scholarly journals COMPARISON OF PRUNING TECHNIQUES TO INVIGORATE LOW-VIGOR ALMOND TREES

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 619a-619
Author(s):  
Warren Micke ◽  
Mark Freeman ◽  
Bob Beede ◽  
Lonnie Hendricks ◽  
Jim Yeager
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
First Year ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Almond Trees ◽  
Vigorous Growth ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Pruning Techniques ◽  
Full Maturity

Some precocious almond varieties often produce little vegetative growth once they reach full maturity. A pruning trial was established using 11 year old `Harvey' trees that were healthy but making little or no new growth. The four treatments were: 1) severe heading or dehorning trees to six foot in height (first year only), 2) heading one third of the tree for three years, 3) making 20 small heading cuts all over the tree each year, and 4) normal thinning cuts (or control). All heading treatments caused more shoot growth than did the conventional thinning cuts (or control). The dehorning treatment (#1) responded with the most vigorous growth but much lower yields during the next two years compared to the control (#4). Yields were comparable between the two treatments during years three to five however. The heading treatments #2 and #3 had comparable yields with the control by the second year. They also showed more shoot growth. Tree yields from treatment #2 tended to lag below treatment #3 and the control, even though they were statistically the same. This trend may indicate that three years of moderately severe pruning is too much. Treatment #3 may be the best technique for invigorating healthy low vigor trees while minimizing yield losses, but will be the most expensive.

The effects of nitrogen and irrigation on timothy (Phleum pratense) grown for production of seed: I. Vegetative growth

1967 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Lambert
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
First Year ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Additional Nitrogen ◽  
Applied Nitrogen

1. Plants of S.48 timothy were established on a 1 ft square pattern for production of seed. Two series of plots, one irrigated and one not irrigated, were treated with three levels of applied nitrogen: 0 (NO), 87 (Nl) and 261 (N2) lb N per acre (0, 97·5 and 292·5 kg N/ha) per annum, for 3 years. In this, the first of two papers, only vegetative aspects of growth are considered. Since the irrigation treatment started only 2 weeks before most of the data were recorded, effects of irrigation on vegetative growth were generally small.2. The number of tillers per plant was increased by application of nitrogen; the lower increment was more effective than the additional nitrogen in the higher dose.3. The weight of tillers per plant was increased by nitrogen at both levels of application. The mean weight of each tiller was increased by nitrogen after the first year, predominantly in the N 2 treatment. In the second year, irrigation also increased the weight per tiller.4. The weight of roots per plant was significantly affected by application of nitrogen. In the first year, the weight was increased by nitrogen in irrigated plots; in the second year the roots were significantly heavier in the Nl treatment than in N0 and N2 treatments, where weights were similar; the same situation existed in irrigated plots in the third year, but in non-irrigated plots the weights of roots were similar in N1 and N2 treatments and were heavier than in the N0 treatment. Irrigation had positive effects on the weight of roots in the first and second years.

scholarly journals Growth Response of Crapemyrtle to Geographical Area and Production Light Level

2007 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
K.M. Brooks ◽  
G.J. Keever ◽  
J.E. Altland ◽  
J.L. Sibley
Keyword(s):  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
Light Level ◽  
First Year ◽  
Tree Form ◽  
Trunk Diameter ◽  
Second Year

Abstract The effects of geographic location and production light level on vegetative growth and flowering were evaluated as a means of accelerating the development of tree-form crapemyrtles. By the end of the first year of the experiment, Dynamite™, ‘Muskogee’, ‘Natchez’, and ‘Tuscarora’ grown in Oregon were as much as 42, 51, 43, and 92% taller, respectively, than plants in Alabama, while plants generally had less trunk diameter in Oregon. ‘Muskogee’ and ‘Natchez’ in both locations and ‘Tuscarora’ in Alabama were generally taller when grown under 50% shade than plants in full sun, while height of Dynamite™ was not affected by production light level. Trunk diameter of ‘Natchez’ in both locations and of Dynamite™ in Alabama was less when plants were grown under shade, while trunk diameter of ‘Muskogee’ and ‘Tuscarora’ was not affected by production light level. Flowering of plants grown under shade in Alabama was delayed, while no plants in Oregon flowered the first year. In the second year of the experiment when all plants were grown in full sun, all cultivars continued to be taller in Oregon, while trunk diameter remained greater in Alabama. The height advantage gained from growing plants under shade the previous year was not evident in any cultivar by the end of the second year, while trunk diameter was similar for all cultivars previously grown in full sun and under 50% shade. There was no difference in flowering of plants in Alabama previously grown under 50% shade and in full sun, while 50 to 100% of the four cultivars in Oregon flowered with no obvious difference due to prior production light level.

