scholarly journals Ground Covers Affect Raspberry Yield, Photosynthesis, and Nitrogen Nutrition of Primocanes

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 238-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pat Bowen ◽  
Stan Freyman
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Assimilation Rate ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
The Difference

Raspberries (Rubus idaeus L.) were grown for 5 years with three floor management treatments: clean cultivation (CC) and ground covers of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) (WC) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) (PR). Primocane growth was strongest with WC and weakest with PR. Fruit production did not differ between WC and CC treatments and was higher than with PR. On 22 Aug. and 10 Sept. in the last year, primocanes grown with WC were taller, had more nodes and a higher dry weight, contained more N, and had retained more leaves than those grown with PR. Net CO2 assimilation per unit leaf area was higher with WC than with PR, and the difference was greater at the more proximal position. The estimated net CO2 assimilation rate per primocane was more than twice as high with WC than with PR.

scholarly journals Milksolids production from different combinations of perennial ryegrass and white clover cultivars: II Milksolids production and farm profitability

2001 ◽  
pp. 97-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.L. Woodward ◽  
K.A. Macdonald ◽  
W.A. Carter ◽  
J.P.J. Eerens ◽  
J.R. Crush
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Previous Season ◽  
Farm Profitability ◽  
Dry Conditions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Clover Content ◽  
Friesian Cows

1999/2000 and 2000/2001 were the first two complete seasons of a replicated farm systems trial designed to measure the effects on whole farm profitability (Economic Farm Surplus (EFS) of mixtures of ryegrasses and white clovers released on to the market recently, or at least 15 years ago, and rotationally grazed by dairy cows. All the pastures were sown in late autumn 1998. There were four treatments with all combinations of 1980s (80R), and late 1990s (98R) ryegrasses, and 1960s (60C)and late 1990s (98C) white clovers, each replicated 3.0 times in a randomised block design giving twelve 4-ha, self-contained farmlets stocked with three Friesian cows/ha. Milksolids production was unaffected by either ryegrass or clover cultivar age, but there was a significant ryegrass x clover cultivar interaction reflected as higher milksolids production on the 80R/98C treatment than the 98R/98C treatment in 1999/2000. This was a result of a higher clover content in the 80R/98C pastures compared with other treatments. Although the difference in clover content was still present in 2000/2001, the wetter summerÂ-autumn meant the ryegrass maintained a higher nutritive value than in the previous season under dry conditions, so clover content did not affect milksolids production in 2000/2001. There were no main treatment effects on EFS in either season, but there was a significant ryegrass x clover interaction in 1999/2000 shown as a higher EFS on the 80R/98C treatment than on the 98R/98C treatment. Keywords: cultivars, dairying, Economic Farm Surplus, milksolids, perennial ryegrass, white clover

Effect of ground covers and tillage between raspberry rows on selected soil physical and chemical parameters and crop response

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 481-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Zebarth ◽  
S. Freyman ◽  
C. G. Kowalenko
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
General Pattern ◽  
Aggregate Stability ◽  
Rubus Idaeus ◽  
Perennial Grasses ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Wet Aggregate Stability

The use of inter-row ground covers has been suggested to reduce soil degradation in raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) production. The effect after 6 yr of consistent inter-row management of ground covers or roto-tillage in raspberry on soil wet aggregate stability (WAS), bulk density, organic C and total N, and mineralizable nitrogen in the Fraser Valley of British Columbia was studied. Management treatments included no cover crop or cover crops of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), sheep's fescue (Festuca ovina L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and white clover (Trifolium repens L.). A general pattern of perennial grasses > legume and barley > control was observed for soil WAS. Some quantitative and qualitative differences in the organic component of the soil profile to 30 cm were detected among management treatments. The differences were not statistically strong because the changes were small relative to the large pool present, but were relatively consistent overall. The white clover treatment tended to have more organic carbon, particularly in the subsurface, than the other treatments. The four treatments that included inter-row vegetation tended to have a greater amount of total and mineralizable N than the clean-tilled control. Crop vigour, as indicated by cane diameter, was reduced by the perennial grasses, but the inter-row management had only limited effects on berry yield. White clover appears to provide the best compromise between improving soil quality and minimizing competition with the berry crop. Key words: Wet aggregate stability, barley, sheep's fescue, perennial ryegrass, white clover

