scholarly journals Genetically Diverse Peach Seedling Rootstocks Affect Long-term Performance of `Redhaven' Peach on Fox Sand

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (6) ◽  
pp. 1303-1311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E.C. Layne ◽  
Perry Y. Jui
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Northern China ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Tree Survival

Ten genetically diverse peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] seedling rootstocks were studied for 10 years on Fox sand using `Redhaven' as the scion. The purpose of the experiment was to assess the performance of three Harrow Research Station (Ont.) hybrid selections (H7338013, H7338016, and H7338019) and two northern China introductions (`Chui Lum Tao' and `Tzim Pee Tao') against five commercial standards, two of which were selected in Canada (`Harrow Blood' and `Siberian C') and three in the United States (`Bailey', `Halford', and `Lovell'). Rootstock performance was assessed indirectly by measuring or subjectively rating various aspects of scion performance including annual trunk cross-sectional area (TCA); final tree height, spread, and TCA; bloom and fruit set intensity; yield and yield efficiency; canker (Leucostoma spp.) severity; defoliation rate; winter injury; cold hardiness of flower buds and shoot xylem; and tree survival. Rootstock effects on the above measurements and ratings were significant in some years and not in others. Year effects were always large and significant, while rootstock × year interactions were usually small and not significant. In the combined analyses over years, the largest rootstock effects were obtained for bloom, fruit set, and defoliation ratings and for TCA measurements. Three cumulative responses, including marketable yields, yield efficiency, and tree survival, were used for comparing the five experimental rootstocks with the five commercial standards and also for ranking the 10 rootstocks with respect to each other to assess their potential commercial value as peach rootstocks. `Chui Lum Tao', H7338013, and `Bailey' had the most commercial potential for southern Ontario because they typically promoted above average cumulative yield, yield efficiency, and tree survival. `Tzim Pee Tao', `Siberian C', and `Harrow Blood' were less valuable, with low cumulative marketable yields. `Halford' and `Lovell' were the least valuable, with the lowest tree survival (17%). Performance of H7338013 exceeded that of both parents (`Bailey' and `Siberian C'), H7338019 exceeded `Siberian C' but not `Bailey', while performance of H7338016 was inferior to both parents. Wider testing of the experimental rootstocks on different soil types and climatic zones is needed.

scholarly journals Prunus Rootstock Affect Long-term Orchard Performance of `Redhaven' Peach on Brookston Clay Loam

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 167-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E.C. Layne
Keyword(s):  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Clay Loam ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Tree Survival

Performance of `Redhaven' peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] propagated on nine experimental Prunus rootstock was evaluated over 8 years beginning in 1984, in a randomized complete-block experiment with 10 replications on a Brookston clay loam soil type near Harrow, Ont. This experiment was part of an interregional NC-140 peach rootstock experiment. Significant rootstock-induced effects were noted for increase in trunk cross-sectional area, cumulative tree height and spread, cumulative number of root suckers, yield, average fruit weight, yield efficiency, winter injury, cold hardiness, and tree survival. None of the clonally propagated rootstock gave satisfactory overall performance. All trees on GF655-2, 80% on GF677, 60% Self-rooted, and 50% on GF1869 were dead by the eighth year. In addition, suckering was a major problem on GF1869 and a moderate problem on GF655-2. `Citation' induced the most scion dwarfing but had the lowest yields and low yield efficiency. When yield, yield efficiency, fruit size, and tree mortality were considered together, the four peach seedling rootstock performed better than the other Prunus rootstocks and were ranked as follows: Siberian C, Halford, Bailey, and Lovell. Of these, the first three could be recommended with the most confidence to commercial growers who grow peaches on fine-textured soils in northern regions.

scholarly journals Effect of 'Gutingen V' as an intensive training system on agromorphological characters of some apple cultivars in Karaj region of Iran

Genetika ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Dadashpour ◽  
Alireza Talaei ◽  
Ali Shahi-Gharahlar
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Training System ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Intensive Training ◽  
Apple Cultivars

