Prunus Rootstock Affect Long-term Orchard Performance of `Redhaven' Peach on Brookston Clay Loam

Performance of `Redhaven' peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] propagated on nine experimental Prunus rootstock was evaluated over 8 years beginning in 1984, in a randomized complete-block experiment with 10 replications on a Brookston clay loam soil type near Harrow, Ont. This experiment was part of an interregional NC-140 peach rootstock experiment. Significant rootstock-induced effects were noted for increase in trunk cross-sectional area, cumulative tree height and spread, cumulative number of root suckers, yield, average fruit weight, yield efficiency, winter injury, cold hardiness, and tree survival. None of the clonally propagated rootstock gave satisfactory overall performance. All trees on GF655-2, 80% on GF677, 60% Self-rooted, and 50% on GF1869 were dead by the eighth year. In addition, suckering was a major problem on GF1869 and a moderate problem on GF655-2. `Citation' induced the most scion dwarfing but had the lowest yields and low yield efficiency. When yield, yield efficiency, fruit size, and tree mortality were considered together, the four peach seedling rootstock performed better than the other Prunus rootstocks and were ranked as follows: Siberian C, Halford, Bailey, and Lovell. Of these, the first three could be recommended with the most confidence to commercial growers who grow peaches on fine-textured soils in northern regions.

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Genetically Diverse Peach Seedling Rootstocks Affect Long-term Performance of `Redhaven' Peach on Fox Sand

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.119.6.1303 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 119 (6) ◽

pp. 1303-1311 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Richard E.C. Layne ◽

Perry Y. Jui

Keyword(s):

Cold Hardiness ◽

Prunus Persica ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Tree Height ◽

Northern China ◽

The United States ◽

Research Station ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Yield Efficiency ◽

Tree Survival

Ten genetically diverse peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] seedling rootstocks were studied for 10 years on Fox sand using `Redhaven' as the scion. The purpose of the experiment was to assess the performance of three Harrow Research Station (Ont.) hybrid selections (H7338013, H7338016, and H7338019) and two northern China introductions (`Chui Lum Tao' and `Tzim Pee Tao') against five commercial standards, two of which were selected in Canada (`Harrow Blood' and `Siberian C') and three in the United States (`Bailey', `Halford', and `Lovell'). Rootstock performance was assessed indirectly by measuring or subjectively rating various aspects of scion performance including annual trunk cross-sectional area (TCA); final tree height, spread, and TCA; bloom and fruit set intensity; yield and yield efficiency; canker (Leucostoma spp.) severity; defoliation rate; winter injury; cold hardiness of flower buds and shoot xylem; and tree survival. Rootstock effects on the above measurements and ratings were significant in some years and not in others. Year effects were always large and significant, while rootstock × year interactions were usually small and not significant. In the combined analyses over years, the largest rootstock effects were obtained for bloom, fruit set, and defoliation ratings and for TCA measurements. Three cumulative responses, including marketable yields, yield efficiency, and tree survival, were used for comparing the five experimental rootstocks with the five commercial standards and also for ranking the 10 rootstocks with respect to each other to assess their potential commercial value as peach rootstocks. `Chui Lum Tao', H7338013, and `Bailey' had the most commercial potential for southern Ontario because they typically promoted above average cumulative yield, yield efficiency, and tree survival. `Tzim Pee Tao', `Siberian C', and `Harrow Blood' were less valuable, with low cumulative marketable yields. `Halford' and `Lovell' were the least valuable, with the lowest tree survival (17%). Performance of H7338013 exceeded that of both parents (`Bailey' and `Siberian C'), H7338019 exceeded `Siberian C' but not `Bailey', while performance of H7338016 was inferior to both parents. Wider testing of the experimental rootstocks on different soil types and climatic zones is needed.

