scholarly journals Tissue Moisture Loss during Sample Preparation Lowers Exotherm Temperatures in Dormant Grape Buds

HortScience ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 701-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
László G. Kovács ◽  
Guoqiang Du ◽  
Pinghai Ding
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Moisture Loss ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Minute Exposure ◽  
Dormant Bud ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Reduced Water ◽  
Grape Cultivars

Grapevine cold hardiness is often assessed with differential thermal analysis (DTA) of excised dormant buds. Such small tissues are prone to rapid dehydration when exposed to air during sample preparation. We show that excised buds of grape cultivars `Vignoles' and `Norton' lose as much as 6.3% and 2.9% of their total water content, respectively, during a two-minute exposure to air at 24 °C. In order to assess the impact of moisture loss on cold hardiness measurements, we prepared dormant bud samples with reduced water content and subjected them to DTA. The results demonstrate a positive correlation between average gross bud water content and median low temperature exotherm (LTEmean). In `Vignoles' and `Norton' buds, a 6.5% and a 4.3% reduction in gross water content, respectively, were sufficient to result in lower LTE temperatures (P < 0.001). The data suggest that even moderate dehydration of excised grape buds may influence the results of cold hardiness assessment by DTA. It is important that investigators be vigilant to the potential artifacts that can arise during sample preparation in order to ensure that the LTE temperatures of samples reliably characterize the cold hardiness of field populations.

scholarly journals Influence of sample preparation process on basic properties of biofuels

Paliva ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 141-148
Author(s):  
Hana Lisá ◽  
Martin Lisý ◽  
Patrik Elbl ◽  
Marek Baláš ◽  
Tereza Zlevorová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Moisture Loss ◽  
Grinding Process ◽  
Preparation Process ◽  
Wood Biomass ◽  
Crambe Abyssinica ◽  
Adjustment Method ◽  
Combustion Processes

The characteristic properties of non-wood biomass used in combustion processes are monitored, such as water content, ash, volatile matter. Biomass is usually not homogenous and of suitable dimensions for these determinations. This is the reason for the necessary adjustment of samples for analysis. But modifying the samples may change their properties. In this publication, the influence of the grinding process in a rotor mill on the content of water, volatile matter and ash in non-wood biomass samples was studied. Samples of flax, Crambe abyssinica, amaranth and rye were analyzed. All analyses showed moisture loss from the sample during grinding and in the case of flax, the loss of volatile matter was observed. It means the rotor mill is suitable for sample preparation prior to analysis. But for oil plants it is necessary to choose another mill or adjustment method.

scholarly journals Tests of Monte Carlo Independent Column Approximation in the ECHAM5 Atmospheric GCM

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (19) ◽  
pp. 4995-5011 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Räisänen ◽  
S. Järvenoja ◽  
H. Järvinen ◽  
M. Giorgetta ◽  
E. Roeckner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Beta Distribution ◽  
Cloud Fraction ◽  
Total Water Content ◽  
Subgrid Scale ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Distribution Scheme ◽  
Independent Column ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The Monte Carlo Independent Column Approximation (McICA) method for computing domain-average radiative fluxes allows a flexible treatment of unresolved cloud structure, and it is unbiased with respect to the full ICA, but its flux estimates contain conditional random noise. Here, tests of McICA in the ECHAM5 atmospheric GCM are reported. ECHAM5 provides an interesting test bed for McICA because it carries prognostic variables for the subgrid-scale probability distribution of total water content, which allows us to determine subgrid-scale cloud variability directly from the resolved-scale model variables. Three experiments with differing levels of radiative noise, each consisting of ten 6-yr runs, are performed to estimate the impact of McICA noise on simulated climate. In an experiment that attempted to deliberately maximize McICA noise, a systematic reduction in low cloud fraction occurred. For a more reasonable implementation of McICA, the impact of noise is very small, although statistically discernible. In terms of the impacts of noise, McICA appears to be a viable approach for use in ECHAM5. However, to improve the simulation of cloud radiative effects, realistic representation of both unresolved and resolved cloud structures is needed, which remains a challenging problem. Comparison of ECHAM5 data with a global cloud system–resolving model dataset and with International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project data suggested two problems related to unresolved cloud structures. First, ECHAM5 appears to underestimate subgrid-scale cloud variability. This problem seems partly related to the use of the beta distribution scheme for total water content in ECHAM5: in its current form, the scheme is unable to generate highly inhomogeneous clouds (relative standard deviation of condensate amount &gt;1). Second, it appears that in ECHAM5, overcast cloud layers occur too frequently and partially cloudy layers too rarely. This problem is not unique to the beta distribution scheme; in fact, it is more pronounced when using an alternative, relative humidity–based cloud fraction scheme.

