Influence of Training Systems on Tree Size, Yield, and Fruit Quality of 15 Peach Cultivars

A peach and nectarine cultivar and training trial was planted in 1989. Training methods were open center (OC) and central leader (CL). The orchard was divided into three sections for early, mid-, and late season peaches with 10 individual-tree replications. The following characteristics were measured from 1989 to 1994: trunk cross sectional area, fruit yield, number of fruit, and fruit color. Early season peaches, those ripening with and before `Salem' in the OC system had significantly greater TCSA at the end of the fifth growing season. At the end of the sixth growing season, however, there was a significant training cultivar interaction. There were no differences between the mid- or late season cultivars. Measurable yields were obtained in 1991 through 1993. In all years, greater yields per tree were observed from trees in the CL system, although not significantly different for the late season cultivars. `Redhaven' and `Newhaven' had the highest yields for the early season cultivars, `Glohaven' for the mid-season cultivars, and `Cresthaven' and Biscoe for the late season cultivars. Trees in the CL system tended to have higher tree efficiency than trees in the OC system. Fruit color at harvest varied by year and training system.

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Pembangunan dan Pelatihan Sistem Pendidikan Guna Meningkatkan Profesionalisme Relawan pada PMI Kota Tangerang

JURNAL Al-AZHAR INDONESIA SERI SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI ◽

10.36722/sst.v5i4.448 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 208

Author(s):

Euis Sitinur Aisyah ◽

Ratna Nur Aulia ◽

Ridhoi Ahmad Ridwan

Keyword(s):

Unified Modeling Language ◽

Education And Training ◽

Training System ◽

Analysis Method ◽

Literature Study ◽

Modelling Language ◽

Web Based ◽

Unified Modeling ◽

Training Systems ◽

And Training

Abstrak - Sistem pendidikan dan pelatihan pada PMI Kota Tangerang yang berjalan saat ini masih semi komputerisasi. Pengetesan dan penilaian materi masih manual sehingga sering terjadi kesalahan input nilai peserta, memerlukan proses dan waktu yang cukup lama untuk mengetahui kelulusan peserta diklat yang mengakibatkan terlambatnya laporan panitia kepada Kadiv SDM. Metode penelitian yang digunakan terdiri dari wawancara, observasi, dan studi pustaka. Metode analisis menggunakan metode analisis PIECES. Pemodelan sistem dengan menggunakan Unified Modelling Language (UML) untuk menggambarkan secara visualisasi, yang selanjutnya diimplementasikan dengan bahasa pemrograman PHP dengan basis data MySQL-Server sebagai database. Hasil yang didapat dari penelitian ini adalah sebuah sistem aplikasi diklat relawan PMI berbasis web yang terdatabase untuk membantu dalam hal pengelolaan data mulai dari pendaftaran, pemberian materi, keadiran, pengetesan, dan penilaian.Abstract – The education and training system at the PMI Kota Tangerang that is currently running is still semi-computerized. The testing and evaluation of material are still manual so that there are often input errors in the participants' scores, it requires a long process and time to find out the graduation of the training participants which results in the delay of the committee's report to the Head of HR Division. The research method used consisted of interviews, observation, and literature study. The analytical method uses the PIECES analysis method. Modeling the system using Unified Modeling Language (UML) to visualize, which is then implemented with the PHP programming language with the MySQL-Server database as a database. The results obtained from this study are a web-based PMI volunteer education and training system database that is assisted regarding data management ranging from registration, material delivery, presence, testing, and assessment.Keywords - Education and Training, Systems, Volunteers

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Study on Switching Operation in the Simulation and Training System in the Intelligent Substation

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.354-355.901 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 354-355 ◽

pp. 901-905

Author(s):

Guang Ying Ran ◽

Jun Zhou Liu ◽

Li Hong Chen

Keyword(s):

Simulation Training ◽

Simulation System ◽

Training System ◽

Training Methods ◽

Simulation Function ◽

Switching Operation ◽

Machine System ◽

Simulation And Training ◽

Training Simulation ◽

And Training

This paper analyzes the simulation function about switching operation simulation in the training simulation system of intelligent substation, and proposes a kind of training methods about switching operation, it promote running on duty personnel training, and effectively utilizes the substation simulation training system. At the same time puts forward intelligent reasoning machine system.