V-shape systems represent an efficient and popular option to increase yields and fruit quality in fruit trees. Hence, this paper attempts to compare some vegetative and yield characteristics of five apple cultivars grown at horticultural research station in Karaj, Iran. The selected apple cultivars were included: 'Golab-kohans' (Iranian cultivar), 'Fuji', 'Gala', 'Starking' and 'Delbar estival' (commercial foreign cultivars) that were grafted on M.9 rootstock which were trained in a V system. All of these trees were planted in winter 2005. The time of irrigation started from the second experimental year after planting and the method of irrigation was drip irrigation system. Results showed that the 'Golab-kohans' had the most tree height (278.63 cm), trunk cross sectional area (7.308 cm2) and mean shoot length (100.58 cm). Also 'Delbar estival' had the most yield (0.98 kg), yield efficiency (0.550 kg/cm2). Consistently, Results revealed that among the investigated cultivars, 'Delbar estival' can be introduced as a prone and productive cultivar for V system in Karaj's climatic conditions.

scholarly journals Raised Beds and Microirrigation Influence Peach Production

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 677-682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard C. Funt ◽  
Mark C. Schmittgen ◽  
Glen O. Schwab
Keyword(s):  
Boron Content ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Tree Survival ◽  
Raised Bed ◽  
Peach Trees ◽  
Leaf Boron ◽  
Fruit Mass

The performance of peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch cv. Redhaven/Siberian C.] on raised beds as compared to the conventional flat (unraised) orchard floor surface was evaluated from 1982 to 1991. The raised bed was similar to the flat bed in cation exchange capacity (CEC), Ca, P, K, Mg, B, and Zn soil levels in the 0-15 cm depth. Microirrigation, using two 3.7 L.h-1 emitters per tree vs. no irrigation, was applied to trees planted in a north-south orientation on a silt loam, noncalcareous soil. Raised beds increased trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) and yield-efficiency over 5 years. Irrigation increased fruit mass mostly in years of highest evaporation. Significant year to year variations occurred in yield, fruit mass, TCA and yield efficiency. There were significant bed × year interactions for yield and TCA. Irrigation increased leaf boron content regardless of bed type. Leaf potassium was higher in flat beds. Nonirrigated trees had the lowest tree survival on the flat bed, but the opposite was true on the raised bed.

scholarly journals The Effects of Four Clonal Rootstocks on Growth Indices, Yield, Fruit Quality, and Quantity of `Golden Smoothee' Apple in Iran's Climate Conditions

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 798A-798
Author(s):  
Alireza Talaie* ◽  
Ali Gharaghani ◽  
Mohammad Ali Asgari
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Growth Characteristics ◽  
Noticeable Effect ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Climate Conditions ◽  
Fruit Abscission

In this research the effect of four clonal rootstocks (B9, M9, M26, and MM106) on growth characteristics, flowering and fruiting, and fruit quality and quantity of `Golden Smoothee' apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) were studied during 2001 and 2003. Trees were 8 years old at the beginning of study. Experiments were planned in randomized complete-block design with four treatments (four rootstocks) and four replications. Rootstocks had significant effects on all growth characteristics. The highest tree height, shoot growth, and tree cross-sectional area were found on MM106; with B9 was the least and M9 and M26 were intermediate. The effect of year, and interaction of year on rootstocks were nonsignificant. Rootstock has highly affected flowering and fruiting characteristics. The highest flowering efficiency related to M9 and B9. The highest primary and secondary fruit set and fruit set efficiency found with M9 and M26. The highest preharvest fruit abscission observed with M26. The M9 had the least preharvest fruit abscission. Yield of M9 was the highest and B9 was the least. The M9 has the most yield efficiency and MM106 had the least. Effect of year was significant in many characteristics related to flowering and fruiting. Generally, trees had better conditions in first year. Among fruit quantitative treatments, rootstock only affected fruit weight significantly. Fruit harvested from B9 had the least weight and other rootstocks had similar fruit weight. Generally rootstock had no noticeable effect on fruit quantity and quality.

