Net CO2 Assimilation of Apple following Application of Soybean Oil

Soybean oil can be used as an alternative pesticide for fruit trees. Two separate studies were conducted to determine the effects of oil concentration on leaf phytotoxicity and net CO2 assimilation (ACO2). In one study, concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% soybean oil in water were applied to individual shoots with a hand-held mist bottle. In the second study, 0%, 1.0%, and 1.5% were applied to whole trees with an airblast sprayer. Petroleum oil was applied as a separate treatment. Net CO2 assimilation was measured on single leaves. Oil residue was removed from the leaf with chloroform, dried, and weighed. Chlorosis and defoliation occurred with applications of 4% and 6% soybean oil. No visible phytotoxicity occurred with 2% or less oil. Net CO2 assimilation decreased as the rate of soybean oil increased from 0% to 4% oil, but there was no difference between 4% and 6%. Net CO2 assimilation decreased with increasing oil concentration from 0% to 1.5% and recovered to the rate of the control on day 7. Net CO2 assimilation was negatively related to oil residue. At an equivalent oil residue, there was no difference in ACO2 between petroleum and soybean oil. Below a residue of 0.15 mg·cm–2, foliar phytoxicity did not occur. Reductions in ACO2 were small and did not last longer than 7 days if residues were ≤0.10 mg·cm–2.

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Soybean Oil as a Summer Spray for Apple: European Red Mite Control, Net CO2 Assimilation, and Phytotoxicity

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.38.2.234 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 234-238 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Renae E. Moran ◽

Dennis E. Deyton ◽

Carl E. Sams ◽

Charles D. Pless ◽

John C. Cummins

Keyword(s):

Soybean Oil ◽

Co2 Assimilation ◽

Panonychus Ulmi ◽

Apple Trees ◽

Malus Sylvestris ◽

European Red Mite ◽

Net Co2 Assimilation ◽

Mite Control ◽

Leaf Residue ◽

Control Net

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] oil was applied to apple trees [Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf.] as a summer spray in six studies to determine if it controls European red mites [Panonychus ulmi (Koch.)], how it affects net CO2 assimilation (A), and if it causes phytotoxicity. Sprays of 0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5% soybean oil {TNsoy1 formulation [soybean oil premixed with Latron B-1956 (LAT) spreader-sticker at 10 oil: 1 LAT (v/v)]} reduced mite populations by 94%. Sprays of 1% and 2% soybean oil reduced mite populations to three and four mites per leaf, respectively, compared to 25 per leaf on water-sprayed plants. Soybean oil concentrations of 1.0% and 1.5% applied to whole trees reduced A for less than 7 days. Phytotoxicity did not occur when soybean oil was applied with an airblast sprayer at concentrations of 1.0% and 1.5% or with a mist bottle at 2%. Phytotoxicity occurred when soybean oil was applied with a mist bottle at 4% and 6%, which left soybean oil leaf residues of 0.22 to 0.50 mg·cm-2. No phytotoxicity occurred with 4% SunSpray, which resulted in a mean leaf residue of only 0.13 mg·cm-2. Spraying 1% soybean oil tended to give better mite control than 1% SunSpray Ultra-Fine oil, but caused greater oil residues and a greater reduction in A.

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TiO2-SiO2 nanoparticle-stabilised soybean oil-in-water emulsions: dispersion stability, rolling lubrication performance and surface self-cleaning effects

Journal of Tribology ◽

10.1115/1.4053356 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-27

Author(s):

Reza Taheri ◽

P. Buyung Kosasih ◽

Hongtao Zhu

Keyword(s):

