scholarly journals Effect of Preharvest Conditions on Chilling Susceptibility of Tomato Fruit

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 825E-825
Author(s):  
G.T. Dodds ◽  
L. Trenholm ◽  
C.A. Madramootoo ◽  
K. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Color Change ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Crop Evapotranspiration ◽  
New Yorker ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Green Fruit ◽  
Chilling Damage ◽  
Chilling Sensitivity ◽  
Chilling Response

In a 2-year study, tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. New Yorker), grown in field lysimeters, were subjected to water table levels (WTD) of 0.3, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 m from the soil surface, factorially combined with five K–Ca combinations, and replicated four times. Four mature green fruit per plant were stored at 5C for 21 days, and fruit color (L*,a*,b*) was measured daily. Fruit were then ripened at 21C for 10 days, and the surface area with chilling damage and the ripening stage noted for each fruit. In 1993, a dry year, the 1.0 m WTD showed the greatest color change, the 0.3 m WTD the least. The 1.0 m WTD showed the least damaged area and least delay in ripening, the 0.3 m WTD the most. In the wet year, 1994, differences by WTD were not significant. K and Ca fertilizer effects were not significant in either year. The number of hours below 15C, precipitation, and crop evapotranspiration in the week prior to harvest appeared to be of lesser importance than WTD in subsequent chilling response. Preharvest plant water relations appear to have some bearing on postharvest chilling sensitivity.

scholarly journals Effects of Watertable and Fertilizer Management on Susceptibility of Tomato Fruit to Chilling Injury

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 525-530
Author(s):  
Georges T. Dodds ◽  
Leif Trenholm ◽  
Chandra A. Madramootoo
Keyword(s):  
Color Change ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Chilling Injury ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Chilling Tolerance ◽  
Fertilizer Management ◽  
Lesion Area ◽  
New Yorker ◽  
Consistent Manner ◽  
Calcium Fertilization

In a 2-year study (1993-1994), `New Yorker' tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants grown in field lysimeters were subjected to four watertable depth (WTD) treatments (0.3, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 m from the soil surface) factorially combined with 5 potassium/calcium fertilization combinations. Mature-green fruit from four replicates of each treatment were stored at 5C for 21 days, and fruit color was monitored with a tristimulus colorimeter. Fruit were subsequently allowed to ripen at 20C for 10 days, at which time chilling injury was assessed on the basis of delayed ripening and area of lesions. Potassium and calcium applied in the field had no effect on chilling tolerance of the fruit. In the drier year (1993), shallower WTD treatments generally yielded fruit that changed color less during chilling and were more chilling-sensitive based on delayed ripening. In the wetter year, differences in color change and chilling tolerance between WTD, if any, were small. Over both years, lesion area varied with WTD, but not in a consistent manner. Based on these results, we suggest that differences in water availability should be considered when studying tomato fruit chilling.

scholarly journals Surface Color Changes of Tomato and Other Solanaceous Fruit during Chilling

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 482-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georges T. Dodds ◽  
J. Wyatt Brown ◽  
Pamela M. Ludford
Keyword(s):  
Color Change ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Chilling Stress ◽  
Alternaria Solani ◽  
Stem Canker ◽  
Meloidogyne Hapla ◽  
Root Knot Nematode ◽  
Surface Color ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Chilling Sensitivity

Chilling of mature-green (MG) tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. and related species) was investigated to determine the effect of chilling stress on surface color during low-temperature storage. Color measurements were made with a tristimulus calorimeter (L, a, b values), and data were analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance and canonical variates analysis. Changes in surface color of MG fruit during chilling were not correlated overall with relative chilling sensitivity of cultivars/lines; however, within standard and cherry types, chilling-tolerant fruit changed surface color more during chilling than chilling-sensitive fruit when fruit were picked early in the season. Early harvests were less chilling-sensitive than late harvests. The number of hours below 15.6C in the 200 hours before harvest was positively correlated with postharvest chilling sensitivity. A high vs. ambient relative humidity during storage did not affect chilling-induced percent change in color. Tobacco mosaic virus resistance led to less and Verticillium albo-strum Reinke & Berthier resistance led to more chilling-induced color change. There was no effect from resistances to Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtend f. sp. lycopersici (Sacc.) W.C. Snyder & H.N. Hans, alternaria stem canker (Alternaria solani Sorauer), anthracnose [Colletotrichun coccodes (Wallr.) S.J. Hughes], root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood), Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) deBary, or Stemphylium botryosum f. sp. lycopersici Rotem, Cohen, & Wahl. Our results show harvest date had an effect on chilling-induced changes in surface-color in MG fruit.

scholarly journals Effects of Controlled Water Tables on Yield and Marketability of Field Tomatoes