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Pecan Shell Mulch Impact on ‘Loring’ Peach Tree Establishment and First Harvest

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/hortsci.19.4.775 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 775-780 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Eric T. Stafne ◽

Charles T. Rohla ◽

Becky L. Carroll

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Tree Mortality ◽

Prunus Persica ◽

Waste Product ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Research Station ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Waste Products ◽

Peach Trees

Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) shells are waste products that are occasionally used for mulch in ornamental landscape settings, yet most shell waste is left in piles near the shelling facility or discarded by other methods. If another use for this waste product could be developed, it may add income for pecan producers and provide peach (Prunus persica) growers with another option for weed control. A block of ‘Loring’ peach trees grafted onto ‘Halford’ rootstocks was planted at a spacing of 18 × 22 ft in Feb. 2005 at the Cimarron Valley Research Station near Perkins, OK, to determine the effect of pecan shell mulch on peach trees. Five treatments were imposed: no weed control except mowing (MOW), weed-free 6- × 6-ft area maintained with glyphosate herbicide (SPRAY), 6-ft × 6-ft × 2-inch deep mulch (TWO), 6-ft × 6-ft × 4-inch deep mulch (FOUR), and 6-ft × 6-ft × 6-inch deep mulch (SIX). Yields in 2008 were poorest in the MOW treatment (13.2 kg/tree and 93 fruit/tree). All other treatments did not differ. Soluble solids concentration as a measure of fruit quality and fruit weight was unaffected by treatment. Tree height, pruning weights, and trunk cross-sectional area were similar with the exception that MOW was lower for all three growth measurements beginning in 2007. Pecan mulch appears to have the potential to reduce soil pH. Foliar analysis for nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and zinc (Zn) showed treatment differences in 2006. No treatment differences were evident in 2007 and 2008 for K and Zn, but in 2008, FOUR had greater N than MOW. Tree mortality increased with pecan mulch depth. MOW, SPRAY, and TWO had little tree loss (0%–5%), whereas FOUR and SIX had 15% and 35% mortality, respectively. Tree mortality was attributed to record rains in 2007 coupled with longer soil moisture retention under the deeper mulch.

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Yield and Fruiting Characteristics of 28 Selections in the Kentucky Pawpaw Cultivar Trial

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.39.4.851a ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 851A-851

Author(s):

Kirk W. Pomper* ◽

Joseph G. Masabni ◽

Desmond R. Layne ◽

Sheri B. Crabtree ◽

R. Neal Peterson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Research Effort ◽

Total Yield ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

The Other ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Yield Efficiency ◽

Variety Trial ◽

Asimina Triloba ◽

Tree Survival

The pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal] has great potential as a new fruit crop. A pawpaw variety trial was established in Fall 1995 in Princeton, Ky. as a joint Kentucky State Univ.-Univ. of Kentucky research effort with the objective to identify superior varieties for Kentucky. A randomized block experimental design was used with 8 replicates of 28 grafted scion selections on seedling rootstock. Cultivars being tested included Middletown, Mitchell, NC-1, Overleese, PA-Golden, Rappahannock, Shenandoah, Sunflower, Susquehanna, Taylor, Tay-two, Wells, and Wilson. The other 15 clones were selections from the PawPaw Foundation. In 2002 and 2003, the following parameters were examined: tree survival, trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), average fruit weight, total fruit harvested per tree, average fruit per cluster, total yield per tree, and yield efficiency. In 2003, 54% of the trees had survived, with `Susquehanna' (13%) showing the poorest survival. Based on TCSA, most selections displayed excellent vigor, with the exception of the selections: 5-5 and `Overleese'. Average fruit weight was greatest in 1-7-2 (194 g), 1-68 (167g), 4-2 (321 g), 5-5 (225 g), 7-90 (166g), 9-58 (176 g), 10-35 (167 g), NC-1 (180 g), `Sunflower' (204 g), and `Shenandoah' (168g), with the smallest fruit in `Middletown' (70 g), `Wells' (78 g), and `Wilson' (88 g). The selections `Wilson' (81), `Middletown' (75), and `Wells' (70) had the greatest average number of fruit per tree, whereas 4-2 (9), 5-5 (17) and 8-20 (15) the fewest. Yield efficiency and average fruit per cluster also varied greatly among selections. Several pawpaw selections in the trial show promise for production in Kentucky.