Cold Rolling ◽

Soybean Oil ◽

Oil Droplets ◽

Sio2 Nanoparticle ◽

Dispersed Oil ◽

Oil In Water ◽

Lubrication Performance ◽

Oil Residue ◽

Self Cleaning ◽

Oil Emulsions

Abstract Vegetable oil-in-water (VO/W) emulsions are common cold rolling lubricants. However, maintaining the required dispersion for polar oil droplets for consistent lubrication and proper surface self-cleaning after rolling remains a practical challenge. In this study, titanium silicate TiO2-SiO2 nanoparticle (NP) stabilised soybean oil emulsions are produced and NPs function as dispersant, lubrication enhancer, and detergent agent to clean up oil residue are explored. Cold rolling of SS316 reveals a threshold of NPs wt %, at which stably dispersed oil droplets improve tribology and lower the rolling parameters relative to that without or at high wt % of NPs. Cleaner as-rolled strips are also obtained with NPs. Favourable results are attributed to formation of NP-coating layers on oil droplets which enhances dispersion, optimises plate-out while keeping adequate wetting, and provides a 3-body abrasive rolling as opposed to 2-body adhesion without NPs. A model of sliding-rolling lubrication in cold rolling is also discussed.

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Using Soybean Oil as a Pesticide on Nursery Stock

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.32.3.493e ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 32 (3) ◽

pp. 493E-493

Author(s):

D.E. Deyton ◽

C.E. Sams ◽

D.C. Fare ◽

R.E. Moran ◽

C.D. Pless

Keyword(s):

Soybean Oil ◽

Environmentally Friendly ◽

Fruit Trees ◽

Nursery Stock ◽

Mite Control ◽

Mite Infestations ◽

Petroleum Oil

Our research has previously shown that soybean oil can substitute for petroleum oil for controlling insects on fruit trees. Soybean oil may also be a safe, environmentally friendly pesticide to use on nursery stock. The objectives of these experiments were to evaluate phytotoxicity of soybean oil to nursery stock and efficacy for mite control. Four replications of container-grown plants of `Alberta' spruce, `Emerald' arborvitae, `Leyland' cypress, Canadian hemlock, and `Andorra' juniper were sprayed on 26 Mar. with 0%, 1.0%, 2.0%, or 3.0% soybean oil; or 2.0% petroleum oil. None of the oil treatments caused phytotoxicity. The same plants were sprayed on 1 Aug. with 0%, 1.0%, 2.0%, or 3.0% soybean oil. Application of 1% or 2% soybean oil appeared to be non-phytotoxic to spruce, but 3% soybean oil caused slight terminal necrosis. Arborvitae, cypress, hemlock, and juniper were not injured by spraying 1% to 3% soybean oil in the summer. Container-grown burning bush plants with mite infestations were sprayed on 20 Sept. with 0%, 1.0%, 2.0%, or 3.0% soybean oil; or with 1.0% SunSpray petroleum oil. Container-grown mite-infested `Andorra' juniper plants received the same treatments, except for the 3% soybean oil. Application of 1% or 2% soybean oil to burning bush or to juniper shrubs resulted in >97% and 87% control of mites 7 and 14 days, respectively, after treatment.

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Control of San Jose Scale, Terrapin Scale, and European Red Mite on Dormant Fruit Trees with Soybean Oil

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.30.1.94 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 30 (1) ◽

pp. 94-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

C.D. Pless ◽

D.E. Deyton ◽

C.E. Sams

Keyword(s):

Soybean Oil ◽

Prunus Persica ◽

Field Tests ◽

Fruit Trees ◽

Panonychus Ulmi ◽

San Jose ◽

Oil Emulsion ◽

European Red Mite ◽

San Jose Scale ◽

Petroleum Oil

Emulsions of degummed soybean (Glycine max L.) oil were compared to a petroleum oil emulsion for efficacy against winter populations of San Jose scale [Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock); Homoptera: Diaspididae] and European red mite [Panonychus ulmi (Koch); Acari: Tetranychidae] on dormant apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) trees and terrapin scale [Mesolecanium nigrofasciatum (Pergande); Homoptera: Coccidae] on dormant peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch.] trees. In laboratory tests, more than 94% of San Jose scale was killed on stems dipped for 1 second in 5.0% or 7.5% soybean oil or 5.0% petroleum oil. Mortality of terrapin scale exceeded 93% on peach stems dipped for 1 second in 7.5% soybean oil or 5.0% petroleum oil. No European red mite eggs survived on apple stems dipped for 1 second in 2.5%, 5.0%, or 7.5% soybean oil, or 5.0% petroleum oil. In field tests, >95% of San Jose scale died on apple trees sprayed with one application of 2.5% petroleum oil or 5.0% soybean oil; two applications of these treatments or 2.5% soybean oil killed all San Jose scales. One or two applications of 2.5% petroleum oil or 5.0% soybean oil killed 85% and 98%, respectively, of the terrapin scales on peach trees. Soybean oil shows promise as a substitute for petroleum oil for winter control of three very destructive fruit tree pests.