scholarly journals Pecan Shell Mulch Impact on ‘Loring’ Peach Tree Establishment and First Harvest

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric T. Stafne ◽  
Charles T. Rohla ◽  
Becky L. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Peach Trees

Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) shells are waste products that are occasionally used for mulch in ornamental landscape settings, yet most shell waste is left in piles near the shelling facility or discarded by other methods. If another use for this waste product could be developed, it may add income for pecan producers and provide peach (Prunus persica) growers with another option for weed control. A block of ‘Loring’ peach trees grafted onto ‘Halford’ rootstocks was planted at a spacing of 18 × 22 ft in Feb. 2005 at the Cimarron Valley Research Station near Perkins, OK, to determine the effect of pecan shell mulch on peach trees. Five treatments were imposed: no weed control except mowing (MOW), weed-free 6- × 6-ft area maintained with glyphosate herbicide (SPRAY), 6-ft × 6-ft × 2-inch deep mulch (TWO), 6-ft × 6-ft × 4-inch deep mulch (FOUR), and 6-ft × 6-ft × 6-inch deep mulch (SIX). Yields in 2008 were poorest in the MOW treatment (13.2 kg/tree and 93 fruit/tree). All other treatments did not differ. Soluble solids concentration as a measure of fruit quality and fruit weight was unaffected by treatment. Tree height, pruning weights, and trunk cross-sectional area were similar with the exception that MOW was lower for all three growth measurements beginning in 2007. Pecan mulch appears to have the potential to reduce soil pH. Foliar analysis for nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and zinc (Zn) showed treatment differences in 2006. No treatment differences were evident in 2007 and 2008 for K and Zn, but in 2008, FOUR had greater N than MOW. Tree mortality increased with pecan mulch depth. MOW, SPRAY, and TWO had little tree loss (0%–5%), whereas FOUR and SIX had 15% and 35% mortality, respectively. Tree mortality was attributed to record rains in 2007 coupled with longer soil moisture retention under the deeper mulch.

scholarly journals Influence of Blossom and Fruit Thinning on Peach Flower Bud Tolerance to an Early Spring Freeze

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
pp. 146-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross E. Byers ◽  
R.P. Marini
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Fruit Set ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Fruit Thinning ◽  
Crop Density

Peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) BatSch.] blossom-thinned by hand were overthinned due to poor fruit set of the remaining flowers; however, their yield was equivalent to trees hand-thinned 38 or 68 days after full bloom (AFB). Blossom-thinned trees had three times the number of flower buds per unit length of shoot and had more than two times the percentage of live buds after a March freeze that had occurred at early bud swell the following spring. Blossom-thinned trees were more vigorous; their pruning weight increased 45%. For blossom-thinned trees, the number of flowers per square centimeter limb cross-sectional area (CSA) was two times that of hand-thinned trees and four times that of the control trees for the next season. Fruit set of blossom-thinned trees was increased four times. Flower buds on the bottom half of shoots on blossom-thinned trees were more cold tolerant than when hand-thinned 68 days AFB. Fruit set per square centimeter limb CSA was 400% greater the following year on blossom-thinned trees compared to controls. Removing strong upright shoots on scaffold limbs and at renewal points early in their development decreased dormant pruning time and weight and increased red pigmentation of fruit at the second picking. The number of flower buds per unit shoot length and percent live buds after the spring freeze were negatively related to crop density the previous season for trees that had been hand-thinned to varying crop densities at 48 days AFB. According to these results, blossom thinning and fruit thinning to moderate crop densities can influence the cold tolerance of peach flower buds in late winter.

scholarly journals Yield and Fruiting Characteristics of 28 Selections in the Kentucky Pawpaw Cultivar Trial