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Propagation and field performance of own-rooted peach trees

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea02062 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 44 (12) ◽

pp. 1225

Author(s):

C. G. Tsipouridis ◽

A. Isaakidis ◽

A. Manganaris ◽

I. Therios ◽

Z. Michailidis

Keyword(s):

Tree Mortality ◽

Prunus Persica ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Field Performance ◽

Absorption Efficiency ◽

Rooted Trees ◽

Mineral Absorption ◽

Yield Efficiency ◽

Size Growth ◽

Peach Trees

Ten peach and nectarine (Prunus persica L. Batsh) cultivars: Arm King, Early Crest, Early Gem, Flavor Crest, May Crest, May Grand, Red Gold, Red Haven, Spring Crest and Sun Crest, were propagated by both hardwood cuttings (HC) and by bud grafting onto peach seedlings. Significant differences were observed for rooting among cultivars and applied IBA. Degree of blooming and yield were higher for HC propagated own-rooted trees when compared with budded trees in the first 6 years of fruiting. Budded trees increased in size faster than HC trees but were less productive. Yield, yield efficiency and fruit size were not only cultivar specific, but were also affected by the propagation method, being higher for own-rooted trees in most cultivars. Tree mortality was generally higher for budded trees. No significant differences were found in mineral absorption efficiency, time of blooming, fruit firmness, acidity and sugar level between own-rooted and budded trees. Results based on percent rooting of HC, yield, fruit size, growth and tree mortality suggest that own-rooted HC trees should be an acceptable tree type for commercial orchards, especially for the cultivars Sun Crest, Spring Crest and Red Haven.

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Regional differences in performance of Canadian-bred apple cultivars and implications for breeding

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps08005 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 89 (1) ◽

pp. 81-91 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Cheryl R Hampson ◽

R. McNew ◽

J. Cline ◽

C. Embree ◽

...

Keyword(s):

British Columbia ◽

Nova Scotia ◽

Block Design ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Environment Interaction ◽

Eastern Canada ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Yield Efficiency ◽

Tree Survival ◽

Tree Vigour

To evaluate their commercial potential in several major production regions of Canada, 10 Canadian breeding selections and two standard cultivars of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) were planted at four locations: one in British Columbia, two in Ontario and one in Nova Scotia. Subsidiary objectives of the trial were to determine whether wider testing of promising apple selections was warranted, and to accumulate information to help guide breeders in selecting apples for widespread adaptation. At each site the planting was arranged in a randomized complete block design with eight replicates. Individual trees were the unit of replication. Data were collected for 7 yr (5 cropping years). The measures of orchard performance recorded were: tree survival, trunk-cross sectional area, final tree height and canopy spread, precocity, times of bloom and harvest, yield, yield efficiency, and average fruit size. The effects of location, genotype and genotype × location interaction were statistically significant for all response variables. The two standard cultivars, Royal Gala and Summerland McIntosh, were intermediate to high in precocity, tree vigour, yield and fruit size. No single cultivar was superior in these characteristics at all locations. Among the test selections, S23-06-153 and 8S-27-43 had the most consistently good performance with regard to tree survival, tree vigour, yield, yield efficiency, pre-harvest fruit drop and fruit size. 8S6923 (Aurora Golden Gala™) and Silken also performed well, except that fruit size was smaller in eastern Canada. Many of the selections took fewer days to reach maturity in Nova Scotia and Ontario than they did in British Columbia. The results obtained suggest that regional testing is highly desirable for characteristics such as tree survival, yield, pre-harvest drop and climatic suitability (e.g. dates of bloom and harvest), all of which profoundly affect the commercial desirability of the cultivar. If the present results can be generalized, breeding and selection of new genotypes at one location are probably adequate for tree vigour, relative order of bloom and harvest, and precocity, despite the genotype × environment interaction demonstated. For these characteristics, the modest changes in rank among cultivars from location to location do not have great practical or economic consequences. Selection at one location may also be effective for fruit size and percentage of over colour, if the breeder takes location effects into account (smaller fruit in Ontario and Nova Scotia, less colour on early-harvest apples in British Columbia). Key words: Fruit breeding, cultivar testing

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A Statistical Model to Estimate Potential Yields in Peach before Bloom

Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science ◽

10.21273/jashs.128.3.0297 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 128 (3) ◽

pp. 297-301 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Carlos Miranda Jiménez ◽

J. Bernardo Royo Díaz

Keyword(s):

Prunus Persica ◽

Predictive Ability ◽

Frost Damage ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Cross Sectional Area ◽