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Soybean Oil Used as an Alternative Pesticide on Nursery Stock

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.33.3.485d ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 33 (3) ◽

pp. 485d-485

Author(s):

A.L. Lancaster ◽

D.E. Deyton ◽

C.E. Sams ◽

C.D. Pless ◽

D.C. Fare ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Soybean Oil ◽

Blue Color ◽

Water Control ◽

White Pine ◽

Blue Star ◽

Red Cedar ◽

Japanese Garden ◽

Nursery Stock ◽

Fine Spray ◽

Petroleum Oil

Research was conducted to determine if soybean oil sprays may substitute for petroleum oil for control of insects on nursery crops. Dormant field-grown `Globe' arborvitae shrubs infested with Fletcher scale were sprayed on 9 Mar. 1997 with 0%, 2%, 3%, or 4% soybean oil. One hundred scales per plant were evaluated on 4 Apr. 1997. Spraying 2% to 4% soybean oil on dormant arborvitae caused ≥97% mortality of Fletcher scale compared to only 7% mortality on untreated plants. of white pine, viburnum, `Anthony Waterer' spirea, `Green Beauty' boxwood, western red cedar, `Blue Star' juniper, `Blue Pacific' juniper, `Japanese Garden' juniper, and arborvitae plants in trade gallon pots and `Densiformus' yew and dwarf `Alberta' spruce in trade quart pots were sprayed with 0% (water control), 1%, or 2% soybean oil (emulsified with Latron B-1956) or 2% SunSpray Ultra-Fine Spray oil on 26 Aug. 1997 for phytotoxicity evaluation. No phytotoxicity occurred on western cedar, spirea, boxwood, yew, arborvitae, or viburnum. Spraying Sunspray or soybean oil caused initial loss of blue color on blue junipers and white pine. Spraying 1 or 2% soybean oil or 2% SunSpray caused phytotoxicity to `Blue Star' juniper. The `Blue Pacific' juniper, `Japanese Garden' juniper, and Alberta spruce were slightly damaged by 2% but not by 1% soybean oil.

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Successive Harvests Modulate the Productive and Physiological Behavior of Three Genovese Pesto Basil Cultivars

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11030560 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 560

Author(s):

Luigi Formisano ◽

Michele Ciriello ◽

Christophe El-Nakhel ◽

Marios C. Kyriacou ◽

Youssef Rouphael

Keyword(s):

Dry Matter ◽

Co2 Assimilation ◽

Stomatal Resistance ◽

Matter Content ◽

Dry Matter Content ◽

Technological Parameters ◽

Net Co2 Assimilation ◽

Dry Biomass ◽

Crop Cycle ◽

The Impact

In the Italian culinary tradition, young and tender leaves of Genovese basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) are used to prepare pesto sauce, a tasty condiment that attracts the interest of the food processing industry. Like other leafy or aromatic vegetables, basil is harvested more than once during the crop cycle to maximize yield. However, the mechanical stress induced by successive cuts can affect crucial parameters associated with pesto processing (leaf/stem ratio, stem diameter, and dry matter). Our research accordingly aimed to evaluate the impact of successive harvests on three field-grown Genovese basil cultivars (“Aroma 2”, “Eleonora” and “Italiano Classico”) in terms of production, physiological behavior, and technological parameters. Between the first and second harvest, marketable fresh yield and shoot dry biomass increased by 148.4% and 172.9%, respectively; by contrast, the leaf-to-stem ratio decreased by 22.5%, while the dry matter content was unchanged. The increased fresh yield and shoot dry biomass at the second harvest derived from improved photosynthetic efficiency, which enabled higher net CO2 assimilation, Fv/Fm and transpiration as well as reduced stomatal resistance. Our findings suggest that, under the Mediterranean environment, “Italiano Classico” carries superior productive performance and optimal technological characteristics in line with industrial requirements. These promising results warrant further investigation of the impact successive harvests may have on the qualitative components of high-yielding basil genotypes with respect to consumer expectations of the final product.

