scholarly journals Wetting Characteristics of Different Peat and Peat: Bark-based Potting Media: Influence of Wetting Agents in Improving Wetting and Rewetting Performance

HortScience ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 583f-584
Author(s):  
Santakumari Mane ◽  
James A. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Unit Volume ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Wetting Agent ◽  
Media Composition ◽  
Potting Media ◽  
The Media ◽  
Wetting Agents ◽  
Reduced Water ◽  
Agent Treatment

Eight different peat-based or peat: bark-based potting media were evaluated for their wetting performance when treated with the media wetting agent AquaGro 2000 (2–5 oz/yd3). Upon initial irrigation, no differences in wetting uniformity were observed in seven of the eight test media regardless of their media wetting agent treatments. In four media, water retention was reduced by media wetting agent treatment, however, uniform distribution of water was achieved. AquaGro 2000 improved uniformity of initial wetting in one medium in which the initial moisture content was 6.5%. Uniformity of wetting and water retention improved with increasing wetting agent rate. All media were allowed to air dry and then were re-irrigated. Wetting agent-treated media rewet uniformly, while rewetting varied greatly in untreated media (7.5%–82.5%). Less than 50% of the mass of untreated media wet subsequent to drying. Those portions of the untreated media that did wet retained up to three times more water per unit volume compared to AquaGro 2000-treated media. AquaGro 2000 enhanced uniformity of rewetting, reduced water logging, and improved drainage at all rates (2–5 oz/yd3) tested. Media composition (peat vs. peat: bark did not affect wetting agent efficacy.

scholarly journals Stability and Effectiveness of Wetting Agents in Stored Growing Media

HortScience ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 839D-839
Author(s):  
Santakumari Mane ◽  
James Turner ◽  
Stanley Kostka
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Wetting Agent ◽  
Media Composition ◽  
Treatment Rate ◽  
Media Control ◽  
The Media ◽  
Wetting Agents ◽  
Media Storage ◽  
Over Time

Three soilless media of different composition (peat: vermiculite, bark: peat: vermiculite, peat: vermiculite: polystyrene) received one of three wetting agent treatments (AquaGro 160 at 60 ml or 120 ml·m–3; or AquaGro L at 120 ml·m–3) and were subsequently analyzed for wettability after storage for up to 4 months. The respective untreated media served as the controls. All media were stored in closed bags at 24 ± 4C. Water retention was greater in wetting agent-treated media than in controls. Both wetting agents facilitated uniform distribution of water in the media. Control media became more difficult to wet over time, whereas wetting agent treatments maintained uniform wettability of media throughout the storage period. Wetting agent chemistry, treatment rate, and media composition influenced wetting characteristics during media storage. All three wetting agent treatments improved wetting of the peat: vermiculite over the 4-month test period. In bark media, AquaGro 160 applied at 120 ml·m–3 enhanced wetting throughout the study. Media containing polystyrene were difficult to wet. AquaGro 160 applied at 120 ml·m–3 improved wetting for up to 2 months.

scholarly journals NATURE OF HYDR0PHILIC POLYMERS AND THEIR EFFECT ON SOIL PROPERTIES

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (8) ◽  
pp. 851e-851
Author(s):  
Yin-Tung Wang
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Unit Volume ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Hydrophilic Polymers ◽  
Capillary Porosity ◽  
Potting Media ◽  
The Media ◽  
Maximum Water ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Capillary Pore

The rate of full hydration for several hydrophilic polymers differed greatly (starch-based polymers > propenoate-propenoamid copolymer > polyacrylamide). Maximum water retention in distilled water varied from over 500 g to 57 g of water per of different dry materials. All polymers retained less water in the presence of metal ions or fertilizers, with substances releasing Fe+2 being the most detrimental. Potting media containing a polyacrylamide polymer reached maximum water retention after 6 irrigations, while those with Micromax (micronutrient source) required 10 irrigations to reach maximum hydration. The water-holding capacities of the media declined after repeated fertilization. Medium bulk density, total watet retention, and water retention per unit volume of medium were increased by the incorporation of the polymer, regardless of the presence of Micromax. Non-capillary porosity in medium amended with Micromax progressively decreased as the amount of the polymer increased, but remained unchanged in medium without Micromax. Repeated wet-dry cycles resulted in decreased water retention and increased non-capillary pore space of the media.