Sectional Area ◽

Potential Yield ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Yield Efficiency ◽

Crop Density

Spring frosts are usual in many of Spain's fruit-growing areas, so it is common to insure crops against frost damage. After a frost, crop loss must be evaluated, by comparing what crop is left with the amount that would have been obtained under normal conditions. Potential crop must be evaluated quickly through the use of measurements obtainable at the beginning of the tree's growth cycle. During the years 1997 through 1999 and in 86 commercial plots of peach and nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch], the following measurements were obtained: trunk cross-sectional area (TCA, cm2), trunk cross sectional area per hectare (TCA/ha), estimated total shoot length per trunk cross-sectional area (SLT, shoot m/cm2 TCA), crop density (CD, amount of fruit/cm2 TCA), fruit weight (FW, g), yield efficiency (YE, kg of fruit/cm2 TCA), yield per tree (Y, kg fruit/tree) and days between full bloom and harvest (BHP, days). CD and average FW were related to the rest of the variables through the use of multiple regression models. The models which provided the best fit were CD = SLT - TCA/ha and FW = SLT + BHP - CD. These models were significant, consistent, and appropriate for all three years. The models' predictive ability was evaluated for 32 different plots in 2001 and 2002. Statistical analysis showed the models to be valid for the forecast of orchards' potential yield efficiency, so that they represent a useful tool for early crop prediction and evaluation of losses due to late frosts.

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059 Performance of `Guardian' Peach Rootstock Selections in Alabama

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.34.3.451c ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 451C-451

Author(s):

Robert C. Ebel ◽

Bryan Wilkins ◽

David Himelrick ◽

Tom Beckman ◽

Andy Nyczepir ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fruit Weight ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Nematode Density ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Spring Frost ◽

Yield Efficiency ◽

Tree Survival ◽

Late Spring Frost ◽

Peach Rootstocks ◽

Ring Nematode

Twelve peach rootstocks including `Lovell', `Nemaguard', `Flordaguard', `14DR51', five `Guardian' (BY520-9) selections, and three BY520-8 selections, were evaluated under field conditions to determine their effect on performance of `Cresthaven' peach. The trees were planted in 1994. Trunk cross-sectional area of BY520-8 selections SL1923 and SL4028 was 28% larger than the rest of the rootstocks, which were similar. There was no crop in 1996 due to late spring frost. Yield in 1997 and 1998 was higher for SL1923 because of higher cropload than the rest of the rootstocks, which were similar. Yield efficiency varied across years and rootstocks. Fruit weight varied among rootstocks but all were commercially acceptable. Harvest date was advanced by two days for some rootstocks compared to Lovell and none were delayed. Percent red blush, soluble solids and firmness varied among rootstocks, but none demonstrated superior quality in all of these parameters as compared to Lovell. Ring nematode population densities were above the threshhold considered to be critical for onset of PTSL for all rootstocks in 1997 and 1998. Tree survival was at or above 86% for all rootstocks and death was not correlated with ring nematode density No trees developed symptoms characteristic of Peach Tree Short Life disease complex. Guardian selections performed adequately compared to the commonly used commercial rootstocks in this study, however, the yield date are from 2 years only.

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Raised Beds and Microirrigation Influence Peach Production

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.32.4.677 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 32 (4) ◽

pp. 677-682 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Richard C. Funt ◽

Mark C. Schmittgen ◽

Glen O. Schwab

Keyword(s):

Boron Content ◽

Prunus Persica ◽

Exchange Capacity ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Yield Efficiency ◽

Tree Survival ◽

Raised Bed ◽

Peach Trees ◽

Leaf Boron ◽

Fruit Mass

The performance of peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Redhaven/Siberian C.] on raised beds as compared to the conventional flat (unraised) orchard floor surface was evaluated from 1982 to 1991. The raised bed was similar to the flat bed in cation exchange capacity (CEC), Ca, P, K, Mg, B, and Zn soil levels in the 0-15 cm depth. Microirrigation, using two 3.7 L.h-1 emitters per tree vs. no irrigation, was applied to trees planted in a north-south orientation on a silt loam, noncalcareous soil. Raised beds increased trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) and yield-efficiency over 5 years. Irrigation increased fruit mass mostly in years of highest evaporation. Significant year to year variations occurred in yield, fruit mass, TCA and yield efficiency. There were significant bed × year interactions for yield and TCA. Irrigation increased leaf boron content regardless of bed type. Leaf potassium was higher in flat beds. Nonirrigated trees had the lowest tree survival on the flat bed, but the opposite was true on the raised bed.

