scholarly journals Soybean Oil as a Summer Spray for Apple: European Red Mite Control, Net CO2 Assimilation, and Phytotoxicity

HortScience ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 234-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renae E. Moran ◽  
Dennis E. Deyton ◽  
Carl E. Sams ◽  
Charles D. Pless ◽  
John C. Cummins
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Malus Sylvestris ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Net Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Mite Control ◽  
Leaf Residue ◽  
Control Net

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] oil was applied to apple trees [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] as a summer spray in six studies to determine if it controls European red mites [Panonychus ulmi (Koch.)], how it affects net CO2 assimilation (A), and if it causes phytotoxicity. Sprays of 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% soybean oil {TNsoy1 formulation [soybean oil premixed with Latron B-1956 (LAT) spreader-sticker at 10 oil: 1 LAT (v/v)]} reduced mite populations by 94%. Sprays of 1% and 2% soybean oil reduced mite populations to three and four mites per leaf, respectively, compared to 25 per leaf on water-sprayed plants. Soybean oil concentrations of 1.0% and 1.5% applied to whole trees reduced A for less than 7 days. Phytotoxicity did not occur when soybean oil was applied with an airblast sprayer at concentrations of 1.0% and 1.5% or with a mist bottle at 2%. Phytotoxicity occurred when soybean oil was applied with a mist bottle at 4% and 6%, which left soybean oil leaf residues of 0.22 to 0.50 mg·cm-2. No phytotoxicity occurred with 4% SunSpray, which resulted in a mean leaf residue of only 0.13 mg·cm-2. Spraying 1% soybean oil tended to give better mite control than 1% SunSpray Ultra-Fine oil, but caused greater oil residues and a greater reduction in A.

THE EGG AND OVIPOSITION SITE OF DERAEOCORIS NEBULOSUS (HEMIPTERA: MIRIDAE) ON APPLE TREES

1980 ◽  
Vol 112 (5) ◽  
pp. 527-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. McCaffrey ◽  
R. L. Horsburgh
Keyword(s):  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Oviposition Site ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Apple Orchards ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Important Pest ◽  
Ornamental Trees ◽  
Trees And Shrubs ◽  
Oviposition Sites

The predaceous mirid Deraeocoris nebulosus (Uhler) is found on more than 50 species of ornamental trees and shrubs where it feeds on several important pest species (Wheeler et al. 1975). It is a common mite and aphid predator in commercial apple orchards in Virginia (Parrella et al. 1978). Wheeler et al. (1975) described the nymphal stages and biology, but made no mention of the egg or oviposition site. We describe the egg and oviposition site which we discovered while studying various predators of the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), in Virginia apple orchards. Eggs and oviposition sites of other predaceous mirids associated with apple have been described (Kullenberg 1942; Collyer 1952, 1953; Sanford 1964; Horsburgh and Asquith 1968, 1970).

EFFICACY OF DIFLUBENZURON AGAINST THE CODLING MOTH, LASPEYRESIA POMONELLA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE), AND IMPACT ON ORCHARD MITES

1982 ◽  
Vol 114 (8) ◽  
pp. 733-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Anderson ◽  
R. H. Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Codling Moth ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Tween 20 ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Promising Agent ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Azinphos Methyl ◽  
Mite Control ◽  
Laspeyresia Pomonella ◽  
Fruit Damage

AbstractThe efficacy of diflubenzuron against the codling moth, Laspeyresia pomonella L., was compared with that of azinphos-methyl in two orchards. Two cover sprays were applied to coincide with peak codling moth activity which was monitored daily with pheromone-baited traps. In the Golden Delicious and mixed cultivar orchards, 187 ppm (mg active ingredient/1.) diflubenzuron provided control comparable to that of 187 ppm azinphos-methyl. In the 47 ppm diflubenzuron treatment, more fruit damage occurred particularly in the mixed cultivar orchard. In this orchard, the addition of Tween 20 to the spray mixture reduced fruit damage markedly.Diflubenzuron appeared non-toxic to the phytoseiid Typhlodromus occidentalis Nesbitt and stigmaeid Zetzellia mali Ewing. In addition, cover sprays did not increase populations of European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch) or rust mites, Aculus spp.The efficacy of diflubenzuron against the codling moth and its compatability with integrated mite control suggest that the compound is a promising agent for pest management programs in apple orchards.

THE EFFECT OF EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE), INFESTATIONS ON N, P, AND K CONCENTRATIONS IN APPLE FOLIAGE THROUGHOUT THE SEASON

1973 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 263-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Herbert ◽  
K. P. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Treatment ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Seasonal Trends ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

AbstractSeasonal trends of the percentage of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were measured in the foliage of apple trees infested with the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), at four population levels created by the action of predators and/or chemical treatment.It was shown that by early September the concentrations of these nutrients; particularly nitrogen, were significantly depressed by high P. ulmi populations.

PLICTRAN AS AN ORCHARD ACARICIDE IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

1970 ◽  
Vol 102 (12) ◽  
pp. 1604-1607 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Downing ◽  
T. K. Moilliet
Keyword(s):  
British Columbia ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Selective Action ◽  
Bud Development ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Phytophagous Mites ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Metaseiulus Occidentalis ◽  
Mite Control ◽  
Aculus Schlechtendali

AbstractPlictran (tricyclohexyltin hydroxide) was very effective against the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), and the apple rust mite, Aculus schlechtendali (Nalepa), when applied at the pink bud stage of apple bud development. Plictran as a summer spray was not so effective because a small number of phytophagous mites survived. Plictran, however, is low in toxicity to the predaceous phytoseiids Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) and Typhloseiopsis sp. near arboreus (Chant), and these predators increased on the surviving phytophagous mites. Because of this selective action, Plictran is a very promising acaricide for use in integrated mite control programs.

