scholarly journals 295 The Effect of Cultivar, GA4+7, and Number of Fruit per Spur on Flower Initiation in Apple

HortScience ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 493C-493
Author(s):  
Emily Hoover ◽  
S. McArtney ◽  
S. Tustin ◽  
M. White ◽  
P. Hirst
Keyword(s):  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Leaf Fall ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Biennial Bearing ◽  
Appendage Formation ◽  
Commercial Crop ◽  
Bud Initiation ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Experiments were initiated to document the effect of cultivar, GA4+7, and number of fruit/spur on appendage number and flower bud initiation in apple. `Pacific Rose' is strongly biennial, `Braeburn' and `Fuji' are moderately biennial, and `Royal Gala' is not biennial. In the cultivar study, buds were sampled every 18 days starting at 50 days after full bloom and continuing through until leaf fall to determine the rate of appendage formation and appendage number in relation to doming. Because of the tendency for `Pacific Rose' to exhibit biennial bearing, the rate of appendage formation and the timing of doming were compared on nonfruiting trees, trees carrying a commercial crop, and trees sprayed with 300 PPM GA4+7 applied 14 days after full bloom. Number of appendages for the treatments were similar up to 100 days after full bloom. Presence of fruit on a spur has been demonstrated to inhibit flowering of apple. Spurs of `Pacific Rose', `Splendor', and `Royal Gala' were labeled with zero, one, two, and three fruit per spur and sampled three times during the season. As buds were harvested to count appendage number, the number of fruit per spur and the number of total seeds per spur were recorded. Correlation between number of seeds per spur and rate of appendage formation were done.

Blossom Thinning in Pome and Stone Fruit

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 553b-553
Author(s):  
Esmaeil Fallahi
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Size ◽  
Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanamide ◽  
Ammonium Thiosulfate ◽  
The Past ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
Ortho Cresol ◽  
Bud Initiation

Early thinning of apples is important because of its impact on fruit size and next season's flower bud initiation. In the past, apple cultivars were often sprayed with the blossom thinner sodium dinitro-ortho-cresol(Elgetol) during full bloom, followed by a post-bloom application of a fruit thinner such as carbaryl with or without naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Elgetol was removed from the market in 1989 because of the high cost of re-registration. Full-bloom sprays of sulfcarbamide (Wilthin), pelargonic acid (Thinex), and endothalic acid (Endothal), ammonium thiosulfate (ATS) or petal fall spray of carbaryl (Sevin XLR Plus) were developed as replacements for Elgetol. Hydrogen cyanamide (HC) and other chemicals have been used to eliminate or to reduce chilling requirements of peaches grown under the warm desert conditions. HC applied at “pink bloom” stage was observed to reduce the number of open blooms in `Florda Prince' peach; therefore, it was first used for blossom thinning in this cultivar in Arizona. Later, HC was also found to be an effective blossom thinner for plums in Idaho. HC has recently been found to effectively thin apple and peach blossoms. Armothin has also been an effective blossom thinner for peach in California.

Expression of a FLOWERING LOCUS T homologue is temporally associated with annual flower bud initiation in Eucalyptus globulus subsp. globulus (Myrtaceae)

2011 ◽  
Vol 59 (8) ◽  
pp. 756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca C. Jones ◽  
Valérie F. G. Hecht ◽  
Brad M. Potts ◽  
René E. Vaillancourt ◽  
James L. Weller
Keyword(s):  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Flowering Locus T ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Reproductive Growth ◽  
Environmental Signals ◽  
Flowering Genes ◽  
Flowering Locus ◽  
Bud Initiation

The transition to flowering in plants is the result of the balance of endogenous processes and environmental signals that act through a complex genetic pathway that has been studied extensively in annual plants such as Arabidopsis. Perennial trees are characterised by a juvenile non-flowering phase lasting several years followed by an adult phase in which there is repeated cycling between vegetative and reproductive growth. The genetic control of flowering time is potentially more complex in perennials than in annuals and is less understood. Here, we examine the control of flowering in Eucalyptus globulus subsp. globulus, an important forestry species in temperate parts of the world. The E. globulus subsp. globulus homologues of two important flowering genes FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) and LEAFY (LFY) were isolated and quantitative RT-PCR was used to measure their expression over a 2-year period. The expression of the homologue of FT in E. globulus subsp. globulus leaves was associated with the annual transition from vegetative to reproductive growth (i.e. flower bud initiation). Expression of the LFY homologue was associated with early flower bud development. In a comparison of FT and LFY expression patterns in two clones each of an early and late anthesis genotype, no association between the expression of these genes and the timing of anthesis was shown. Taken together, this indicates that FT and LFY could form part of the flower initiation pathway in Eucalyptus but do not regulate the observed differences in anthesis time.