WATER RETENTION IN SOILLESS POTTING MEDIA

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1099g-1099
Author(s):  
George C. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Wetting Agent ◽  
Irrigation Method ◽  
Polymeric Gel ◽  
Potting Media ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Hydrophilic Gel ◽  
Measured Water

Water retention was measured in soilless potting media irrigated by capillary mat, flood and drain, drip or overhead sprinkler. Media were amended with wetting agent or hydrophilic polymeric gel. Pots 12 cm high with a volume of 465 cm3 were loose-filled to the top with media. Potted media were wetted overhead with 120 ml water, then pots were randomly assigned to irrigation treatments. Capillary mat irrigation was continuous; other irrigation treatments were applied daily. Water retention was measured by weighing. Irrigation was continued until no further retention was measured. Water retention was significantly affected by irrigation method and medium amendments. Irrigation method followed the order overhead >= drip > flood and drain >= mat. Hydrophilic gel increased water retention, but in contrast to previous results, wetting agent did not, nor was any interaction of gel and wetting agent observed. Retention of water at container capacity, measured in situ at the end of each experiment, was significantly larger than actual retention.

scholarly journals WATER RETENTION IN SOILLESS POTTING MEDIA

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1099G-1099
Author(s):  
George C. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Wetting Agent ◽  
Irrigation Method ◽  
Polymeric Gel ◽  
Potting Media ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Irrigation Treatments ◽  
Hydrophilic Gel ◽  
Measured Water

Water retention was measured in soilless potting media irrigated by capillary mat, flood and drain, drip or overhead sprinkler. Media were amended with wetting agent or hydrophilic polymeric gel. Pots 12 cm high with a volume of 465 cm3 were loose-filled to the top with media. Potted media were wetted overhead with 120 ml water, then pots were randomly assigned to irrigation treatments. Capillary mat irrigation was continuous; other irrigation treatments were applied daily. Water retention was measured by weighing. Irrigation was continued until no further retention was measured. Water retention was significantly affected by irrigation method and medium amendments. Irrigation method followed the order overhead >= drip > flood and drain >= mat. Hydrophilic gel increased water retention, but in contrast to previous results, wetting agent did not, nor was any interaction of gel and wetting agent observed. Retention of water at container capacity, measured in situ at the end of each experiment, was significantly larger than actual retention.

scholarly journals Imbibition of Water by Rockwool-Peat Container Media Amended with Hydrophilic Gel or Wetting Agent

1992 ◽  
Vol 117 (5) ◽  
pp. 757-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
George C. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Wetting Agent ◽  
Free Drainage ◽  
Potting Media ◽  
Hydrophilic Gel ◽  
Water Holding ◽  
Effective Water ◽  
Overhead Sprinkler

Water retention at effective water-holding capacity (EWHC) and container capacity (CCAP) were measured in four rockwool-peat potting media amended with a wetting agent and/or a hydrophilic gel in pots 12 cm tall containing 445 cm3 medium, and irrigated by capillary mat, flood-and-drain, trickle emitter, or overhead sprinkler. Water retention was measured by weighing. Irrigation was continued until EWHC (i.e., net water retention when no weight increase could be obtained by further irrigation) was reached. CCAP (i.e., net water retention following saturation and free drainage) was measured at the end of each experiment. Irrigation method and medium amendments significantly affected EWHC. Rank order of irrigation treatments was sprinkler ≥ trickle > flood and drain ≥ mat. Hydrophilic gel increased both EWHC and CCAP, while the wetting agent increased EWHC but decreased or had no effect on CCAP. Significant interactions of gel and wetting agent were observed in some media. EWHC was less than CCAP, and EWHC was better correlated with CCAP with trickle emitter and overhead sprinkler irrigation than with capillary mat and flood-and-drain irrigation.