RELATIVE DENSITIES OF PREDACIOUS AND PHYTOPHAGOUS MITES ON THREE VARIETIES OF APPLE TREES

1967 ◽  
Vol 99 (7) ◽  
pp. 738-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Downing ◽  
T. K. Moilliet
Keyword(s):  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Phytoseiid Mites ◽  
External Structure ◽  
Phytophagous Mites ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Metaseiulus Occidentalis

AbstractIn two well-kept but nonsprayed orchards, the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), was more numerous and caused more leaf damage to Delicious than to Spartan or McIntosh apple trees. The predacious phytoseiid mites, Metaseiulus occidentalis (Nesbitt) and Neoseiulus caudiglans (Schuster), were more numerous on both Spartan and McIntosh than on Delicious. The differences in the external structure of the leaves may be the reason for the greater abundance of phytoseiids on Spartan and McIntosh.

CONTAGIOUS DISTRIBUTION IN THE EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI (KOCH), AND A METHOD OF GRADING POPULATION DENSITIES FROM A COUNT OF MITE-FREE LEAVES

1960 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 645-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. P. Pielou
Keyword(s):  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Total Count ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Leaf Sample ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Assessment Of Performance ◽  
Narrow Zone ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Mite Density ◽  
The Mean

Examination of a large number of 100-leaf samples shows that the European red mite is distributed contagiously, not randomly, on leaves of apple trees. When the mean number of mites per leaf is plotted against the proportion of mite-free leaves for the corresponding sample, the points fall in a narrow zone, steepest and narrowest at the lower densities. Following application of miticides to heavily infested trees, it is usual to summarize the findings of the tests by grading the performance of the chemicals as excellent, good, etc. according to mite density as determined by s total count from the 100-leaf sample. A method is outlined, in which, by making use of plotted values, a count of mite-free leaves only is sufficient to allow the assessment of performance in such categories.

scholarly journals Net CO2 Assimilation of Apple following Application of Soybean Oil

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 531C-531
Author(s):  
R.E. Moran ◽  
D.E. Deyton ◽  
C.E. Sams ◽  
J. Cummins ◽  
C.D. Pless
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Fruit Trees ◽  
Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Net Co2 Assimilation ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
Separate Treatment ◽  
Oil Residue ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Petroleum Oil

Soybean oil can be used as an alternative pesticide for fruit trees. Two separate studies were conducted to determine the effects of oil concentration on leaf phytotoxicity and net CO2 assimilation (ACO2). In one study, concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% soybean oil in water were applied to individual shoots with a hand-held mist bottle. In the second study, 0%, 1.0%, and 1.5% were applied to whole trees with an airblast sprayer. Petroleum oil was applied as a separate treatment. Net CO2 assimilation was measured on single leaves. Oil residue was removed from the leaf with chloroform, dried, and weighed. Chlorosis and defoliation occurred with applications of 4% and 6% soybean oil. No visible phytotoxicity occurred with 2% or less oil. Net CO2 assimilation decreased as the rate of soybean oil increased from 0% to 4% oil, but there was no difference between 4% and 6%. Net CO2 assimilation decreased with increasing oil concentration from 0% to 1.5% and recovered to the rate of the control on day 7. Net CO2 assimilation was negatively related to oil residue. At an equivalent oil residue, there was no difference in ACO2 between petroleum and soybean oil. Below a residue of 0.15 mg·cm–2, foliar phytoxicity did not occur. Reductions in ACO2 were small and did not last longer than 7 days if residues were ≤0.10 mg·cm–2.

scholarly journals Carbon Balance as a Physiological Basis for the Interactions of European Red Mite and Crop Load on `Starkrimson Delicious' Apple Trees

1996 ◽  
Vol 121 (5) ◽  
pp. 959-966 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.H.D. Francesconi ◽  
A.N. Lakso ◽  
J.P. Nyrop ◽  
J. Barnard ◽  
S.S. Denning
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Balance ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Fruit Tree ◽  
Panonychus Ulmi ◽  
Apple Trees ◽  
Physiological Basis ◽  
Crop Load ◽  
European Red Mite ◽  
Return Bloom

The hypothesis that carbon balance is the basis for differences in responses by lightly and normally cropped apple trees to European red mite (ERM) [Panonychus ulmi (Koch)] damage was tested. Mature `Starkrimson Delicious' (Malus domestica Borkh.)/M.26 apple trees were hand-thinned to light (125 fruit/tree, about 20 t/ha) or normal (300 fruit/tree, about 40 t/ha) target crop levels and infested with low [<100 cumulative mite-days (CMD)], medium (400 to 1000 CMD) or high (>1000 CMD) target levels of ERM. A range of crop loads and CMD was obtained. Mite population density, fruit growth, leaf and whole-canopy net CO2 exchange rates (NCER) were measured throughout the growing season of 1994. Leaf area and vegetative growth per tree were also measured. Yield and final mean fruit size were determined at harvest. Return bloom and fruiting were determined the following year. Total shoot length per tree was not affected by crop load or mite damage. ERM reduced leaf and whole-canopy NCER. Normally cropped trees showed fruit weight reduction earlier and more severely than lightly cropped trees with high mite injury. Variation in final fruit weight, return bloom and return fruiting was much better related to whole-canopy NCER per fruit than to CMD.

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