Evaluation of Endothall and Ammonium Thiosulfate as Potential Bloom Thinning Compounds for `Delicious' and `Fuji' Apples

Consistent cropping of apple under Pacific Northwest growing conditions depends on a reliable bloom-thinning compound. Although there are two commercially available bloom-thinning chemicals, performance of these chemicals is not always consistent. Research on two unregistered bloom thinning compounds, Endothall and ATS, has been ongoing for several years in commercial orchard blocks. In 1997, multiple applications of Endothall and ATS were tested on `Delicious' and `Fuji'. Endothall was applied at 1.0, 1.5 or 2.0 pints/100 gal per acre rates at 40% and 80% full bloom. Endothall averaged 19 to 23% thinning in comparison to the water control on `Delicious'. With `Fuji', Endothall averaged 55% to 83% thinning. ATS was applied at 1.0% (v/v) on `Delicious' and 1.5% (v/v) on `Fuji' at 40% and 80% full bloom. ATS thinned `Delicious' an average of 30% compared to the water control. In `Fuji', ATS thinned an average of 20% to 42%. Another experiment involved the combination of ATS or Endothall with standard postbloom thinning regimes. Fruit quality data were collected on both bloom and postbloom thinned blocks. Differences in fruit size and shape were significantly correlated with NAA applications. No significant differences in soluble solids, titratable acidity, skin color, or flesh firmness were related to thinning treatments.

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Flowering period and fruit quality of peach trees selections and cultivars in the metropolitan region of Curitiba

Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura ◽

10.1590/0100-29452018991 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 40 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Giselda Alves ◽

Jhulia Gelain ◽

Gloria Soriano Vidal ◽

Cristiano Nunes Nesi ◽

Louise Larissa May De Mio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skin Color ◽

Fruit Set ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Physicochemical Characteristics ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Metropolitan Region ◽

Flowering Period ◽

Peach Trees

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the flowering period and the physicochemical characteristics of peaches, aiming to find those most promising for the diversification of the peach crop in the Metropolitan Region of Curitiba, Paraná State. We evaluated 8 selections and three cultivars in Porto Amazonas and 10 cultivars in Araucaria for flowering period, fruit set, diameter and height of fruit, average fruit weight, the skin color, soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), ratio SS/ TA, hydrogen potential (pH). The flowering period occurred between late June and late September ranging from 16 to 25 days. The fruit set rate was greater than 50% for ‘Cascata 1513’, ‘Cascata 1429’, ‘Cascata 1577’, ‘Cascata 1743’ and for all cultivars in Araucaria. There were significant differences for the other variables assessed. It was concluded that in Araucária, ‘Charme’ and ‘Chimarrita’ are good planting options, have the same duration of the cycle (111 days), being ‘Charme’ a little later. Besides these, ‘Douradão’ and ‘Rubimel’ have good fruit size, moderate acidity and best SS/TA ratio, being earlier than the previous ones. ‘PS 25399’ is the earliest and showed reddish epidermis and great consumer interest. In Porto Amazonas, selections and cultivars tested produced little fruit of small size, being required more studies to be recommended in these area.

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Fruit quality of McIntosh apples irrigated with well or municipal waste water

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps91-176 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 71 (4) ◽

pp. 1267-1269

Author(s):

M. Meheriuk ◽

G. H. Neilsen

Keyword(s):

Waste Water ◽

Skin Color ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Municipal Waste ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

First Year ◽

Well Water ◽

Soluble Solids Content ◽

Solids Content

McIntosh apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) irrigated with municipal waste water were softer at harvest and had lower fruit Cu than comparable fruit irrigated with well water. Fruit size, percent red skin color, soluble solids content and fruit N, Ca, K/Ca, K + Mg/Ca, K + Mg + Na/Ca, B, Fe, Mn and Zn were not affected by source of water. Fruit P, Mg, K and Na were higher in apples irrigated with waste water in the second but not the first year of the 2-yr study. Titratable acidity was higher with well water the first year and with waste water the second year. Incidence of core flush was higher in the fruit irrigated with waste water. Key words: Apple, skin color, flesh firmness, titratable acidity, soluble solids content, fruit Ca, Mg, K, Cu, Na, N and P, core flush

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Peach Latent Mosaic Viroid Reduces Tree Growth and Affects Fruit Quality in Peach

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.39.4.850c ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 39 (4) ◽

pp. 850C-850

Author(s):