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Thermal Analysis of Stomatal Response under Salinity and High Light

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22094663 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (9) ◽

pp. 4663

Author(s):

Aleksandra Orzechowska ◽

Martin Trtílek ◽

Krzysztof Michał Tokarz ◽

Renata Szymańska ◽

Ewa Niewiadomska ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Thermal Imaging ◽

Initial Response ◽

Co2 Assimilation ◽

High Light ◽

Stomatal Aperture ◽

Imaging Method ◽

Stomatal Response ◽

Time Constants ◽

Net Co2 Assimilation ◽

Temporary Response

A non-destructive thermal imaging method was used to study the stomatal response of salt-treated Arabidopsis thaliana plants to excessive light. The plants were exposed to different levels of salt concentrations (0, 75, 150, and 220 mM NaCl). Time-dependent thermograms showed the changes in the temperature distribution over the lamina and provided new insights into the acute light-induced temporary response of Arabidopsis under short-term salinity. The initial response of plants, which was associated with stomatal aperture, revealed an exponential growth in temperature kinetics. Using a single-exponential function, we estimated the time constants of thermal courses of plants exposed to acute high light. The saline-induced impairment in stomatal movement caused the reduced stomatal conductance and transpiration rate. Limited transpiration of NaCl-treated plants resulted in an increased rosette temperature and decreased thermal time constants as compared to the controls. The net CO2 assimilation rate decreased for plants exposed to 220 mM NaCl; in the case of 75 mM NaCl treatment, an increase was observed. A significant decline in the maximal quantum yield of photosystem II under excessive light was noticeable for the control and NaCl-treated plants. This study provides evidence that thermal imaging as a highly sensitive technique may be useful for analyzing the stomatal aperture and movement under dynamic environmental conditions.

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Application of UV-C Irradiation to Rosa x hybrida Plants as a Tool to Minimise Macrosiphum rosae Populations

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11040702 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 702

Author(s):

Anastasios I. Darras ◽

Panagiotis J. Skouras ◽

Panagiotis Assimomitis ◽

Chara Labropoulou ◽

George J. Stathas

Keyword(s):

Host Resistance ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Physiological Responses ◽

Co2 Assimilation ◽

Aphid Population ◽

First Instar ◽

Net Co2 Assimilation ◽

Macrosiphum Rosae ◽

Uv C ◽

Aphid Fecundity

UV-C irradiation is known to enhance plant resistance against insect pests. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of low doses of UV-C on Macrosiphum rosae infesting greenhouse rose (Rosa x hybrida) plants. The application of 2.5-kJ/m2 UV-C irradiation on rose leaves before infestation induced anti-herbivore resistance and negatively affected the aphid fecundity. No eggs and first instar nymphs were recorded on irradiated leaves, whereas an average of 4.3 and 2.7 eggs and 6.7 and 14 first instars were recorded on vars. “Etoile Brilante” and “Arlen Francis” untreated leaves, respectively. UV-C irradiation reduced the aphid population from naturally infested rose plants by up to 58%. In a greenhouse pot trial (GPT) in 2019, UV-C irradiation minimised the initial aphid population six hours after treatment. UV-C elicited host resistance and, also, helped in aphid repulsion without killing the adult individuals. UV-C did not affect the physiological responses of rose plants. The net CO2 assimilation of the UV-C irradiated plants ranged between 10.55 and 15.21 μmol/m2. sec for “Arlen Francis” and between 10.51 and 13.75 μmol/m2. sec for “Etoile Brilante” plants. These values, with only a few exceptions, were similar to those recorded to the untreated plants.

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