scholarly journals Smooth Crabgrass Control in Perennial Ryegrass and Creeping Bentgrass Tolerance to Quinclorac

HortScience ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H. Dernoeden ◽  
Cale A. Bigelow ◽  
John E. Kaminski ◽  
John M. Krouse
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Agrostis Stolonifera ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Quinolinecarboxylic Acid

Smooth crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum (Schreber) Schreber ex Muhlenb.] is an invasive weed of cool-season turfgrasses. Previous research has demonstrated that quinclorac is an effective postemergence herbicide for crabgrass control, but performance has been erratic in some regions. Furthermore, quinclorac may elicit objectionable levels of discoloration in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.). The objectives of this 3-year field study were to determine optimum rates and timings of quinclorac applications that provide consistent levels of effective crabgrass control and to assess creeping bentgrass quality responses to quinclorac. To evaluate crabgrass control, quinclorac was applied in early-, mid- and late-postemergence timings at various rates to a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) turf. Similar treatments were applied to creeping bentgrass to determine if application timing and rate influenced the level and duration of discoloration. Quinclorac was applied alone or was tank-mixed with either urea (N at 6.1 kg·ha-1) or chelated iron (Fe)+nitrogen (N) (FeSO4 at 1.1 kg·ha-1+N at 2.2 kg·ha-1) to determine if they would mask discoloration. Crabgrass control generally was more effective in the early- and midpostemergence application timings. A single application of quinclorac (0.84 kg·ha-1) was effective where crabgrass levels were moderate, but sequential (i.e. multiple) applications were required where crabgrass levels were severe. The most consistent level of crabgrass control where weed pressure was severe occurred with three, sequential quinclorac (0.37 or 0.42 kg·ha-1) applications. Creeping bentgrass exhibited 2 to 11 weeks of unacceptable discoloration in response to sequential quinclorac applications. Chelated Fe+N was more effective than urea in masking discoloration. In general, chelated Fe+N tank-mixed with quinclorac masked discoloration and turf had quality equivalent to untreated bentgrass on most, but not all rating dates. Chemical names used: 3,7,-dichloro-8-quinolinecarboxylic acid (quinclorac).

scholarly journals Creeping Bentgrass and Perennial Ryegrass Seedling Tolerance to Bispyribac-sodium

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 2186-2190 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H. Dernoeden ◽  
Steven J. McDonald ◽  
John E. Kaminski
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Agrostis Stolonifera ◽  
Severely Injured ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Sequential Treatments

Establishing creeping bentgrass [Agrostis stolonifera L. (CBG)] and perennial ryegrass [Lolium perenne L. (PRG)] from seed can be hampered by competition from annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.). Bispyribac-sodium (BPS) is a postemergence annual bluegrass herbicide that may have applications for use when establishing these grasses. This field study was undertaken to determine if BPS could be applied safely to CBG and PRG seedlings. Ethofumesate (ETHO) was applied sequentially (840 + 840 g·ha−1 a.i.) and served as a standard. In 2004, BPS was applied once (49, 74, 111, and 148 g·ha−1 a.i.) or sequentially (49 + 49 and 74 + 74 g·ha−1 a.i.) to CBG and PRG seedlings 4 weeks after emergence in Maryland. In 2004, BPS discolored CBG and PRG and reduced PRG cover, whereas ETHO reduced CBG cover but was not injurious to PRG. In 2005, a single (148 g·ha−1 a.i.) and sequential (25 + 25, 49 + 49 and 74 + 74 g·ha−1 a.i.) applications of BPS were made to CBG and PRG 2 and 4 weeks after seedling emergence (WASE) in Maryland and Connecticut. Treatments applied 2 WASE generally resulted in more injury when compared with applications made 4 WASE. In Maryland in 2005, CBG only sustained long-term loss of cover when treated 2 WASE with 148 g·ha−1 a.i. of BPS. The PRG was more sensitive to BPS and 148 g·ha−1 a.i. applied once and sequential treatments 49 g·ha−1 a.i. or greater applied 2 and 4 WASE generally caused the greatest loss in PRG cover. Conversely, CBG was severely injured by all BPS treatments and ETHO in Connecticut. In PRG, only 25 + 25 g·ha−1 a.i. of BPS and ETHO in both timings did not cause a loss in cover in Connecticut or Maryland. High levels of precipitation and probably other unknown factors may have enhanced the phytotoxicity observed in Connecticut. Ethofumesate generally was safer than BPS for use on PRG seedlings.