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 838F-838
Author(s):  
L. Trenholm ◽  
G.T. Dodds ◽  
C.A. Madramootoo ◽  
K. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
New Yorker ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Plant Yield ◽  
Water Tables ◽  
Field Lysimeters ◽  
Shoot Mass ◽  
Central Composite

In a 2-year study, tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv. New Yorker), grown in a sandy loam in field lysimeters, were subjected to controlled water table treatments (CWTT) of 0.3, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 m from the soil surface, factorially combined, in a central composite design, with 5 K–Ca fertilization combinations, replicated four times. Final shoot mass, no. fruit/plant (yield), percent marketability, fruit dimensions, and the incidence and severity of catfacing and sunscald were measured. In the first, drier year, the two higher, better-irrigated CWTT (0.3 and 0.6 m) gave higher yields, larger fruit, and higher final shoot mass, whereas in the second, wetter year, the two lower, better-drained CWTT (0.8 and 1.0 m) were best. In the dry year, the best-yielding CWTT showed the poorest marketability, while, in the wet year, the best-yielding CWTT showed the best marketability. Severity of catfacing and sunscald did not show consistent variations with CWTT. Fertilizer effects were generally not significant. Results will be discussed in the context of the use of subirrigation in field tomato production.

scholarly journals Yield and Quality of Tomato Fruit under Water-table Management

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (4) ◽  
pp. 491-498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georges T. Dodds ◽  
Leif Trenholm ◽  
Ali Rajabipour ◽  
Chandra A. Madramootoo ◽  
Eric R. Norris
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
New Yorker ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Water Table Management

In a 2-year study (1993-94), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. `New Yorker') plants grown in a sandy loam soil in field lysimeters were subjected to four water table depth (WTD) treatments (0.3, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 m from the soil surface). In 1994, precipitation during the flowering stage was far above average and apparently led to waterlogging in the shallowest WTD treatment, while in the drier year (1993), the deepest WTD treatment suffered from drought stress. In general, over the 2 years, the 0.6-m WTD showed the best yields and largest fruit, while the 1.0-m WTD showed the lowest yields and smallest fruit. However, the incidence of catfacing, cracking, and sunscald was generally higher in the 0.6 m WTD treatment and lower in the 1.0-m WTD treatment. Furthermore, fruit firmness was generally greatest for the two deeper WTD than for the shallower WTD. To strike a balance between yield and quality, a WTD of between 0.6- and 0.8-m is recommended for tomato production on sandy loam soils.

scholarly journals Differential Responses in Color Changes and Softening of `Florida 47' Tomato Fruit Treated at Green and Advanced Ripening Stages with the Ethylene Antagonist 1-Methylcyclopropene

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 617-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon M. Hurr ◽  
Donald J. Huber ◽  
James H. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Color Change ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Early Maturity ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Green Fruit ◽  
Control Fruit ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
Hue Angle ◽  
Maturity Class ◽  
Time Required

In this study, ripening characteristics, including color change and softening, were determined for tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum `Florida 47') fruit at immature-green through light red stages of development and subsequently treated with 1 μL·L–1 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP). Special attention was directed at comparing the responses of immature and mature-green fruit. Surface color and whole fruit firmness were measured every other day. 1-MCP delayed or slowed color changes and softening in fruit of every maturity class, with differences between control and treated fruit evident immediately following 1-MCP application for 24 h at 20 °C. Fruit treated with 1-MCP at early maturity stages (immature-green, mature-green, and breaker) exhibited an extended delay in external red pigment accumulation compared with control fruit. Fruit of all maturity classes developed acceptable final hue values (hue angle ≤55°), and the time required to reach these values declined with advancing fruit maturity. Immature-green fruit treated with 1-MCP did not attain an acceptable degree of softening during the specified storage periods examined before deteriorating due to shriveling and pathogen proliferation. 1-MCP-treated mature-green and breaker stage fruit did recover to acceptable firmness (5–10 N) and hue values but exhibited a severely reduced storage life thereafter compared with untreated fruit of equal maturity. Fruit at turning and more advanced stages exhibited reduced rates of softening and color development when treated with 1-MCP, yet they attained firmness and color values within the range of acceptability for commercial use. Fruit treated with 1-MCP at pink and light-red stages of ripening developed normal external color and exhibited significantly extended postharvest life due largely to a significant retention in firmness when compared to control fruit. Based on the studies described for `Florida 47' tomato fruit, 1-MCP would appear to be of little benefit and possibly detrimental if applied to early maturity fruit, most notably greens and breakers, due to irreversible limitations in the capacity of these fruit to soften to acceptable values. In sharp contrast, more advanced stage fruit, particularly pink and light red, responded to 1-MCP with significantly extended shelf-life due to retention of firmness.

