

10.1590/0001-3765201520140151 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 87 (2) ◽

pp. 787-796 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

JOAQUIM M. DUARTE-ALMEIDA ◽

MILENE S. CLEMENTE ◽

ROSANI C.O. ARRUDA ◽

ANGELA M.S.F. VAZ ◽

ANTONIO SALATINO

Keyword(s):

Species Delimitation ◽

Leaf Surface ◽

Relative Number ◽

Northeast Brazil ◽

Taxonomic Significance ◽

Volatile Oils ◽

Abaxial Leaf Surface ◽

Leaf Surfaces ◽

Infraspecific Taxa ◽

Scanning Electron

Large elongated glands occur on Cercideae leaf surfaces. Leaves of Bauhinia (55 taxa, 53 species), Cercis (1 species), Phanera (1 species), Piliostigma (2 species), Schnella (19 species) and Tylosema (1 species) were observed to determine location and relative number of glands. They were only observed on the abaxial leaf surface of 42 Bauhinia taxa. The glands were analyzed by light stereomicroscope and scanning electron microscopy. They are large (up to 270 µm long and 115 µm wide) and multicellular, containing lipophilic substances, probably volatile oils. Presence or absence and density of the glands in species of Bauhinia may be useful to determine species delimitation or distinction among infraspecific taxa. Higher density of glands is more common in species from "cerrado" (a savanna ecosystem) and "caatinga" (a semiarid ecosystem from northeast Brazil) areas. Bauhinia species devoid of foliar glands are frequently from humid forests.

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Interaction of Surfactant and Leaf Surface in Glyphosate Absorption

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500057635 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 41 (1) ◽

pp. 87-93 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Moritz Knoche ◽

Martin J. Bukovac

Keyword(s):

Fine Structure ◽

Chain Length ◽

Homologous Series ◽

Nonionic Surfactants ◽

Leaf Surface ◽

Droplet Evaporation ◽

Foliar Uptake ◽

Adaxial Surface ◽

Adaxial Leaf Surface ◽

Leaf Surfaces

The effect of oxyethylene (OE) chain length of three homologous series of nonionic surfactants (allinol, nonoxynol, octoxynol) on glyphosate uptake was markedly affected by the leaf surface fine-structure of sugarbeet and kohlrabi. Adaxial leaf surfaces of sugarbeet were covered with a layer of amorphous wax, whereas the adaxial surface of kohlrabi leaves was covered with fine crystalline wax. Foliar uptake of glyphosate (1 mM glyphosate, 20 mM glycine, pH 3.2) averaged 4% for sugarbeet without surfactant, but droplets were not retained by kohlrabi leaves in the absence of a surfactant. Glyphosate absorption with octoxynol (9 to 10 OE units, 0.5 g L−1) was rapid initially (0 to 2 h) and leveled off about 2 h after application in both species. Absorption by sugarbeet decreased from 12 to 3% as OE content of octoxynol was increased from 5 to 30 OE units. In contrast, surfactants of intermediate OE content (octoxynol, 16 OE units) induced the greatest uptake (17%) on kohlrabi. Leaf wetting was markedly affected by surfactant and leaf surface. As OE content of octoxynol increased from 5 to 30 OE units, droplet/leaf interface areas of 1-μl droplets decreased from 4 to 3 mm2 on the adaxial leaf surface of sugarbeet and from 61 to 2 mm2 on kohlrabi. Concurrently, the rate of droplet evaporation (1 μl) decreased from 1.0 to 0.7 nl s−1 on sugarbeet and 4.2 to 0.5 nl s−1 on kohlrabi leaves. The effect of OE content on enhancement of glyphosate uptake and wetting characteristics of spray solutions was similar within species for different hydrophobic moieties but differed markedly between species.