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Effects of Full Body Exergaming in Virtual Reality on Cardiovascular and Muscular Parameters: Cross-Sectional Experiment (Preprint)

10.2196/preprints.12324 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Boris Feodoroff ◽

Ippokratis Konstantinidis ◽

Ingo Froböse

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Virtual Reality ◽

Isometric Contraction ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Dropout Rate ◽

Training System ◽

World Health ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction ◽

Training Systems

BACKGROUND In recent years, many studies have associated sedentary behavior in front of screens with health problems in infants, children, and adolescents. Yet options for exergaming—playing video games that require rigorous physical exercise—seem to fall short of the physical activity levels recommended by the World Health Organization. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a fully immersive virtual reality (VR)-based training system on cardiovascular and muscular parameters of young adults. METHODS A cross-sectional experiment design was used to analyze muscle activity (surface electromyography), heart rate, perceived exertion (RPE), cybersickness symptoms, perceived workload, and physical activity enjoyment (PACES) in 33 participants performing two 5-minute flights on a new training device. RESULTS Participants’ performance of the planking position required to play the game resulted in moderate aerobic intensity (108 [SD 18.69] bpm). Due to the mainly isometric contraction of the dorsal muscle chain (with a mean activation between 20.6% [SD 10.57] and 26.7% [SD 17.39] maximum voluntary isometric contraction), participants described the exercise as a moderate to vigorous activity (RPE 14.6 [SD 1.82]). The majority reported that they enjoyed the exercise (PACES 3.74 [SD 0.16]). However, six participants had to drop out because of cybersickness symptoms and two because of muscle pain due to prior injuries. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that fully immersive VR training systems can contribute to muscle-strengthening activities for healthy users. However, the dropout rate highlights the need for technological improvements in both software and hardware. In prevention and therapy, movement quality is a fundamental part of providing effective resistance training that benefits health. Exergaming on a regular basis has the potential to develop strong muscles and a healthy back. It is essential that future VR-based training systems take into account the recommendations of sport and exercise science.

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Effects of Full Body Exergaming in Virtual Reality on Cardiovascular and Muscular Parameters: Cross-Sectional Experiment

JMIR Serious Games ◽

10.2196/12324 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (3) ◽

pp. e12324 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Boris Feodoroff ◽

Ippokratis Konstantinidis ◽

Ingo Froböse

Keyword(s):

Physical Activity ◽

Virtual Reality ◽

Isometric Contraction ◽

Perceived Exertion ◽

Dropout Rate ◽

Training System ◽

World Health ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction ◽

Training Systems

Background In recent years, many studies have associated sedentary behavior in front of screens with health problems in infants, children, and adolescents. Yet options for exergaming—playing video games that require rigorous physical exercise—seem to fall short of the physical activity levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of a fully immersive virtual reality (VR)-based training system on cardiovascular and muscular parameters of young adults. Methods A cross-sectional experiment design was used to analyze muscle activity (surface electromyography), heart rate, perceived exertion (RPE), cybersickness symptoms, perceived workload, and physical activity enjoyment (PACES) in 33 participants performing two 5-minute flights on a new training device. Results Participants’ performance of the planking position required to play the game resulted in moderate aerobic intensity (108 [SD 18.69] bpm). Due to the mainly isometric contraction of the dorsal muscle chain (with a mean activation between 20.6% [SD 10.57] and 26.7% [SD 17.39] maximum voluntary isometric contraction), participants described the exercise as a moderate to vigorous activity (RPE 14.6 [SD 1.82]). The majority reported that they enjoyed the exercise (PACES 3.74 [SD 0.16]). However, six participants had to drop out because of cybersickness symptoms and two because of muscle pain due to prior injuries. Conclusions Our findings suggest that fully immersive VR training systems can contribute to muscle-strengthening activities for healthy users. However, the dropout rate highlights the need for technological improvements in both software and hardware. In prevention and therapy, movement quality is a fundamental part of providing effective resistance training that benefits health. Exergaming on a regular basis has the potential to develop strong muscles and a healthy back. It is essential that future VR-based training systems take into account the recommendations of sport and exercise science.