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Early Performance of Several Prunus Interspecific Hybrid Rootstocks for Redhaven Peach in Southern Ontario

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.1139/cjps-2021-0128 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

John A. Cline ◽

Catherine J. Bakker

Keyword(s):

Tree Mortality ◽

Additional Data ◽

Prunus Persica ◽

Cumulative Yield ◽

Southern Ontario ◽

Yield Efficiency ◽

Industry Standard ◽

Tree Survival ◽

Early Performance ◽

Standard Tree

A multi-year orchard experiment was established to measure the performance of Rootpac®-R, Rootpac®-20, Rootpac®-40, and Rootpac®-70 rootstocks using ‘Redhaven’ peach (Prunus persica var. persica) as the scion, and compared with the Bailey peach seedling rootstock, the current industry standard. Tree survival after five years was 79% on Rootpac-40, whereas the remaining rootstocks showed no tree mortality. Tree vigour and canopy height and width were influenced by rootstock genotype beginning the year of planting in 2016. For the first five years of production, Rootpac-70 consistently produced the largest trees based on TCSA and by year five, all rootstocks produced trees with similar TCSAs, except for Rootpac-70, which was 38% larger than Bailey. By year five, cumulative yields were greatest on Rootpac-70, which were 10% higher than Bailey; cumulative yields of Rootpac-R, Rootpac-20, and Rootpac-30 were 98%, 89%, and 84% that of Bailey, respectively. Cumulative yield efficiency was significantly influenced by rootstock although the magnitude of the differences was small and likely of insignificant commercial importance. Rootpac-40 consistently produced the largest fruit. These results are only reflective of the orchard establishment years and additional data are required before peach producers can make fully informed decisions concerning the rootstocks evaluated in this study for their orchard systems. However, at this juncture, all the Rootpac rootstocks evaluated in this study are likely to impart excessive vigour to be used in a higher density system and offer little advantage over Bailey.

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Effect of Four Training Systems on Growth and Productivity of `Cortland'/M.9 EMLA Apple Trees

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.451e ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 451e-451

Author(s):

J.R. Schupp ◽

S.I. Koller

Keyword(s):

Fruit Size ◽

Vertical Axis ◽

Significant Loss ◽

Training Methods ◽

Cumulative Yield ◽

Or Efficiency ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Tree Survival ◽

Canopy Volume ◽

Planting Distance

`Cortland'/M.9 EMLA trees were planted in 1991 at 1.8 ×4.2-m spacing. The trees were trained to one of four systems: 1) Vertical Axis; 2) Y trellis; 3) Solen; or 4) Palmette trellis. Tree survival was 86% for Palmette trees and approached 100% for the other three systems. Annual yield and cumulative yield per tree of Vertical Axis and Y trellis was twice that of Solen or Palmette. Tree vigor was sub-optimal relative to planting distance in this study. Trunk cross-sectional area of Vertical Axis trees was larger than that of trees trained to Solen or Palmette, while trees trained to Y trellis were intermediate in trunk growth. Canopy volumes of Vertical Axis and Y trellis trees were similar, and greater than that of Solen or Palmette trees. Fruit size on Solen and Palmette trees was larger than that of Y trellis trees in 1995 and 1996, while fruit size on Vertical Axis trees was intermediate. Cumulative yield per cubic meter of canopy volume was the same for all four systems, suggesting that differences in productivity among systems were attributable to the effects of tree training practices on tree size, not to differences among systems in precocity or efficiency. The low heading cut needed to establish the lowest tier of branches on the Palmette system reduced tree vigor and in some cases, resulted in mortality. The horizontal training of the primary branches of the Solen severely reduced tree vigor. In this study, where tree vigor was sub-optimal due to rootstock selection, the additional restrictions in tree growth resulting from restrictive training methods resulted in a significant loss in productivity.

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