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 851A-851
Author(s):  
Kirk W. Pomper* ◽  
Joseph G. Masabni ◽  
Desmond R. Layne ◽  
Sheri B. Crabtree ◽  
R. Neal Peterson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Effort ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Variety Trial ◽  
Asimina Triloba ◽  
Tree Survival

The pawpaw [Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal] has great potential as a new fruit crop. A pawpaw variety trial was established in Fall 1995 in Princeton, Ky. as a joint Kentucky State Univ.-Univ. of Kentucky research effort with the objective to identify superior varieties for Kentucky. A randomized block experimental design was used with 8 replicates of 28 grafted scion selections on seedling rootstock. Cultivars being tested included Middletown, Mitchell, NC-1, Overleese, PA-Golden, Rappahannock, Shenandoah, Sunflower, Susquehanna, Taylor, Tay-two, Wells, and Wilson. The other 15 clones were selections from the PawPaw Foundation. In 2002 and 2003, the following parameters were examined: tree survival, trunk cross-sectional area (TCSA), average fruit weight, total fruit harvested per tree, average fruit per cluster, total yield per tree, and yield efficiency. In 2003, 54% of the trees had survived, with `Susquehanna' (13%) showing the poorest survival. Based on TCSA, most selections displayed excellent vigor, with the exception of the selections: 5-5 and `Overleese'. Average fruit weight was greatest in 1-7-2 (194 g), 1-68 (167g), 4-2 (321 g), 5-5 (225 g), 7-90 (166g), 9-58 (176 g), 10-35 (167 g), NC-1 (180 g), `Sunflower' (204 g), and `Shenandoah' (168g), with the smallest fruit in `Middletown' (70 g), `Wells' (78 g), and `Wilson' (88 g). The selections `Wilson' (81), `Middletown' (75), and `Wells' (70) had the greatest average number of fruit per tree, whereas 4-2 (9), 5-5 (17) and 8-20 (15) the fewest. Yield efficiency and average fruit per cluster also varied greatly among selections. Several pawpaw selections in the trial show promise for production in Kentucky.

scholarly journals Performance of Apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) Cultivars Grown in Different Chilean Regions on a Six-year Trial, Part I: Vegetative Growth, Yield, and Phenology

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 365-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jose A. Yuri ◽  
Claudia Moggia ◽  
Carolina A. Torres ◽  
Alvaro Sepulveda ◽  
Valeria Lepe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Yield ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Malus Domestica Borkh ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
The Third ◽  
Tree Phenology ◽  
General Tree

Performance of seven apple (Malus ×domestica Borkh.) cultivars (‘Brookfield®Gala’, ‘Galaxy’, ‘Super Chief’, ‘Granny Smith’, ‘Fuji Raku Raku’, ‘Cripp's Pink’, and ‘Braeburn’) on M.M.106 and M.9 EMLA rootstocks during their first 6 years was evaluated on a multisite trial in Chile. Second-leaf trees were planted in experimental blocks inside commercial orchards located in five major apple-producing areas in Chile (Graneros, San Clemente, Chillan, Angol, and Temuco). Tree height and volume, trunk cross-sectional area (TCA), fruit yield and size distribution, crop load, and tree phenology were assessed annually. In general, tree growth rates by the end of the third year, when they reached the desired height, were similar in all block locations. M.9 EMLA rootstock reduced tree height by ≈20% in ‘Brookfield® Gala’, ‘Fuji’, ‘Galaxy’, and ‘Granny Smith’. This rootstock also had 50% smaller TCAs than M.M.106’s at Year 6 in most cultivars. The highest productions in ‘Brookfield®Gala’, ‘Galaxy’, ‘Granny Smith’, ‘Cripp's Pink’, and ‘Super Chief’, regardless of rootstock, were obtained in San Clemente and Chillan's blocks. Although M.M. 106 trees delivered higher yields per plant, M.9 EMLA yield efficiency (no. fruit/cm2 TCA) was significantly higher. In general, the higher the latitude (toward south), the later budbreak, full bloom, and harvest occurred.