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Early Performance of Two Apple Cultivars in Three Training Systems

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.29.9.1004 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 29 (9) ◽

pp. 1004-1007 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David C. Ferree

Keyword(s):

Training System ◽

Cumulative Yield ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Training Systems ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Golden Delicious ◽

Slender Spindle ◽

Flower Density ◽

Apple Cultivars ◽

Early Performance

In 1987, `Smoothee Golden Delicious' (`Smoothee') and `Lawspur Rome Beauty' (`Lawspur') apple (Malus domestica Borkh,) trees were planted and trained as central leaders or palmette leaders on M.7 and Mark rootstocks or were planted as slender spindles on Mark rootstocks. `Smoothee' trees were larger and had consistently greater yields and production per unit trunk cross-sectional area (TCA) than `Lawspur' trees. Slender spindle trees had lower early yields per tree and TCA but had greater cumulative yields per hectare than trees in the other training systems. In the fifth and sixth growing seasons, `Smoothee' trained as palmette leaders tended to have higher yields per hectare then central leader trees. Training system had little influence on `Lawspur' tree yields. Limb bending in 1989 increased flower density in 1989 and 1990. Cumulative yield per hectare increased 11% as a result of limb bending of trees on Mark rootstock, but bending had no influence on trees on M.7 rootstock. `Smoothee' on Mark had higher cumulative yields per hectare with the palmette leader and central leader than either `Smoothee' on M.7 in either training system or any combination with `Lawspur'.

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Anatomical Differences of Axillary Bud Development in Blind Nodes and Normal Nodes in Peach

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.31.5.798 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 31 (5) ◽

pp. 798-801 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Unaroj Boonprakob ◽

David H. Byrne ◽

Dale M.J. Mueller

Keyword(s):

Prunus Persica ◽

Growing Season ◽

Axillary Bud ◽

Early Season ◽

Bud Development ◽

Late Season ◽

Bud Initiation ◽

Node Formation

Actively growing shoots of peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] were collected every 2 weeks throughout the 1989 growing season. The samples were sectioned longitudinally and transversely to observe axillary bud initiation, which occurred in all samples collected. Differentiation of axillary bud meristems from early season samples (mostly normal nodes) included apical and prophyll formation, with procambium connected to the stem procambium. Little to no differentiation of such structures occurred in the late-season samples (mostly blind nodes). Other results suggest that blind node formation is a consequence of a lack of bud differentiation rather than a failure of bud initiation.

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Research Competence of Training for Students With Locomotors Apparatus Diseases in the System of Russian General Education

Advances in Educational Technologies and Instructional Design - Handbook of Research on Students' Research Competence in Modern Educational Contexts ◽

10.4018/978-1-5225-3485-3.ch022 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 432-453

Author(s):

Julia Shurygina ◽

Ekaterina Yuryevna Aleshina ◽

Natalia Prokhorova

Keyword(s):

General Education ◽

Special Needs ◽

Personal Development ◽

Educational Environment ◽

Training System ◽

Educational Institutions ◽

Training Methods ◽

Training Process ◽

Pedagogical Literature ◽

And Training

This chapter describes problems of the organization of training process for children with locomotors apparatus diseases in inclusive educational institutions. The idea of psycho-pedagogical support of the personal development of children with locomotors apparatus diseases is at the heart of the suggested training system considering basic requirements (physiological, need for safety, need for belonging, need for recognition, respect and approval, need for self-expression) and special requirements while using adaptation methods and training methods. In total the realization of the above requirements provides the adaptation of a child with special needs to the educational environment of the institution and personal development. Investigation of psychological and pedagogical literature on the researched problem with a purpose of identifying the experience of the organization of training process for children with locomotors apparatus diseases, analysis, synthesis, generalization are used as methods of research.