scholarly journals Response of Micropropagated Apple Trees to Field Establishment Procedures

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 1364-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard H. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
First Year ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Terminal Shoot

Growth, flowering, and fruiting of micropropagated `Jonathan' apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) transferred in Spring 1983 to the field from either a nursery, cold storage, or greenhouse were compared. First-year shoot and trunk growth was greatest for trees transplanted from the nursery and least for trees that were held in the greenhouse before being transferred to the field. Trees pruned low (35 cm) at planting time had more terminal shoot growth and less trunk cross-sectional area after the first growing season than those pruned high (90 cm). The effect of preplanting cultural practices on vegetative growth diminished in the 2nd year and disappeared by the end of the 3rd year in the orchard. Flowering began in 1985 and was only slightly affected by preplanting cultural practices and pruning treatments. Fruiting was not affected by the treatments.

scholarly journals 190 Growing Highbush Blueberry in Coal Ash-Compost Mixtures

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 475A-475
Author(s):  
Richard H. Zimmerman
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Coal Ash ◽  
First Year ◽  
Highbush Blueberry ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Artificial Medium ◽  
Biosolid Compost ◽  
Leaf Compost ◽  
Second Year ◽  
By Products

Highbush blueberry is adapted to well-drained sandy soils containing some organic matter, but these are often unavailable in many areas where blueberry production is desired. I tested the concept of using freely available by-products to produce an artificial medium for growing blueberries. In June 1997, 1-year-old tissue-cultured plants of `Bluecrop' and `Sierra' blueberry were planted into 15-L plastic pots filled with soil or soilless medium in a total of 10 treatments. Soils used were Berryland sand (alone) and Manor clay loam (alone or amended with 25% or 50% compost mix 1); soilless media were composed of coal ash amended with 25% municipal biosolid compost (B), 25% leaf compost (L), 25% or 50% compost mix 1 (1 B: 1 L),\ or 25% or 50% compost mix 2 (1 compost mix 1: 1 acid peatmoss). pH of all mixes containing compost was adjusted to ≈4.5 with sulfur. After the first year, plants of both cultivars in Berryland sand had significantly more shoot growth than in any other treatment except for Manor clay loam. The least growth was produced by plants growing in Manor clay loam amended with compost mix 1 and in coal ash amended with unblended compost (B or L). After the second year, plants in the best treatments were 90 to 100 cm tall. More shoot growth was produced by plants in Berryland sand and in coal ash amended with 25% or 50% of compost mix 1, followed by plants in coal ash amended with 50% compost mix 2 or 25% compost B; plants in Manor clay loam, whether or not amended with compost, had the least growth. In 1998, 95% of the plants flowered and most set fruit, but differences among treatments were not significant. `Sierra' plants produced more growth than those of `Bluecrop' in all treatments.

scholarly journals Planting-hole Amendments Modify Growth and Fruiting of Apples on Replant Sites

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.H. Neilsen ◽  
J. Beulah ◽  
E.J. Hogue ◽  
R. Utkhede
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
First Year ◽  
Monoammonium Phosphate ◽  
Cumulative Yield ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Replant Problem ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Cu Nutrition