Manipulating fruit chloroplasts as a strategy to improve fruit quality

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan B. Bennett ◽  
Arthur A. Schaffer ◽  
Ilan Levin ◽  
Marina Petreikov ◽  
Adi Doron-Faigenboim
Keyword(s):  
Chloroplast Development ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Ripe Fruit ◽  
Green Fruit ◽  
Functional Alleles ◽  
Sugar Levels

The Original Objectives were modified and two were eliminated to reflect the experimental results: Objective 1 - Identify additional genetic variability in SlGLK2 and IPin wild, traditional and heirloom tomato varieties Objective 2 - Determine carbon balance and horticultural characteristics of isogenic lines expressing functional and non-functional alleles of GLKsand IP Background: The goal of the research was to understand the unique aspects of chloroplasts and photosynthesis in green fruit and the consequences of increasing the chloroplast capacity of green fruit for ripe fruit sugars, yield, flavor and nutrient qualities. By focusing on the regulation of chloroplast formation and development solely in fruit, our integrated knowledge of photosynthetic structures/organs could be broadened and the results of the work could impact the design of manipulations to optimize quality outputs for the agricultural fruit with enhanced sugars, nutrients and flavors. The project was based on the hypothesis that photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic plastid metabolism in green tomato fruit is controlled at a basal level by light for minimal energy requirements but fruit-specific genes regulate further development of robust chloroplasts in this organ. Our BARD project goals were to characterize and quantitate the photosynthesis and chloroplast derived products impacted by expression of a tomato Golden 2- like 2 transcription factor (US activities) in a diverse set of 31 heirloom tomato lines and examine the role of another potential regulator, the product of the Intense Pigment gene (IP activities). Using tomato Golden 2-like 2 and Intense Pigment, which was an undefined locus that leads to enhanced chloroplast development in green fruit, we sought to determine the benefits and costs of extensive chloroplast development in fruit prior to ripening. Major conclusions, solutions, achievements: Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the promoter, coding and intronicSlGLK2 sequences of 20 heirloom tomato lines were identified and three SlGLK2 promoter lineages were identified; two lineages also had striped fruit variants. Lines with striped fruit but no shoulders were not identified. Green fruit chlorophyll and ripe fruit soluble sugar levels were measured in 31 heirloom varieties and fruit size correlates with ripe fruit sugars but dark shoulders does not. A combination of fine mapping, recombinant generation, RNAseq expression and SNP calling all indicated that the proposed localization of a single locus IP on chr 10 was incorrect. Rather, the IP line harbored 11 separate introgressions from the S. chmielewskiparent, scattered throughout the genome. These introgressions harbored ~3% of the wild species genome and no recombinant consistently recovered the IP parental phenotype. The 11 introgressions were dissected into small combinations in segregating recombinant populations. Based on these analyses two QTL for Brix content were identified, accounting for the effect of increased Brix in the IP line. Scientific and agricultural implications: SlGLK2 sequence variation in heirloom tomato varieties has been identified and can be used to breed for differences in SlGLK2 expression and possibly in the green striped fruit phenotype. Two QTL for Brix content have been identified in the S. chmielewskiparental line and these can be used for increasing soluble solids contents in breeding programs. 

scholarly journals Weather Variables Associated with Infection of Tomato Fruit by Colletotrichum coccodes

Plant Disease ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (7) ◽  
pp. 753-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sanogo ◽  
S. P. Pennypacker ◽  
R. E. Stevenson ◽  
A. A. MacNab
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Colletotrichum Coccodes ◽  
Weather Variables ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Central Pennsylvania ◽  
Best Fitting ◽  
Relationship Of

Field experiments were conducted to determine the relationship of tomato anthracnose to weather variables. Sixteen potted tomato plants were exposed to field conditions within rows of tomato plants for 4 consecutive days at various time periods during the 1993 and 1994 summer growing seasons. Incidence of fruit infection by Colletotrichum coccodes was correlated with rain variables (amount and duration of rain) alone and in combination with other meteorological factors. The best fitting regression equation, accounting for 72% of the variation in anthracnose incidence (arcsine-square root transformed), was Y = 111.77 - 1.16 HNRo, in which HNRo is the numbers of hours during which no rainfall occurs within 4-day intervals that tomato fruit were exposed to field conditions in central Pennsylvania.

scholarly journals Construction of CRISPR/Cas9 expression vectors habouring gRNA targeted on SLIAA9 gene of tomato

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-156
Author(s):  
Bui Manh Minh ◽  
Ha Hong Hanh ◽  
Le Thi Thu Hien ◽  
Huynh Thi Thu Hue
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Plants ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
Expression Vectors ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Normal Morphology ◽  
Transgenic Tomato Plants ◽  
Pcr Test