scholarly journals Effect of drainage layers on water retention of potting media in containers.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Avery Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Water Retention ◽  
Coarse Sand ◽  
Organic Media ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Drainage Layer ◽  
Drainage Layers ◽  
Potting Media ◽  
Effective Drainage ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Reduced Water

Abstract Excess water retention in the potting medium is a significant problem for plants grown in containers due to the volume of saturated medium which forms above the drainage hole. Adding a layer of coarse material like gravel or sand at the bottom is a common practice among gardeners with the aim of improving drainage, but some researchers have argued that such layers will raise the saturated area and in fact worsen drainage. Two different depths and four different materials of drainage layer were tested with three different potting media to determine the water retention in the container after saturating and draining freely. For loamless organic media, almost all types of drainage layer reduced overall water retention in the container compared to controls. For loam-based media, most drainage layers had no effect on the overall water retention. Two simple models were also used to estimate the water retention in the media alone, excluding the drainage layer itself. All drainage layers reduced water retention of loamless organic media, according to both models. There was disagreement between the two models applied to loam-based media, and further study is required to determine the most accurate. Both models showed that some drainage layers with smaller particle sizes reduced water retention in loam-based media, but disagreed on the effect of drainage layers with larger particle sizes. Overall, any drainage layer was likely to reduce water retention of any medium, and almost never increased it. Thicker drainage layers were more effective than thinner layers, with the most effective substrate depending on the potting media used. A 60 mm layer of coarse sand was the most universally-effective drainage layer with all potting media tested.

scholarly journals Elucidation of Gram-Positive Bacterial Iron(III) Reduction for Kaolinite Clay Refinement

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (11) ◽  
pp. 3084
Author(s):  
Hao Jing ◽  
Zhao Liu ◽  
Seng How Kuan ◽  
Sylvia Chieng ◽  
Chun Loong Ho
Keyword(s):  
Iron Reduction ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Cellular Interaction ◽  
Kaolin Clay ◽  
Media Composition ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Kaolinite Clay ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Rich Media ◽  
The Media

Recently, microbial-based iron reduction has been considered as a viable alternative to typical chemical-based treatments. The iron reduction is an important process in kaolin refining, where iron-bearing impurities in kaolin clay affects the whiteness, refractory properties, and its commercial value. In recent years, Gram-negative bacteria has been in the center stage of iron reduction research, whereas little is known about the potential use of Gram-positive bacteria to refine kaolin clay. In this study, we investigated the ferric reducing capabilities of five microbes by manipulating the microbial growth conditions. Out of the five, we discovered that Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus outperformed the other microbes under nitrogen-rich media. Through the biochemical changes and the microbial behavior, we mapped the hypothetical pathway leading to the iron reduction cellular properties, and found that the iron reduction properties of these Gram-positive bacteria rely heavily on the media composition. The media composition results in increased basification of the media that is a prerequisite for the cellular reduction of ferric ions. Further, these changes impact the formation of biofilm, suggesting that the cellular interaction for the iron(III)oxide reduction is not solely reliant on the formation of biofilms. This article reveals the potential development of Gram-positive microbes in facilitating the microbial-based removal of metal contaminants from clays or ores. Further studies to elucidate the corresponding pathways would be crucial for the further development of the field.