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ДЕЯКІ МІКРОМОРФОЛОГІЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ATOCION LITHUANICUM (ZAPAŁ.) TZVEL. ТА A. ARMERIA (L.) RAF. ФЛОРИ УКРАЇНИ

Biological Bulletin of Bogdan Chmelnitskiy Melitopol State Pedagogical University ◽

10.15421/2015001 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 5 (01) ◽

pp. 8 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

V. O. Martynyuk ◽

N. I. Karpenko ◽

O. M. Tsarenko

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Leaf Surface ◽

Pollen Grains ◽

Southern Europe ◽

Anticlinal Wall ◽

Separate Species ◽

Exine Ornamentation ◽

Leaf Surfaces ◽

Seed Characteristics ◽

Scanning Electron

Atocion lithuanicum (Zapał.) Tzvel. (basionym Silene lithuanica Zapał.) is an endemic species of the Polesie, related and morphologically similar to A. armeria (L.) Raf., which naturally occurs in Central and Southern Europe, but is widely cultivated. In Ukraine A. lithuanicum is considered as separate species and included in different issues of nature conservation, but in Europe it is listed as synonym or variety of A. armeria. Thus, the purpose of our investigation was to examine micromorphological features of these taxa to distinguish them. Pollen grains, seeds and leaf surfaces of both Atocion lithuanicum and A. armeria (L.) Raf. were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Palynological distinctions between these taxa are associated with the ultrastructure of pollen grains, such as margin of a pollen (smooth or undulate), diameter of pores (3,04-5,22 (3,96±0,57) or 2,62-4,15 (3,47±0,32) µm), microechinate number on the pore (11-20 (25) or 7-14), exine ornamentation (acute, broadly conical spinule or obtuse spinule) and perforation diameter (0,1 or 0,2-0,3 µm). Seed characteristics such as dimensions (350-570 х 450-630 (468,78±49,2 х 544,84±51,39) in A. lithuanicum or 480-670 х 600-800 (595,67±48,04 х 706,67± 50,26) µm in A. armeria), shape (reniform-circular or reniform-triangular and reniform-circular), dimensions of exotesta cells in distal row (69-160 х 13-28,6 (116,52±21,9 х 20,72±3,99) or 95,6-202,7 х 7,8-40,5 (143,31±27,3 х 28,76±5,05) µm), the number of anticlinal wall teeth (15-24 or 19-29), papilla presence on periclinal wall of lateral and dorsal surfaces (common absent or scarce weakly expressed in A. lithuanicum or usually strongly expressed in A. armeria) also differ these taxa. Epicuticular wax projections are of different size and shape even on the same lamina, so no significant differences in the leaf surface microcharacteristics were observed. Thereby, new micromorphological distinctions associated with the ultrastructure of pollen grains and the seeds were demonstrated, which allows to distinguish these taxa. Key words: Atocion lithuanicum, A. armeria, SЕМ, pollen, seed, lamina

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Low-temperature Scanning Electron Microscopy and Physical-Chemical investigations of leaf surface characteristics

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100135265 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 48 (2) ◽

pp. 332-333 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

R. Guggenheim ◽

E. Zuberbühler ◽

M. Düggelin ◽

J. Harr

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Low Temperature ◽

Leaf Surface ◽

Plant Protection ◽

Surface Characteristics ◽

Wetting Properties ◽

Leaf Surfaces ◽

Temperature Scanning ◽

Scanning Electron

Plant protection agents (often incorrectly referred to as ‘pesticides’) mostly are targeted at plant surfaces either to protect them against pathogens and parasites or to destroy the treated plants in the case of herbicides. Many times, more than one species of plants are involved, that respond differently to such applications.In any of the cases cited, a thorough knowledge of the leaf surface characteristics may help to explain desired or undesirable effects. Also the wetting properties of a spray applied to plants will likely influence the performance of the active ingredient involved. It is obvious that only the use of a whole array of different methods will allow an interpretation or a prediction of effects caused by the application of plant protection sprays.To get well preserved epicuticular wax structures of leaf surfaces we used low-temperature scanning electron microscopy (LTSEM). Fresh cut samples were immediatly frozen in liquid nitrogen, transferred into a Balzers SCU 020 cryopreparation unit attached to an SEM Cambridge Mk II A.