scholarly journals Study of the influence of adaptogens on the water regime of some varieties of the genus Chrysanthemum L. during the introduction into the Bashkir Pre-Urals

2020 ◽  
Vol 202 (11) ◽  
pp. 2-13
Author(s):  
Svetlana Denisova ◽  
Antonina Reut
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Water Deficit ◽  
Water Retention ◽  
Water Regime ◽  
Botanical Garden ◽  
Moisture Loss ◽  
Water Retention Capacity ◽  
Total Water Content ◽  
Total Water ◽  
Retention Capacity

Abstract. Purpose. Study of the effect of anti-stress adaptogens on the water regime of some varieties of chrysanthemum in the conditions of the Bashkir Pre-Urals. Methodology and methods. The analysis of indicators of water regime is based on the method of artificial wilting (V. N. Tarenkov, L. N. Ivanova) and the method of saturation of plant samples (V. P. Moiseev, N. P. Reshetskiy). Plants were processed once, and samples were taken in three terms. Calculations were carried out by standard methods using statistical packages of the Microsoft Excel 2003 and the Agros 2.13. Results. The dynamics of indicators of the water regime during the treatment with the preparations “Gumi-20” and “Oberig” is analyzed. An assessment of the total water content, water retention capacity, daily moisture loss and water deficit of ten varieties of chrysanthemum bred by the South-Ural Botanical Garden-Institute of UFRC RAS (SUBGI UFRC RAS) in the period under study is given. Studies have shown that varieties of chrysanthemum in the Bashkir Ural under the same soil-climatic and agrotechnical conditions had the following indicators: total water content ‒ 69.4–86.9 %, water-holding capacity ‒ 25.6–53.8 %, daily moisture loss ‒ 17.2–61.0 %, water deficit ‒ 10.9–13.2 %. The use of anti-stress adaptogens did not have a significant effect on the parameters of the water regime, or their effect was variety-specific. As a result of the correlation-regression analysis, inverse relationships were revealed between the indicators of water deficit and the total water content, as well as between the daily water loss and water retention capacity. Scientific novelty. For the first time, the water regime of varieties of chrysanthemum of the SUBGI UFRC RAS selection was studied, the dependences of the water regime indicators were revealed, and the assessment of the expediency of using anti-stress adaptogens for certain varieties in the conditions of the Bashkir Pre-Urals was given.

Influence of Mannitol and Furosemide, Alone and in Combination, on Brain Water Content after Fluid Percussion Injury

2006 ◽  
Vol 105 (6) ◽  
pp. 1176-1181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael M. Todd ◽  
Johann Cutkomp ◽  
Johnny E. Brian
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Brain Water Content ◽  
Fluid Percussion ◽  
Fluid Percussion Injury ◽  
Injured Brain ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Reduced Water ◽  
Brain Water