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A Skill-, Rule-, and Knowledge-Based Interaction Design Framework for Web-Based Virtual Reality Training Systems

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.450.564 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 450 ◽

pp. 564-567

Author(s):

Chiuhsiang Joe Lin ◽

Shiau Feng Lin ◽

Rou Wen Wang ◽

Tien Lung Sun ◽

Chin Jung Chao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Virtual Reality ◽

Interaction Design ◽

User Interaction ◽

Visual Presentation ◽

Training System ◽

Training Methods ◽

Web Based ◽

Training Systems ◽

Training Materials ◽

Vr Training

Virtual Reality (VR) systems have been applied for education, training and entertainment purposes in the areas of military, safety training and flying simulators. In particular, Web-based VR training systems (WBVRTS) have been claimed to have great potential for many applications in training. However, WBVRTS are more complex compared with the traditional training methods which rely on manuals, instructions, and videos. Since VR not only reinforces the visual presentation of the training materials but also provides ways to interact with the training system, it becomes more flexible and possibly more powerful in designing the training system. In this study, we propose a WBVRTS framework based on SRK framework. A combat vehicle maintenance training system was developed into WBVRTS following the framework and structure. The proposed SRK framework for VR training system proved useful in guiding the design and development of the training materials. The study suggests that the design of VR as training tools should be based on user interaction and cognitive theories that support effective learning.

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Information Technology and the Performance of Higher Education and Training Systems

Industry and Higher Education ◽

10.5367/000000003322776307 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 17 (6) ◽

pp. 405-408

Author(s):

Hadj Benyahia

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Participation Rate ◽

Education And Training ◽

Training System ◽

University Graduates ◽

University System ◽

Training Systems ◽

Quantitative Performance ◽

Qualitative Performance ◽

And Training

This study shows that the enrolment rate for the Canadian university system, at 56%, is one of the highest among the member states of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). This good quantitative performance, however, is not accompanied by a similar qualitative performance in science graduation: only 25% of all university graduates are science graduates – a proportion below that observed in traditional areas (the humanities and social sciences). For computer science graduates, the share is still only 4% in all OECD countries – a paradoxically low proportion in these highly computerized countries. For the Canadian continuing training system, the weakness observable in the quantitative performance (participation rate) is accompanied by a qualitative weakness – the annual average training hours per employee is half the OECD average (31 hours against 64). To reduce the performance gaps between the higher education and training systems, measures are presented which would improve the integration of the two systems. These interventions are considered from the perspective of universities, companies and government.

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(310) Peach Orchard Systems Management Trial: The First Six Years

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1026a ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 40 (4) ◽

pp. 1026A-1026

Author(s):

Desmond R. Layne ◽

Eric J. Hitzler

Keyword(s):

Training System ◽

Tree Density ◽

Cumulative Yield ◽

Nitrogen Rate ◽

Clemson University ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Supplemental Irrigation ◽

Training Systems ◽

Natural Rainfall ◽

Peach Orchard

In 1999, a trial was established at the Clemson University Musser Fruit Research Farm to investigate the effects of training system/tree density, rootstock, and irrigation/fertilization on tree growth, productivity and profitability. The replicated trial comprised three training systems/tree densities (open center–332 trees/ha; quad V–664 trees/ha; and perpendicular V–996 trees/ha). The two rootstocks used were Lovell and Guardian. Three irrigation/fertilization treatments included: natural rainfall only plus granular program; supplemental irrigation plus granular; and supplemental irrigation plus fertigation at a reduced nitrogen rate from the granular program. The scion was the popular midseason cultivar Redglobe. There were a total of 18 treatment combinations replicated 4 times with 5 trees per treatment plot. Soil moisture was determined by TDR and pan evaporation monitored by weather station. Seventy-two minirhizotron tubes were installed in 2002 to monitor fine root growth. During 1999–2001, drought conditions limited rainfall to 35% below the annual average. Spring freeze events in 2001 and 2004 reduced crop load disproportionately in shorter, open-center trees. As tree density within the tree row increased, trunk cross sectional area (TCA) decreased. Trees on Guardian rootstock had significantly greater TCA than Lovell each year. Trees that received supplemental irrigation had greater TCA than nonirrigated trees each year. By reducing N rate through fertigation, TCA was reduced. Cumulative yield was not affected by training system/tree density. Cumulative yield was not affected by rootstock. Cumulative yield was 7% greater by supplemental irrigation. Pruning, thinning and harvesting was easier in V-systems than for open center trees.

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