Effect of postharvest dipping in insecticides on the vase life of Geraldton waxflower

1996 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 373 ◽  
Author(s):  
KA Seaton ◽  
DC Joyce
Keyword(s):  
Wetting Agent ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Wetting Agents ◽  
Chamelaucium Uncinatum

In postharvest dipping treatment of Geraldton waxflower (Chamelaucium uncinatum), 13 insecticides tested at recommended application rates caused no visual injury, but some reduced vase life. Flowers of cv. Purple Pride were more sensitive to insecticides than leaves. There was no loss of vase life of flowers following dipping in chlorpyrifos, dimethoate or permethrin. Following dipping in deltamethrin, carbaryl, dichlorvos, cypermethrin, endosulfan or fenvalerate there was 31-49% loss of vase life. No loss of vase life was observed for cv. Alba, after dipping in carbaryl, fenvalerate or dimethoate. Insecticide dips containing wetting agent and a fungicide (e.g. a combination of deltamenthrin, Aqua and benomyl) was a suitable dip for Geraldton waxflower. Wetting agents varied in their effect on vase life. Aqua shortened vase life less than Agral, and D-CTrate less than D-C-Tron. Stems rapidly lost weight when held out of water following dipping, and vase life was reduced when ambient temperatures were above 30�C or drying times exceeded 60 min. It was concluded that flowers should be kept cool and well hydrated following dipping treatment.

scholarly journals In vitro shoot regeneration through anther culture of Brassica spp.

1970 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
MA Sayem ◽  
M Maniruzzaman ◽  
SS Siddique ◽  
M Al-Amin
Keyword(s):  
Plant Regeneration ◽  
Anther Culture ◽  
Shoot Regeneration ◽  
Callus Induction ◽  
Maximum Rate ◽  
Media Composition ◽  
Shoot Initiation ◽  
The Media

The experiment was conducted to investigate the performance of three different genotypes (BARI Sarisha-6, BARI Sarisha-8, and BARI Sarisha-11) in two different media viz., MS and B5 with different concentrations of phytohormone (2, 4-D) for callus induction from uninucleate stage anthers of Brassica and subsequent plant regeneration in MS media with different concentrations of phytohormone (BAP and NAA). Among the genotypes, BARI Sarisha-8 showed the best performance for all the parameters of callus induction. The performance of BARI Sarisha-6 was poor compared to others. Maximum rate of callus induction (%) was observed in MS + 0.5 mg/L 2, 4-D followed by B5 + 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D. The media combination MS + 1.0 mg/L BAP 0.3 mg/L 2,4-D showed the best performance for maintenance of calli. Significant variations were observed among the genotypes and media composition for shoot regeneration. Among the genotypes, BARI Sarisha-8 showed the best performance for shoot regeneration followed by BARJ Sarisha-l1. The genotype BARI Sarisha-8 produced higher percent of shoots/calli and required minimum days for shoot initiation. Higher percent calli without shoot were produced by the genotype BARI Sarisha-6. The media combination MS + 2.0 mg/L BAP + 0.5 mg/L NAA showed the best performance for shoot regeneration and required maximum days for shoot initiation. Keywords: Regeneration; BARI Sarisha-6; BARI Sarisha-8; BARI Sarisha-11; anther culture; phytohormone  DOI: 10.3329/bjar.v35i2.5896Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 35(2) : 331-341, June 2010

scholarly journals Manganese Binding by Municipal Waste Composts Used as Potting Media

1991 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy K. Broschat
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Municipal Waste ◽  
Binding Potential ◽  
Mn Deficiency ◽  
Sludge Compost ◽  
Deficiency Symptoms ◽  
Potting Media ◽  
The Media ◽  
Mn Content ◽  
Syagrus Romanzoffiana

Abstract Queen palms (Syagrus romanzoffiana (Chamisso) Glassman) grown in several types of sewage sludge compost media developed severe Mn deficiency symptoms. Seventy of the symptoms was correlated with DTPA-extractable Mn levels in the media and with leaf Mn content, but not with total media Mn. Compost media tied up over 70% of Mn added to samples within one hour, versus 62% or less for a pine bark, sedge peat, and sand medium. Analysis of autoclaved media samples suggested that some of the Mn tie up in garbage and yard trash composts is caused by microorganisms, but microorganisms had little effect on the binding potential of sludge and manure composts.

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