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Herbicide Dispersal Patterns: I. As a Function of Leaf Surface

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500037516 ◽

1974 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 394-401 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

F. D. Hess ◽

D. E. Bayer ◽

R. H. Falk

Keyword(s):

Cell Walls ◽

Leaf Surface ◽

Dispersal Patterns ◽

Leaf Surfaces ◽

Detection Mode ◽

Herbicide Concentration ◽

Wax Content ◽

Periclinal Walls ◽

Scanning Electron ◽

High Application

The distribution pattern of MCPA ([(4-chloro-o-tolyl)oxy] acetic acid) on leaf surfaces of three species was studied using the cathodoluminescence detection mode of a scanning electron microscope. On low-wax-content sugarbeet (Beta vulgarisL.) leaves MCPA concentrated in the depressions over the anticlinal cell walls when applied at high volumes (748 and 374 L/ha). At low volumes (23 L/ha), numerous small deposits of MCPA were randomly distributed over both anticlinal and periclinal walls. These distinct patterns were independent of herbicide concentration. Regardless of spray volumes, MCPA remaining on the waxy leaf surfaces of cabbage (Brassica oleraceaL.) coalesced into small thick deposits. Large spray drops from high application volumes shattered on impact with the stellate hairs of turkey mullein (Eremocarpus setigerusBenth.) resulting in some MCPA reaching the leaf surface. Spray drops from low application volumes did not shatter but lodged on the hairs with very little reaching the leaf surface.

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Evaluation of Epicuticular Wax Removal from Whole Leaves with Chloroform

Weed Technology ◽

10.1017/s0890037x00037581 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. 706-716 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Thomas A. Bewick ◽

Donn G. Shilling ◽

Robert Querns

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Leaf Surface ◽

Epicuticular Wax ◽

Fresh Weight ◽

Total Extract ◽

Black Nightshade ◽

Leaf Surfaces ◽

American Black ◽

Scanning Electron

Leaves of torpedograss and American black nightshade were extracted with chloroform at room temperature. A 2-s dip was sufficient to remove most of the epicuticular wax from torpedograss. However, epicuticular hydrocarbon weight represented only 6.4% of the total extract weight and 6.94μg g−1fresh weight of chlorophyll were found in the 2-s extract. This represented 25% of the chlorophyll detected in the 232-h extract. In American black nightshade, epicuticular hydrocarbons continued to be removed from the leaf surface up to 6 h of extraction. Epicuticular hydrocarbons represented 0.6% of total extract weight. In the 6-h extract, 4.02μg g−1fresh weight of chlorophyll were found. This represented 17% of the chlorophyll detected in the 232-h extract. Evaluation of leaf surfaces using scanning electron microscopy indicated that epicuticular wax was being removed from torpedograss leaves up to 1 h. However, there was little visible evidence for wax extraction from the surface of American black nightshade leaves.

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Two- or three-way observations of the identical cell elements within the same sections by LM, TEM and/or SEM

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100081279 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 36 (2) ◽

pp. 82-83 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nakazo Watari ◽

Yasuaki Hotta ◽

Yoshio Mabuchi

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽

Fine Structure ◽

Light Microscopy ◽

Thin Sections ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Identical Cell ◽

Electron Microscopes ◽

Scanning Electron

It is very useful if we can observe the identical cell elements within the same sections by light microscopy (LM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and/or scanning electron microscopy (SEM) sequentially, because, the cell fine structure can not be indicated by LM, while the color is; on the other hand, the cell fine structure can be very easily observed by EM, although its color properties may not. However, there is one problem in that LM requires thick sections of over 1 μm, while EM needs very thin sections of under 100 nm. Recently, we have developed a new method to observe the same cell elements within the same plastic sections using both light and transmission (conventional or high-voltage) electron microscopes.In this paper, we have developed two new observation methods for the identical cell elements within the same sections, both plastic-embedded and paraffin-embedded, using light microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and/or scanning electron microscopy (Fig. 1).

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Fibroblasts During Hypertrophic Scar Formation and Resolution

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100072587 ◽

1973 ◽

Vol 31 ◽

pp. 428-429

Author(s):

C. W. Kischer

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Cell Proliferation ◽

Fine Structure ◽

Metabolic Activity ◽

Hypertrophic Scar ◽

Normal Skin ◽

Ground Substance ◽

Hypertrophic Scars ◽

Scanning Electron

The morphology of the fibroblasts changes markedly as the healing period from burn wounds progresses, through development of the hypertrophic scar, to resolution of the scar by a self-limiting process of maturation or therapeutic resolution. In addition, hypertrophic scars contain an increased cell proliferation largely made up of fibroblasts. This tremendous population of fibroblasts seems congruous with the abundance of collagen and ground substance. The fine structure of these cells should reflect some aspects of the metabolic activity necessary for production of the scar, and might presage the stage of maturation.A comparison of the fine structure of the fibroblasts from normal skin, different scar types, and granulation tissue has been made by transmission (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

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