Regional differences in performance of Canadian-bred apple cultivars and implications for breeding

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheryl R Hampson ◽  
R. McNew ◽  
J. Cline ◽  
C. Embree ◽  
C. Embree ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Nova Scotia ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Tree Survival ◽  
Tree Vigour

To evaluate their commercial potential in several major production regions of Canada, 10 Canadian breeding selections and two standard cultivars of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) were planted at four locations: one in British Columbia, two in Ontario and one in Nova Scotia. Subsidiary objectives of the trial were to determine whether wider testing of promising apple selections was warranted, and to accumulate information to help guide breeders in selecting apples for widespread adaptation. At each site the planting was arranged in a randomized complete block design with eight replicates. Individual trees were the unit of replication. Data were collected for 7 yr (5 cropping years). The measures of orchard performance recorded were: tree survival, trunk-cross sectional area, final tree height and canopy spread, precocity, times of bloom and harvest, yield, yield efficiency, and average fruit size. The effects of location, genotype and genotype × location interaction were statistically significant for all response variables. The two standard cultivars, Royal Gala and Summerland McIntosh, were intermediate to high in precocity, tree vigour, yield and fruit size. No single cultivar was superior in these characteristics at all locations. Among the test selections, S23-06-153 and 8S-27-43 had the most consistently good performance with regard to tree survival, tree vigour, yield, yield efficiency, pre-harvest fruit drop and fruit size. 8S6923 (Aurora Golden Gala™) and Silken also performed well, except that fruit size was smaller in eastern Canada. Many of the selections took fewer days to reach maturity in Nova Scotia and Ontario than they did in British Columbia. The results obtained suggest that regional testing is highly desirable for characteristics such as tree survival, yield, pre-harvest drop and climatic suitability (e.g. dates of bloom and harvest), all of which profoundly affect the commercial desirability of the cultivar. If the present results can be generalized, breeding and selection of new genotypes at one location are probably adequate for tree vigour, relative order of bloom and harvest, and precocity, despite the genotype × environment interaction demonstated. For these characteristics, the modest changes in rank among cultivars from location to location do not have great practical or economic consequences. Selection at one location may also be effective for fruit size and percentage of over colour, if the breeder takes location effects into account (smaller fruit in Ontario and Nova Scotia, less colour on early-harvest apples in British Columbia). Key words: Fruit breeding, cultivar testing

scholarly journals A Statistical Model to Estimate Potential Yields in Peach before Bloom

2003 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Miranda Jiménez ◽  
J. Bernardo Royo Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Frost Damage ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Potential Yield ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Yield Efficiency ◽  
Crop Density

Spring frosts are usual in many of Spain's fruit-growing areas, so it is common to insure crops against frost damage. After a frost, crop loss must be evaluated, by comparing what crop is left with the amount that would have been obtained under normal conditions. Potential crop must be evaluated quickly through the use of measurements obtainable at the beginning of the tree's growth cycle. During the years 1997 through 1999 and in 86 commercial plots of peach and nectarine [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch], the following measurements were obtained: trunk cross-sectional area (TCA, cm2), trunk cross sectional area per hectare (TCA/ha), estimated total shoot length per trunk cross-sectional area (SLT, shoot m/cm2 TCA), crop density (CD, amount of fruit/cm2 TCA), fruit weight (FW, g), yield efficiency (YE, kg of fruit/cm2 TCA), yield per tree (Y, kg fruit/tree) and days between full bloom and harvest (BHP, days). CD and average FW were related to the rest of the variables through the use of multiple regression models. The models which provided the best fit were CD = SLT - TCA/ha and FW = SLT + BHP - CD. These models were significant, consistent, and appropriate for all three years. The models' predictive ability was evaluated for 32 different plots in 2001 and 2002. Statistical analysis showed the models to be valid for the forecast of orchards' potential yield efficiency, so that they represent a useful tool for early crop prediction and evaluation of losses due to late frosts.

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