Gregory Reighard* ◽

David Ouellette ◽

Kathy Brock ◽

Duy Nguyen

Keyword(s):

Skin Color ◽

Blot Hybridization ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Dot Blot ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Control Fruit ◽

Fruit Maturity

`Coronet' peach on Lovell rootstock was planted near Clemson, S.C., in Dec. 1995 in 4 rows (= reps) 6.1 meters apart with trees 2.2 meters apart in-row. Trees were trained to a Kearney-V. In the 2nd leaf (Aug. 1997), `Ta Tao 5' buds were grafted to half (= 6-tree plot) the trees in each row. These trees received 2 `Ta Tao 5' chip buds infected with Peach Latent Mosaic Viroid (PLMVd) per scaffold at ≈0.75 to 1.15 m above ground. Dot blot hybridization confirmed that the chip buds successfully (100%) inoculated the treated trees, whereas the controls tested negative. Data collected in 2003 included bloom date, tree size, dormant and summer pruning times, fruit maturity date, fruit yield, mean fruit weight, skin color, soluble solids, flesh firmness, titratable acidity, and pH. Flowering and fruit maturity were delayed by ≈4 days in PLMVd-inoculated (PI) trees. PI trees produced larger fruit, but yield was 23% less than that of non-inoculated trees. Both fruit size and yield had been larger in PI trees in previous years. There were no differences in yield efficiency in 2003, but PI trees were 26% smaller in trunk cross-sectional area and 9% shorter. PI trees took 34% and 23% less time to dormant and summer prune, respectively and had 34% and 28% less wood removed by dormant and summer pruning, respectively than control trees. PLMVd increased fruit firmness, and PLMVd fruit lost firmness at a much slower rate. PLMVd did not significantly affect skin color, but PLMVD fruit were slightly less red. Soluble solid levels were higher in PLMVd fruit than control fruit during the first harvest, but were lower by the last harvest. Acidity was significantly higher and the soluble solids to acidity ratio significantly lower in PLMVd fruit. Control fruit had a slightly higher pH.

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Influence of Preharvest and Postharvest Applications of Glycine Betaine on Fruit Quality Attributes and Storage Disorders of ‘Lapins’ and ‘Regina’ Cherries

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci14188-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 54 (9) ◽

pp. 1540-1545 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Meng Li ◽

Huanhuan Zhi ◽

Yu Dong

Keyword(s):

Fruit Quality ◽

Glycine Betaine ◽

Skin Color ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Quality Attributes ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Postharvest Treatment ◽

Application Frequency ◽

Storage Disorders

This study aimed to evaluate whether preharvest or postharvest application of glycine betaine (GB) has the potential to improve fruit quality [fruit firmness (FF), size, skin color, soluble solids content (SSC), and titratable acidity (TA)] and susceptibility to storage disorders (peduncle browning, pitting, and decay) in ‘Lapins’ or ‘Regina’ sweet cherries, and to determine whether factors such as application frequency or timing impacted the efficacy of GB spraying. Adding 2 or 4 g·L−1 GB to hydro-cooling water (0 °C) as postharvest treatment did not affect fruit size, skin color, SSC, TA, peduncle browning, or pitting development; however, it did result in fruit softening and a low incidence of decay. GB applied preharvest at 2 or 4 g·L−1 once at 1 week before harvest (1WBH) was more effective for retaining FF and less peduncle browning and pitting compared with postharvest treatment. Increasing the preharvest GB application frequency from one time (1WBH or pit hardening) to three times (pit hardening, straw color, and 1WBH) enhanced FF and TA levels and resulted in lower pitting. The reduction in fruit size was observed for ‘Regina’, but not for ‘Lapins’. Changes in the contents of phosphorous (P), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) were unaffected by GB at harvest, whereas three GB sprays increased the total nitrogen (N) content. Compared with ‘Lapins’, ‘Regina’ allowed more calcium (Ca) uptake by GB and ultimately had firmer flesh. In conclusion, three preharvest applications of 4 g·L−1 GB showed great potential to improve quality attributes, to reduce the susceptibility to storage disorders, and to increase the Ca content of ‘Regina’ cherries.