scholarly journals High crop load and low temperature delay the onset of bud initiation in apple

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Julian Kofler ◽  
Anton Milyaev ◽  
Filippo Capezzone ◽  
Slobodan Stojnić ◽  
Nikola Mićić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Floral Development ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Flower Formation ◽  
Heat Accumulation ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
Biennial Bearing ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Growing Degree Hours ◽  
Bud Initiation

AbstractThe reproductive cycle of apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) starts with the induction of floral development, however, first morphological changes within the bud appear during the following period of bud initiation. This study identifies the onset and duration of bud initiation in the apple cultivars ‘Fuji’ and ‘Gala’, characterized by biennial and non-biennial bearing behaviour, respectively, and describes the effect of crop load and heat accumulation on the temporal pattern of floral development. The onset of flower bud initiation in heavy cropping ‘Gala’ trees was delayed for 20 days compared to trees with no crop load, but the rate of initiation was not affected by crop load. Bud initiation on heavy cropping ‘Fuji’ trees was minor, whereas trees with no crop load started initiating buds 19 days earlier than those of ‘Gala’ despite the same cropping status and growing degree hours in a given year. The onset of bud initiation in ‘Fuji’ ‘off’ trees was 5 and 20 days after summer solstice, respectively, in two consecutive growing seasons, suggesting that this process is driven by heat accumulation rather than by daylength. The results indicate, that the genetic make-up of the cultivar determines the onset of bud initiation. This can be delayed by increasing crop loads and low temperatures at the beginning of the flower formation process.

scholarly journals Toward Systematic Understanding of Flower Bud Induction in Apple: A Multi-Omics Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Milyaev ◽  
Julian Kofler ◽  
Iris Klaiber ◽  
Stefan Czemmel ◽  
Jens Pfannstiel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorogenic Acid ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Biennial Bearing ◽  
Bud Induction ◽  
Systematic Understanding ◽  
Bud Initiation ◽  
Early Flower ◽  
Flower Bud Development

The induction of flower buds in apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) is tightly connected to biennial bearing, which is characterized by alternating years with high (ON) and low or no (OFF) crop loads. In order to study this irregular cropping behavior, spur buds from ON- and OFF-trees of the biennial-bearing cultivar ‘Fuji’ and the regular bearing cultivar ‘Gala’ were collected. First, the time of flower bud initiation was precisely determined for both cultivars by histological analysis. Moreover, for a systematic understanding of flower bud induction in apple, the physiological and molecular mechanisms within the bud tissue were evaluated over four weeks prior to flower bud initiation by employing a multi-omics approach, including RNA sequencing, proteomic and metabolic profiling. Gene and protein enrichment analysis detected physiological pathways promoting and inhibiting early flower bud development. Metabolic profiles from the cropping treatments revealed a greater abundance of thiamine, chlorogenic acid, and an adenine derivative in spur buds from OFF-trees, whereas tryptophan was more abundant in the buds collected from ON-trees. Cultivar comparison indicated that chlorogenic acid was more abundant in ‘Gala’ than in ‘Fuji’ spur buds, whereas the opposite effect was found for tryptophan. Genes controlling tryptophan biosynthesis were not affected by ON- and OFF-treatments, but genes assigned to the metabolism of tryptophan into indoleacetate were differentially expressed between cultivars and treatments. The multi-omics approach permitted analyzing complex plant metabolic processes involved in early flower bud development and more specifically presumably in flower bud induction by tracing some pathways from gene to product level.

scholarly journals Fruit and Hormones Influence Flowering of Apple. II. Effects of Hormones

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 450-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joann M. McLaughlin ◽  
Duane W. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Fruit Removal ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Bud Formation ◽  
Return Bloom ◽  
Appendage Formation ◽  
Butanedioic Acid ◽  
Flower Bud Formation

Combination postbloom sprays of BA at 50 mg·liter-1 and daminozide at 2000 mg·liter-1 were made to limbs of `Early McIntosh' apple (Malus domestics Borkh.) where all of the flowers were either removed before full bloom or allowed to remain. BA and fruit removal increased return bloom, whereas daminozide bad no effect. No treatment had a consistent effect on spur leaf area. Repeat sprays of GA4+7 to `Delicious' apple trees at full bloom (FB) +5, FB + 14, and FB +22 days reduced appendage development and flower bud formation on spurs. One spray of GAd+7 at 150 mg·liter-1 at FB +42 days reduced appendage formation and the percentage of flowering spurs but not as effectively as earlier repeat sprays of GA4+7 at 50 mg·liter-1 When BA at 150 mg·liter-1 was combined with the GA at FB +42 days, appendage formation was increased but the reduction in flowering was not reversed. One BA spray at 50 mg·liter-1 at FB +22 days to `McIntosh' trees increased the number of appendages formed in spurs, but return bloom was not influenced. Chemical names used: (N -phenylmethyl) -1 H -purine-6-amine (BA); butanedioic acid mono (2, 2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide); gibberellins A4 and A7 (GA4+7).

scholarly journals BIENNIAL BEARING IN CRANBERRY. HOW EXTENSIVE IS IT?