Management of Lolium perenne/Trifolium repens pastures in the subtropics. II. Effect of summer defoliation, irrigation duration, seedbed preparation and pasture type

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 721 ◽  
Author(s):  
WJ Fulkerson ◽  
K Slack
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
North Coast ◽  
N Application ◽  
The North ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Summer Pasture ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Seedbed Preparation

This study on the north coast of New South Wales, Australia, evaluated the effect of irrigation and defoliation management over summer, pasture type and seedbed preparation on production and survival of a perennial ryegrass pasture over an 18-month period from sowing. In a relatively dry summer, irrigation sufficient only to keep plants growing, increased production of ryegrass plus clover from 2826 to 5515 and 3210 to 5396 kg DM/ha in summer and the subsequent autumn/winter, respectively, and increased survival of ryegrass plants by 34%. The more summer active Olwen white clover/NZA895 perennial ryegrass combination had a 16% higher production in summer, but a 11% lower production in winter than a Haifa/Yatsyn sward. The difference in production was entirely due to the clover component of the pasture. DM yield in the first growing season for the ryegrass/white clover pasture was equivalent to applying 20 kg N/ha/month to a pure ryegrass sward. In the subsequent summer/autumn/winter, the yield of pure ryegrass pasture was well below the ryegrass/white clover swards at any rate of N application. There was no difference between survival of NZA895 and Yatsyn ryegrass or incursion of summer grass into their respective plots. Plots defoliated over summer at 6 cm, as opposed to 12 cm, stubble height yielded 54% more edible DM and resulted in a 65% higher ryegrass plant survival rate. There was no effect on summer grass incursion. Multiple cultivations appear to be the key to appropriate seedbed preparation, with this treatment achieving the highest ryegrass survival rate, lowest summer grass incursion and highest DM yields.

A 6-year comparison of nitrate leaching from grass/clover and N-fertilized grass pastures grazed by sheep

1998 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. P. CUTTLE ◽  
R. V. SCURLOCK ◽  
B. M. S. DAVIES
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Nitrate Leaching ◽  
White Clover ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Leaching Losses ◽  
High Spatial Variability

Nitrate leaching was measured over a 3-year period from rotationally grazed perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) pasture receiving 200 kg fertilizer-N/ha and from similarly grazed ryegrass/white clover (Trifolium repens L.) pasture that received no N fertilizer. The results are discussed together with those from the same plots in the preceding 3 years when they were stocked continuously. Under both managements, the numbers of grazing sheep were adjusted on the basis of the quantity of herbage available on the plots. During the whole 6 years, mean nitrate concentrations in soil water collected by porous cup samplers remained below the European Union limit of 11·3 mg N/l except for the fertilized grass plots in year 5 of the study. Quantities of nitrate leached ranged from 6 to 34 kg/ha per year from the grass/clover plots and 2·46 kg/ha from the fertilized plots. Leaching losses from both types of pasture were positively correlated with the numbers of lamb grazing days in the later part of the grazing season. This relationship and the high spatial variability associated with the measurements indicated that N derived from excreta was the main source of leached nitrate. It was concluded that, where pastures of equal productivity are compared, similar quantities of N are likely to be leached from grass/clover swards as from grass swards receiving N fertilizer.

The effects of red clover (Trifolium pratense var. redhead), white clover (Trifolium repens var. S 100) or perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne var. S 23) on the reproductive performance of sheep

1973 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 323-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Newton ◽  
J. E. Betts
Keyword(s):  
Litter Size ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Reproductive Performance ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Pratense ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
The Third ◽  
S 100 ◽  
The Mean

SummaryDuring 3 years, three groups of 20 Scottish half-bred ewes were grazed on perennial ryegrass, white clover or red clover. During this period the two legumes were oestrogenic, in terms of teat-length extension of wethers, but the perennial ryegrass was not. The white clover was only markedly oestrogenic when there was a high proportion of diseased leaves. The mean litter size and lambing percentage of the ewes grazed on red clover was significantly reduced. White clover, although it was oestrogenic, had no effect on mean litter size or lambing percentage. The mean litter size of the ewes on the perennial ryegrass was 2·35, 2·30 and 2·24, on the white clover was 2·20, 2·33 and 2·23 and on the red clover was 1middot;60, 1·67 and 1·78 for the three lambings. Lambing percentage of the ewes on the perennial ryegrass was 175, 225 and 218, on the white clover was 210, 222 and 189, and on the red clover was 160, 128 and 118 for the three lambings. The lambing date of the ewes grazing on the red clover was significantly later at the third lambing.