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Evaluation of Rubus leucodermis Populations from the Pacific Northwest

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.38.6.1169 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 38 (6) ◽

pp. 1169-1172 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Chad Finn ◽

Kirsten Wennstrom ◽

Janessa Link ◽

Jill Ridout

Keyword(s):

Pacific Northwest ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Black Raspberry ◽

Fresh Market ◽

Raspberry Bushy Dwarf Virus ◽

The Pacific ◽

Excellent Source

Sixteen western black raspberry (Rubus leucodermis Douglas ex Torrey & A. Gray) populations, collected from through out the Pacific Northwest, and `Munger', the most widely grown black raspberry (R. occidentalis L.) cultivar, were established in 1994 in a replicated trial in Corvallis, Ore. In 1996 and 1997 the seedlings were evaluated for date of budbreak, flowering date, ripening date, fruit size, and disease tolerance. Fruit within a replication were pooled for evaluation of pH, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and anthocyanin content. The plants were vigorous and had produced solid hedges by the time evaluation commenced. The populations were significantly different within each year for all traits except for anthocyanin content in 1996. Rubusleucodermis populations were identified that broke bud and ripened fruit earlier or later than `Munger'; however, all flowered with or sooner than `Munger'. Despite the fact that R. occidentalis is native to eastern North America and R. leucodermis to the West, `Munger' was much less affected by foliar and cane diseases than the R. leucodermis populations. Several populations were as vigorous as `Munger'. `Munger' had fruit that were 30% larger than the mean for any R. leucodermis population. Generally, R. leucodermis had higher pH and lower titratable acidity than `Munger', but many populations had similar soluble solids; lower acidity may partly explain the blandness of R. leucodermis fruit compared with `Munger'. Despite the lighter appearance of R. leucodermis, the anthocyanin levels of some populations were higher than `Munger'. Rubusleucodermis may be a source of earlier fruiting, later budbreak, and vigor when used in breeding but careful selection for fruit size (for the fresh market), acidity (for the processing market), and disease resistance must be done. Rubus leucodermis may also be an excellent source of raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) resistance in black and red raspberry breeding programs.

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THE RELATIONSHIP OF MINERAL CONTENT TO QUALITY IN GOLDEN DELICIOUS APPLES

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps79-085 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 59 (2) ◽

pp. 525-526

Author(s):

M. MEHERIUK ◽

O. L. LAU

Keyword(s):

Skin Color ◽

Mineral Content ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Full Bloom ◽

Flesh Firmness ◽

Golden Delicious ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship

Skin color of Golden Delicious apples harvested at 140–145 days after full bloom was negatively correlated with fruit N, Ca, Mg and Mn and positively correlated with flesh firmness and soluble solids. Flesh firmness was negatively correlated with fruit Ca and Mg. Levels of soluble solids were negatively correlated with fruit Ca and Mg and positively correlated with flesh firmness and titratable acidity.

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Maturity indexes for 'Kumagai' and 'Paluma' guavas

Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura ◽

10.1590/s0100-29452006000200005 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

pp. 176-179 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Flavia Cristina Cavalini ◽

Angelo Pedro Jacomino ◽

Michele Antonio Lochoski ◽

Ricardo Alfredo Kluge ◽

Edwin Moisés Marcos Ortega

Keyword(s):

Skin Color ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Fruit Firmness ◽

Harvest Time ◽

Guava Fruit ◽

Market Situation ◽

Main Factors ◽

The Ideal

Harvest time is one of the main factors related to guava fruit postharvest losses. It is subjectively determined by fruit size and skin color, without any consensual standardization among the growers. The use of maturity indexes enables growers to know the ideal harvest time according to each market situation. The objective of this work was to determine the maturity indexes to identify the harvest time for guava fruit cv. Kumagai and Paluma. Skin color, fruit firmness, soluble solids, titratable acidity, ratio and ascorbic acid were analyzed. The most adequate maturity indexes for 'Kumagai' guava fruit were skin color and pulp firmness, while for 'Paluma' guava fruit, the best indexes were skin color, pulp firmness, titratable acidity and ratio.

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Higher Temperatures Decrease Fruit Size in Strawberry Growing in the Subtropics

Horticulturae ◽

10.3390/horticulturae7020034 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 34

Author(s):

Christopher Menzel

Keyword(s):

Fruit Size ◽

Negative Relationship ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Marketable Yield ◽

Significant Relationships ◽

Small Fruit ◽

Solids Content

Five strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) cultivars were grown in Queensland, Australia to determine whether higher temperatures affect production. Transplants were planted on 29 April and data collected on growth, marketable yield, fruit weight and the incidence of small fruit less than 12 g until 28 October. Additional data were collected on fruit soluble solids content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA) from 16 September to 28 October. Minimum temperatures were 2 °C to 4 °C higher than the long-term averages from 1965 to 1990. Changes in marketable yield followed a dose-logistic pattern (p < 0.001, R2s = 0.99). There was a strong negative relationship between fruit weight (marketable) and the average daily mean temperature in the four or seven weeks before harvest from 29 July to 28 October (p < 0.001, R2s = 0.90). There were no significant relationships between SSC and TA, and temperatures in the eight days before harvest from 16 September to 28 October (p > 0.05). The plants continued to produce a marketable crop towards the end of the season, but the fruit were small and more expensive to harvest. Higher temperatures in the future are likely to affect the economics of strawberry production in subtropical locations.