Background Furosemide and mannitol are used to reduce intracranial pressure, but the impact of furosemide on edema of injured brain is unclear. The authors examined the effects of furosemide and mannitol, alone and in combination, on brain water content in brain-injured rats. Methods Anesthetized rats were subjected to a 2.2-atm left hemispheric fluid percussion injury. Two and three-quarters hours later, animals received 0.5, 1, 4, or 8 g/kg mannitol; 8 mg/kg furosemide; a combination of 4 g/kg mannitol plus 4 mg/kg furosemide; or 8 g/kg mannitol plus 8 mg/kg furosemide. One hour later (4 h after injury), plasma osmolality was measured, and hemispheric water content was determined by drying. Other animals were subjected to injury without drug treatment (impact only) or did not undergo injury (control). Pairwise group comparisons regarding the effects of mannitol and furosemide were restricted to only four groups: impact only, 8 g/kg mannitol, 8 mg/kg furosemide, and 8 g/kg mannitol plus 8 mg/kg furosemide. Results The water content of both hemispheres in the impact-only group was greater than in the control group (left greater than right). Mannitol, 8 g/kg, increased osmolality from 306 +/- 4 to 351 +/- 6 mOsm/kg (mean +/- SD) and reduced water content in the left hemisphere from 80.06 +/- 0.84% (impact only) to 78.24 +/- 0.73%. Furosemide, 8 mg/kg, had no effect on osmolality or water content. Brain water in animals treated with 8 g/kg mannitol plus 8 mg/kg furosemide did not differ from that seen with 8 g/kg mannitol alone. Conclusions Mannitol increased plasma osmolality and reduced water content of the injured and contralateral hemispheres, whereas the authors observed no effect of furosemide when given either alone or in combination with mannitol.

scholarly journals Cold Hardiness of Dormant Buds of Grape Cultivars: Comparison of Thermal Analysis and Field Survival

HortScience ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 29 (12) ◽  
pp. 1453-1455 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony K. Wolf ◽  
M. Kay Cook
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Cabernet Sauvignon ◽  
Dormant Period ◽  
Air Temperatures ◽  
Dormant Bud ◽  
Grape Cultivars

Thermal analysis (TA) was used to evaluate dormant bud cold hardiness of nine Vitis cultivars weekly during the 1993–94 dormant period. TA hardiness estimates were expressed as either mean low-temperature exotherm temperature (MLTE) or temperatures lethal to 10% (LT10), 50% (LT50), or 90% (LT90) of dormant bud sample. A destructive freeze on 19 Jan. 1994 presented an opportunity to compare dormant bud field survival with laboratory estimates of bud hardiness that had been derived from TA. Vineyard air temperatures of –24C caused primary bud kill that ranged from a mean of 15% with `Concord' to 100% with `Viognier'. With the exception of `Viognier' and one of two `Cabernet Sauvignon' clones, field mortality levels were accurately bracketed by TA estimates of LT10, MLTE, and LT90 values, which had been obtained in the week preceding the freeze. `Viognier' bud hardiness was overestimated by ≈1.5C, and the hardiness of `Cabernet Sauvignon clone UCD#6' was underestimated by <1C. The discrepancy with `Viognier' may have been related to prior destruction of primary buds by bud necrosis and the misinterpretation of secondary bud exotherms as due to primary buds.

Stem Cold Hardiness, Leaf Heat Tolerance, Growth, and Performance of Six Japanese Maples (Acer palmatum) in Northern Illinois

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 512e-512
Author(s):  
A.M. Shirazi
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Cold Hardiness ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Ion Leakage ◽  
Randomized Block Design ◽  
Leaf Tissues ◽  
Artificial Freezing ◽  
And Performance