The effects of various nonfumigant planting-hole treatments on growth and yield of apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) trees were measured during the first 3 years after planting. Eight orchards diagnosed as having a replant problem were monitored. First-year shoot growth, the number of blossoms in the second year (inmost orchards), and first-year trunk cross-sectional area increment (TCAI) in 50% of test orchards were increased by monoammonium phosphate (MAP) fertilizer+ peat, MAP+ mancozeb, or MAP + peat + a bacterial antagonist. By the end of year 3, TCAI generally was not affected by treatments, but treatments resulted in more blossoms by the third season in two of seven orchards that blossomed in the second season. Cumulative yield after 3 years increased significantly in only three orchards, with the best treatment, MAP+ peat, resulting in cost recovery in only one orchard. Inadequate K or Cu nutrition may have reduced growth in some of the orchards, which were characterized by a wide range in yields, independent of planting-hole treatment.

scholarly journals Mechanical Topping Mitigates Alternate Bearing of `Kerman' Pistachios (Pistacia vera L.)

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 1369-1372 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Ferguson ◽  
J. Maranto ◽  
R. Beede
Keyword(s):  
Growth Pattern ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
First Year ◽  
Pistacia Vera ◽  
Alternate Bearing ◽  
Pistacia Atlantica ◽  
Pistachio Trees

The effects of four mechanical pruning treatments [hedging, topping, hedging/topping, and hand-pruning (control)] on nut yield, nut quality, alternate bearing, and growth of 14-year-old female `Kerman' pistachio trees on Pistacia atlantica L. rootstocks were assessed. A single pruning was done before an “off,” or low-crop, year followed by retopping of those treatments incorporating topping the first year. Over 7 years, yields of hedged/topped and topped trees were equal to those of control trees, while hedged trees produced significantly less. The incidence of nonsplit shells and blank nuts were not affected by pruning. Nuts weighed more all years for hedged/topped and topped trees than for the others. Alternate-bearing indices within 7 years were lower for pruning treatments incorporating topping. Topping mitigated the fluctuating annual vegetative growth pattern and resulted in 27% of the shoots retaining buds through three successive alternate-bearing cycles after the year of treatment. Hedged/topped and topped trees had significantly less alternation in annual girth growth than control or hedged trees. These results demonstrated that two successive seasons of mechanical topping, started before the off year, produced changes in shoot growth, trunk growth, and bud retention that mitigated alternate bearing through three biennial cycles, without decreasing yield. Thus, severe annual hand-pruning could be used to prevent or minimize alternate bearing of pistachios.

After initial invigoration by heading, young pear trees show reduction in axis vigour and increased propensity to flower

2013 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alla N. Seleznyova ◽  
Geegana A. Dayatilake ◽  
Amy E. Watson ◽  
D. Stuart Tustin
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Study ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Experimental System ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
First Year ◽  
Architectural Analysis ◽  
The Third ◽  
Primary Axis ◽  
Pear Trees ◽  
Second Year

Fast establishment of the canopy in young trees, followed by reduced vegetative vigour and precocity are desirable traits in fruit production. Severe heading (cutting back the primary axis of the tree after the first year of growth) to induce branching is a nursery practice to increase early fruit yield. Our aim was to provide a systematic study of the responses of young pear trees to severe heading. We used an experimental system with two scion genotypes and three rootstocks to create trees with contrasting branching habits and vigour. The trees’ trunks were headed and a single bud was allowed to outgrow in the following season. Architectural analysis was used to quantify the development of regenerated trees. In the first year after heading, the growth of the primary axes and, depending on the scion genotype, the sylleptic branching of regenerating trees, were invigorated. In the second year, the percentage of budbreak was also increased, but the shoot growth was greatly reduced. Axis propensity to flower in spring of the third year of growth was increased. The new insights into the effects of heading on tree aging and flowering will be used for guiding the best approaches to managing young pear trees.

scholarly journals Yield of sugarcane submitted to nitrogen fertilization and water depths by subsurface drip irrigation

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 841-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fernando N. Cunha ◽  
Nelmício F. da Silva ◽  
Antonio E. C. Sousa ◽  
Marconi B. Teixeira ◽  
Frederico A. L. Soares ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fertilization ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Subsurface Drip Irrigation ◽  
First Year ◽  
N Application ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Subsurface Drip ◽  
Water Depths