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Yield and evaluation of F1 tomato hybrids incorporating the non-ripening nor gene

Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1071/ea9830106 ◽

1983 ◽

Vol 23 (120) ◽

pp. 106 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

WB McGlasson ◽

JB Sumeghy ◽

LL Morris ◽

RL McBride ◽

DJ Best ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

F1 Hybrids ◽

Parental Genotype ◽

Ripe Fruit ◽

Heterozygous Condition ◽

Ripe Stage ◽

Colour Development

F1 hybrids of the nor non-ripening mutant tomato in different genotypic backgrounds were evaluated between 1978-81. The nor gene in the heterozygous condition delayed the start of ripening by a few days, increased the interval between breaker and the table ripe stage to 10 d at 21�C compared with 6 d for fixed cultivars and increased the storage life of ripe fruit at 21�C by about 50%. The retention of firmness by ripe fruit of the hybrids was affected by parental genotype. Fruit of some hybrids was firmer or as firm as fruit of the hard commercial Flora-Dade but others were much softer. A major problem with fruit of F1 nor hybrids was poor colour development. The fruit ripened to an orange-red colour, and strains with green shoulders developed an unattractive yellow on the shoulders. This deficiency was most pronounced in fruit picked before the appearance of red colour. The best hybrid found in this study was 75T10-1 x nor backcross 4 or 5 Heinz 1350. Fruit size, soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, total ascorbic acid levels and acceptability except external colour of table ripe fruit appeared to be influenced by the parental genotype rather than by the nor gene. Since there were marked differences between hybrids with different genotypic backgrounds, it should be possible to breed nor hybrids with improved colour and firmness.

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Early performance of micropropagated trees of several Malus and Prunus cultivars on their own roots

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps93-111 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 73 (3) ◽

pp. 847-855 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

H. A. Quamme ◽

R. T. Brownlee

Keyword(s):

Sweet Cherry ◽

Prunus Persica ◽

Fruit Size ◽

Sour Cherry ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Flesh Firmness ◽

Golden Delicious ◽

Early Performance ◽

Peach Trees

Early performance (6–8 yr) of Macspur McIntosh, Golden Delicious, and Spartan apple (Malus domestica Borkh.); Fairhaven peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.]; Montmorency sour cherry (P. cerasus L.); and Lambert sweet cherry (P. avium L.) trees, tissue cultured (TC) on their own roots, was compared with that of the same cultivars budded on commercially used rootstocks. TC trees of all apple cultivars were similar in size to trees budded on Antonovka seedling or M.4 and exceeded the size of trees budded on M.26. They were delayed in flowering and in cropping compared with trees budded on M.26 and M.4. No difference in titratable acidity, soluble solids, flesh firmness, weight, flavor, and color between fruit from TC trees and from trees on M.4 and Antonovka seedlings was detected in 1 yr of measurement. However, fruit from TC Golden Delicious was more russeted and fruit from TC Spartan had more soluble solids. The difference in fruit appearance between TC and budded trees may result from a root-stock effect or a difference in budwood source, because Spartan fruit from trees on M.4 was more russeted than Spartan fruit from TC trees, but was not different from Spartan fruit from trees on Antonovka seedling. Trees of Macspur McIntosh on TC M.26 and on stool-layered M.26 were similar in size and yield efficiency. TC Fairhaven was larger in size than Fairhaven on Siberian C seedling, but was less yield efficient. No difference in fruit size, flesh firmness, or color was detected between fruit harvested from peach trees on the different roots. Montmorency and Lambert TC and on F12/1 were similar in tree size, respectively, but Montmorency and Lambert TC were more yield efficient than on F12/1. Fruit of TC Lambert was lighter in color and had higher titratable acidity than that of Lambert on F12/1, perhaps a result of earlier fruit maturity. Key words: Apple, peach, sweet cherry, sour cherry, self-rooted, rootstocks

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