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is a nutritious fruit containing many secondary compounds with health benefits. The formation of tomato fruit through fertilization is controlled by auxin through Aux/IAA9 and ARF8 proteins. The mutated SlIAA9 gene leads to the parthenocarpic development of fruit or seedless tomato fruit. Nowadays, the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system is becoming increasingly popular in modifying desired genes on plant objects. In this study, gRNAs which target on tomato SlIAA9 gene were designed and inserted into CRISPR/Cas9 vectors. In addition, two strains of A. tumefaciens harboring pRGEB31-IAA9G2 and pRGEB32-IAA9G2 vectors carrying CRISPR/Cas9 expression system towards SlIAA9 gene in tomato were successfully created. The strain of A. tumefaciens harboring pRGEB31- IAA9G2 plasmid was used to develop transgenic tomato plants from Micro-Tom variety. PCR test showed that 5/14 plants had the presence of Cas9 gene in T0 plants. The transgenic plants have a normal morphology in comparation with the controls. The evaluation of mutant efficiency, type, and stability of mutations on the SlIAA9 will be conducted on next-generation plants when the mutations are stable and segregated into descendents.

scholarly journals Microclimate Characteristics and Evapotranspiration Estimates of Cucumber Plants in a Newly Developed Sunken Solar Greenhouse

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 2275
Author(s):  
Haijun Liu ◽  
Congyan Yin ◽  
Xiaodong Hu ◽  
Josef Tanny ◽  
Xiaopei Tang
Keyword(s):  
North China ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Crop Evapotranspiration ◽  
Cucumber Fruit ◽  
Solar Greenhouse ◽  
New Type ◽  
Reference Crop

In north China, vegetables are always cultivated in conventional solar greenhouses (SG), however, these structures cannot be used during most of the winter due to extremely low temperatures. In this study, a new type of a solar greenhouse named sunken solar greenhouse (SSG), where the inside soil surface is lowered 1–2 m below outside and the back wall is 5–8 m width at the bottom and 1.5–2 m on top, was investigated. Inside climatic variables were recorded and compared with those outside during seven cucumber cultivation seasons. Crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was estimated using the Penman–Monteith method. Results show that inside solar radiation was reduced by approximately 40%, however days with a daily maximum inside temperature higher than 20 °C accounted for 80–90% of the days during the winter, which greatly enhanced cucumber fruit production compared to common SGs. The reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo) inside the SSG was reduced by 27% compared to outside. The estimated ETc was generally lower than 4 mm day−1, which resulted in a basal crop coefficient of 0.83. In conclusion, the SSG is environmental-friendly, preferable for winter vegetable cultivation in north China, and can be useful for other regions of the world with cold winter conditions.

On the Occurrence and Structure of Subunits of Endopolygalacturonase Isoforms in Mature-Green and Ripening Tomato Fruits

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
BJ Pogson ◽  
CJ Brady ◽  
GR Orr
Keyword(s):  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Molecular Forms ◽  
Cation Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Ripe Fruit ◽  
Tomato Fruits ◽  
Green Fruit ◽  
C Terminus ◽  
The One ◽  
Polygalacturonase Activity

Endopolygalacturonase [poly(1,4-α-galacturonide) glycanohydrolase EC 3.2.1.151 occurs in tomato fruit in three molecular forms- PG1, PG2A, PG2B. Trace amounts of PG1, 1-10 pkat g-1 are shown to occur in mature-green fruit as compared to 17 nkat in ripe fruit. As polygalacturonase activity increases through ripening, the percentage of the activity due to PG1 decreases progressively from 100 to less than 20. On fully or partly demethylated substrates, PG1 is more active than PG2 when the ionic strength is that expected in the tissue apoplast. A method for purifying PGI from ripe fruit is described. PG1 preparations contain polypeptides of Mr 45, 43 and 38 thousand. The Mr 43 thousand and 45 thousand components correspond in size to PG2A and PG2B and are detected by antisera raised against PG2A. The M, 38 thousand polypeptide is immunologically distinct. From carbohydrate and amino acid analyses, this polypeptide appears to contain 2870 carbohydrate as glucosamine, mannose, xylose and fucose attached to a polypeptide of estimated Mr 28 342 that is rich in tyrosine and glycine. A method for purifying the subunits of PG1 by cation exchange chromatography in 6 M urea is described. PG2A and PG2B were separated by column chromatography and shown to have identical N-terminal sequences, and serine at the C-terminus. PG2A and PG2B are confirmed as two glycoforms of the one polypeptide. The possibility that PGl consists of populations of molecules containing either PG2A or PG2B coupled with the Mr 38 thousand polypeptide is discussed.

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