ABSTRACT Water is limiting for growth and essential for photosynthesis. Crop yield depends on the available amount of this resource and on the efficiency of its use by the plant. This study aimed to evaluate the vegetative growth and the gross yield of sugar and ethanol from sugarcane along cane-plant and ratoon cane cultivation, under different irrigation depths for water replenishment, with and without nitrogen (N) application by subsurface drip irrigation. The experimental design was randomized blocks, analyzed in a split-plot scheme, with four replicates, in which the plots were represented by the interaction: irrigation depths (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% water replenishment of the field capacity), with and without N fertigation, and subplots were represented by 9 evaluation periods (90, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, 300 and 330 days after planting/days after the first cutting for ratoon cane). The gross yields of sugar and alcohol for water replenishments below 93 and 97%, respectively, are higher in sugarcane of first year than in sugarcane of second year. Fertigation provided greater vegetative growth of ratoon cane.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF SLOW RELEASE FERTILIZER ON THE INITIAL DEVELOPMENT AND COFFEE PRODUCTION

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 538
Author(s):  
Kleso Silva Franco Junior ◽  
Julian Silva Carvalho ◽  
Bernardino Cangussu Guimarães ◽  
Camila Karen Reis Barbosa ◽  
Giselle Prado Brigante ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Slow Release ◽  
Block Design ◽  
First Year ◽  
Coffee Production ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Slow Release Fertilizer ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Second Year

The objective in this work was to evaluate the efficiency of slow release fertilizer in seedling production, initial development and first coffee production. The research was carried out at Sitio Santa Felicidade, Campestre - MG, Brazil, in a randomized block design with two treatments and ten replicates, totaling 20 experimental plots. Coffee seedlings were produced using Ciclus Substrate (20% N, 22% P2O5 and 5% K2O) and conventional fertilizers 4 kg simple super phosphate (18% P2O5) and 0.25 kg Potassium Chloride (58% K2O). The variables evaluated were size, dry and fresh matter of the shoot and root system, and the seedlings were transplanted to the field and those from Ciclus Substrate received in the first year Ciclus NS (30% N) and in the second year. NK (19-00-19) and conventionally produced with conventional fertilizers (20-00-20 and 25-00-25 respectively), the variables evaluated were: shoot growth, length and number of plagiotropic branch internodes Slow release fertilizer ciclus Substrate has been found to be a viable technology for the production of arabica coffee seedlings, coffee planting NS provides good plant development and coffee producing NK provides good plant growth and higher productivity.

Novel Liquid Mycofungicide: An Ideal Approach in Protecting Tomato from the Damping-off Disease in Nursery

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kishor Kumhar ◽  
Kuldeep Kumar ◽  
Indu Arora ◽  
Arun Kumar Bhatia ◽  
Vinod Kumar Batra
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Block Design ◽  
First Year ◽  
Damping Off ◽  
Seedling Mortality ◽  
Second Year

Abstract Background: A novel liquid formulation of Trichoderma asperellum was prepared and its effectiveness was assessed by different methods for the management of tomato damping-off in the nursery. The experiments were conducted for two consecutive years in a randomized block design with three replications. Results: T. asperellum formulation improved seed germination and management of tomato damping-off when compared with control. All the treatments performed better over control, in the first year, the antagonist’s application enhanced seed germination up to 75.75 percent, however, it was 60.13 percent in control. There was 10.93 to 20.38 percent seedling mortality due to damping off which was comparatively lower than the control (26.98%). A similar trend of seed germination and disease incidence was observed in the second year. In addition to managing the disease, the antagonist certainly promoted the vegetative growth which was reflected as increased shoot and root length in comparison to control during both years. During the first year, shoot length ranged 10.90 – 12.85 cm as compared to the control (8.72 cm) and root length ranged from 3.21 to 3.65 cm which was greater than the control. Almost a similar trend in the vegetative growth parameters of seedling was observed during the second year. Conclusion: The present investigation showed that the tested antagonist’s formulation could efficiently managed the tomato damping-off as well as encouraged the vegetative growth of seedlings which ultimately ensured better and healthy seedling. And this formulation can successefully used through different methods to take care of tomato damping off.

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