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1065g-1065
Author(s):  
B.C. Strik ◽  
T.R. Roper ◽  
C.J. DeMoranville ◽  
J.R. Davenport ◽  
A.P. Poole
Keyword(s):  
Resource Limitation ◽  
Vaccinium Macrocarpon ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Hormonal Factors ◽  
Biennial Bearing ◽  
Return Bloom ◽  
Bud Initiation ◽  
Growing Region

Biennial bearing has long been thought to occur in cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait). Researchers have shown that percent return bloom on fruiting uprights can range from 12% to 65% depending on year, bed vigor and cultivar. Resource limitation and/or hormonal factors in a fruiting upright may be related to flower bud initiation and, thus, percent return bloom the following year. This research was undertaken to determine the extent of biennial bearing by cranberry cultivar and growing region. Seven cultivars were studied; three found in all states (MA, NJ, WI, OR), two common to MA and NJ, and two different cultivars in WI and OR representing cultivars commercially grown in these areas. In the fall or winter of 1989/1990 six 2-m transects were randomly selected within a cranberry bed for each cultivar. Along the transect, 60 uprights that fruited in 1989 were tagged. In the summer of 1990, fifty of the uprights will be sampled to determine percent return bloom and percent set.

scholarly journals BIENNIAL BEARING IN CRANBERRY. HOW EXTENSIVE IS IT?

HortScience ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1065G-1065
Author(s):  
B.C. Strik ◽  
T.R. Roper ◽  
C.J. DeMoranville ◽  
J.R. Davenport ◽  
A.P. Poole
Keyword(s):  
Resource Limitation ◽  
Vaccinium Macrocarpon ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Hormonal Factors ◽  
Biennial Bearing ◽  
Return Bloom ◽  
Bud Initiation ◽  
Growing Region

Biennial bearing has long been thought to occur in cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait). Researchers have shown that percent return bloom on fruiting uprights can range from 12% to 65% depending on year, bed vigor and cultivar. Resource limitation and/or hormonal factors in a fruiting upright may be related to flower bud initiation and, thus, percent return bloom the following year. This research was undertaken to determine the extent of biennial bearing by cranberry cultivar and growing region. Seven cultivars were studied; three found in all states (MA, NJ, WI, OR), two common to MA and NJ, and two different cultivars in WI and OR representing cultivars commercially grown in these areas. In the fall or winter of 1989/1990 six 2-m transects were randomly selected within a cranberry bed for each cultivar. Along the transect, 60 uprights that fruited in 1989 were tagged. In the summer of 1990, fifty of the uprights will be sampled to determine percent return bloom and percent set.

scholarly journals Morphological characterization and genetic diversity in lentil (Lens culinaris medikus ssp. Culinaris) germplasm

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-76
Author(s):  
KU Ahamed ◽  
B Akhter ◽  
MR Islam ◽  
MR Humaun ◽  
MJ Alam
Keyword(s):  
Seed Weight ◽  
Female Flower ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Flower Initiation ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Maximum Value ◽  
Cluster Distance ◽  
The Mean ◽  
100 Seed Weight ◽  
Number Of Seeds

Genetic divergence of 110 lentil germplasm with checks was assessed based on morphological traits using multivariate analysis. Mahalanobis generalized distance (D2) analysis was used to group the lentil genotypes. Significant variations among lentil genotypes were observed in respect of days to 1st flowering, days to 50% flowering, days to maturity, plant height, and number of pods per peduncle, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per plant, 100 seed weight and yield per plant. Considering the mean values, the germplasm were grouped into ten clusters. The highest number of genotypes (17) was in cluster X and lowest (5) both in cluster II and IV. Cluster IV had the highest cluster mean for number of pods per plant (297.08), number of seeds per plant (594.16), 100 seed weight (1.44 g) and yield per plant (8.53 g). Among them, the highest inter-cluster distance was obtained between the cluster IV and I (24.61) followed by IV and III (22.33), while the lowest was between IX and II (1.63). The maximum value of inter-cluster distance indicated that genotypes belonging to cluster IV were far diverged from those of cluster I. The first female flower initiation was earlier in BD-3812 (49 days) in cluster I and cluster IV had highest grain yield per plant (8.53). BD-3807 produced significant maximum number of pods per plant (298.40) in cluster IV. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v4i1.21095 Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 4 (1): 70-76, June, 2014

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document