Six different Japanese Maples (Acer palmatum) cultivars `Water Fall', `Burgundy Lace', `Crimson Queen', `Oshio-Beni', `SangoKaKu', and `Bloodgood' from Monrovia Nursery were planted in a randomized block design on 4 June 1997 at the The Morton Arboretum. Leaf heat tolerance was evaluated by measuring ion leakage of the leaf tissue at 25–60 °C in July, Aug., and Sept. 1997. The LT50 (the temperature at which 50% of the tissues were injured) of all the cultivars were higher in July (≈53 °C) and were lower in September (≈47 °C). Water content of the leaf tissues were higher in July compare to August and September and were not related to heat tolerance of most cultivars. Stem cold hardiness was performed by artificial freezing tests in Oct., Dec., and Feb. 1997/98. The Lowest Survival Temperature (LST) for the most hardy to least hardy cultivars in October and December were: `Burgundy Lace' (–15, –27 °C), `Bloodgood' (–18, –24 °C), `Oshio-Beni' (–15, –24 °C), `Crimson Queen' (–15, –18 °C), `Water Fall' (–9, –18 °C) and `SangoKaKu' (–9, –12 °C), respectively. Growth, dormancy development, spring budbreak and performance of these cultivars will be compared.

scholarly journals Amplicon-sequencing of raw milk microbiota: impact of DNA extraction and library-PCR

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Annemarie Siebert ◽  
Katharina Hofmann ◽  
Lena Staib ◽  
Etienne V. Doll ◽  
Siegfried Scherer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sample Preparation ◽  
Dna Extraction ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Bacterial Dna ◽  
Microbiome Analysis ◽  
Eukaryotic Dna ◽  
Selective Lysis ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The highly complex raw milk matrix challenges the sample preparation for amplicon-sequencing due to low bacterial counts and high amounts of eukaryotic DNA originating from the cow. In this study, we optimized the extraction of bacterial DNA from raw milk for microbiome analysis and evaluated the impact of cycle numbers in the library-PCR. The selective lysis of eukaryotic cells by proteinase K and digestion of released DNA before bacterial lysis resulted in a high reduction of mostly eukaryotic DNA and increased the proportion of bacterial DNA. Comparative microbiome analysis showed that a combined enzymatic and mechanical lysis procedure using the DNeasy® PowerFood® Microbial Kit with a modified protocol was best suitable to achieve high DNA quantities after library-PCR and broad coverage of detected bacterial biodiversity. Increasing cycle numbers during library-PCR systematically altered results for species and beta-diversity with a tendency to overrepresentation or underrepresentation of particular taxa. To limit PCR bias, high cycle numbers should thus be avoided. An optimized DNA extraction yielding sufficient bacterial DNA and enabling higher PCR efficiency is fundamental for successful library preparation. We suggest that a protocol using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) to resolve casein micelles, selective lysis of somatic cells, extraction of bacterial DNA with a combination of mechanical and enzymatic lysis, and restriction of PCR cycles for analysis of raw milk microbiomes is optimal even for samples with low bacterial numbers. Key points • Sample preparation for high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing of raw milk microbiota. • Reduction of eukaryotic DNA by enzymatic digestion. • Shift of detected microbiome caused by high cycle numbers in library-PCR.

scholarly journals Numerical Simulation of Non-Homogeneous Viscous Debris-Flows Based on the Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) Method

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu Wang ◽  
Anping Shu ◽  
Matteo Rubinato ◽  
Mengyao Wang ◽  
Jiping Qin
Keyword(s):  
Debris Flow ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics ◽  
Debris Flows ◽  
Sph Method ◽  
Particle Hydrodynamics ◽  
Sph Model ◽  
Smoothed Particle ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Kinetic And Potential Energies

Non-homogeneous viscous debris flows are characterized by high density, impact force and destructiveness, and the complexity of the materials they are made of. This has always made these flows challenging to simulate numerically, and to reproduce experimentally debris flow processes. In this study, the formation-movement process of non-homogeneous debris flow under three different soil configurations was simulated numerically by modifying the formulation of collision, friction, and yield stresses for the existing Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) method. The results obtained by applying this modification to the SPH model clearly demonstrated that the configuration where fine and coarse particles are fully mixed, with no specific layering, produces more fluctuations and instability of the debris flow. The kinetic and potential energies of the fluctuating particles calculated for each scenario have been shown to be affected by the water content by focusing on small local areas. Therefore, this study provides a better understanding and new insights regarding intermittent debris flows, and explains the impact of the water content on their formation and movement processes.

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