Some effects of canopy height on perennial ryegrass and white clover in a field sward

1985 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Wilman ◽  
S. K. Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
Canopy Height ◽  
N Content ◽  
Fixed Area ◽  
Leaf Extension ◽  
Dead Tissue

SUMMARYEight canopy heights, maintained by weekly cutting, were compared during summer and early autumn on a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)-white clover (Trifolium repens L.) sward.Perennial ryegrass adapted to a taller canopy by increasing the length of its leaf blades much more than it increased the length of its leaf sheaths, and by increasing the length of its blades proportionately more than their width. White clover adapted by increasing the length of its petioles much more than it increased the length of its leaflets. Canopy height did not affect the number of ryegrass leaves emerging or dying per tiller or the number of live, emerged leaves maintained by a tiller. The amount of herbage harvested at the weekly cuts was largely unaffected by canopy height once the swards had adapted to the particular management. Leaf blades in the taller canopies, therefore, lost a much lower proportion of their length to defoliation than those in the shorter canopies. Consequently, the length of blade dying per tiller per week was more strikingly affected by canopy height than was the rate of leaf extension. The increasing amount of material lost by death with increasing canopy height was confirmed by the weights of senescent and dead tissue collected weekly from a fixed area in each plot. Herbage in the lower compared with the upper layers of the taller canopies was much less digestible and lower in N content.

Methods of analysing competition with special reference to herbage plants: I. Establishment

1973 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Hill ◽  
Y. Shimamoto
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Natural Populations ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Replacement Series ◽  
Genotype Combination ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Gains And Losses

SummaryA diallel arrangement, which incorporated the essential features of the de Wit density replacement series, was employed to study the effects of competition amongst five genotypes of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne). Of the five genotypes concerned two were derived from S·24, two were collected from natural populations in South Wales, while the remaining genotype originated from S· 23. These five genotypes were grown as monocultures and in all ten binary combinations. Within each combination there were three mixture proportions, namely 75:25, 50:50 and 25:75. All mixtures and monocultures were represented by two boxes, one of which was cut at 3-week intervals (frequent cutting) the other being cut at 6-week intervals (infrequent cutting). At each cut all plants within the appropriate mixtures and monocultures were harvested individually and their dry weight recorded.The results obtained over the first 18 weeks of the experiment (i. e. the first three complete growing periods) establish that competition is occurring in nine of the ten binary combinations. Within these nine combinations competition may be classified into one of three groups: first, it may be compensatory, in which the gains and losses incurred by the two components counterbalance; secondly, it may be positive complete complementation, where the advantage gained by the stronger component is such that the mixture performance matches that of the better monoculture, and thirdly, it may be positive over-complementation, where the yield of the better monoculture is surpassed by the mixture. Further tests disclose that a long-leaved S· 24 genotype is the strongest competitor, while a short-leaved, prostrate, indigenous genotype proves to be by far the weakest competitor.Estimates of the equilibrium proportions for each genotype combination suggest that most combinations are expected to become monocultures of the strongest component, with only the combination between the long-leaved indigenous and longleaved S· 23 genotypes remaining a mixture at equilibrium. None of these equilibria coincides with the proportions required to achieve maximum productivity from a particular combination. The results are considered in relation to the known characteristics of these five perennial ryegrass genotypes, while the wider agronomic implications are also discussed.

Effects of chitin amendment of soil on microorganisms, nematodes, and growth of white clover (Trifolium repens L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

1996 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 221-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. U. Sarathchandra ◽  
R. N. Watson ◽  
N. R. Cox ◽  
M. E. di Menna ◽  
J. A. Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Trifolium Repens ◽  
Lolium Perenne L ◽  
Trifolium Repens L
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