scholarly journals Seedling Tolerance of Cool-season Turfgrasses to Metamifop

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 1313-1316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Gómez de Barreda ◽  
Jialin Yu ◽  
Patrick E. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Agrostis Stolonifera ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Herbicide Use ◽  
Turfgrass Establishment

Grassy weeds may reduce cool-season turfgrass establishment after seeding and herbicide use is often warranted. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the tolerance of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) to fenoxaprop and metamifop applications at 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks after seeding (WAS). Creeping bentgrass groundcover was reduced from 34% to 71% at 8 WAS from the nontreated by fenoxaprop at 50 g a.i./ha and metamifop at 400 and 800 g a.i./ha at all application timings. Metamifop at 200 g·ha−1 reduced creeping bentgrass cover 10% to 18% from the nontreated at 8 WAS when applied 1, 2, or 3 WAS, but treatments at 4 WAS did not reduce cover. Perennial ryegrass treated with fenoxaprop and metamifop at 800 g·ha−1 at 1 WAS had cover reduced from the nontreated on two and one dates, respectively, whereas tall fescue cover was never reduced greater than 5% from the nontreated. Results suggest applications to creeping bentgrass should be delayed greater than 4 WAS for fenoxaprop at 50 g·ha−1, greater than 4 WAS for metamifop at 400 and 800 g·ha−1, and 3 WAS for metamifop at 200 g·ha−1. Additionally, fenoxaprop applications should be delayed 2 WAS for perennial ryegrass and tall fescue, whereas metamifop could be safely applied at all rates at 1 WAS.

Selective Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) Control in Cool-Season Turfgrass

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 340-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Josh B. Beam ◽  
Whitnee L. Barker ◽  
Shawn D. Askew
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Initial Treatment ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Agrostis Stolonifera ◽  
Sequential Treatment ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Control Field

Creeping bentgrass infestations in cool-season turfgrass are unsightly and difficult to control. Field tests were conducted at Stoney Creek Golf Course in Wintergreen, VA, in 2002 and 2003 on a Kentucky bluegrass rough and at the Turfgrass Research Center in Blacksburg, VA, in 2003 on a perennial ryegrass lawn to determine the efficacy of imazaquin, isoxaflutole, and mesotrione for creeping bentgrass control and turfgrass tolerance. Isoxaflutole and mesotrione each applied in two sequential applications at 280 g ai/ha or three sequential applications at 170 or 60 g/ha and imazaquin in two sequential applications at 390 g/ha controlled bentgrass at least 92% 14 wk after initial treatment (WAIT) at all locations. Sequential applications were applied at 2-wk intervals. Isoxaflutole and mesotrione, regardless of rate or sequential treatment, injured turfgrass less than 20% at all rating dates and locations. Imazaquin in two sequential applications at 390 g/ha injured Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass greater than 50% at all locations 14 WAIT. Results indicate isoxaflutole or mesotrione could be used for selective bentgrass control in Kentucky bluegrass or perennial ryegrass.

Effects of Rimsulfuron Lateral Relocation on Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera)

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Whitnee L. Barker ◽  
Josh B. Beam ◽  
Shawn D. Askew
Keyword(s):  
Gibberellic Acid ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Effective Rate ◽  
Agrostis Stolonifera ◽  
Track Length ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Visible Injury

Concern has been raised that herbicides often used to control perennial ryegrass in warm-season turf could move laterally or “track” and injure neighboring cool-season grasses. Rimsulfuron was applied at 17.5 or 35 g ai/ha to perennial ryegrass in the afternoon. The following morning, while dew was still present, a greens mower was driven through the perennial ryegrass and across the adjacent creeping bentgrass. When evaluated 5, 10, and 25 d after treatment, visible track length and creeping bentgrass injury were greatly reduced by irrigating perennial ryegrass 2 h after treatment or by irrigating both perennial ryegrass and creeping bentgrass prior to simulated mowing. Visible injury of tracked turfgrass persisted for 36 d after treatment when irrigation was not applied and for as few as 5 d when both perennial ryegrass and creeping bentgrass were irrigated. Irrigation had no effect on perennial ryegrass control. Gibberellic acid at 0.12 kg ai/ha and foliar iron at 1.3 kg ai/ha, applied when tracks first appeared, did not improve the recovery of injured creeping bentgrass. Our results suggest that when applying rimsulfuron near susceptible bentgrass, the lowest effective rate should be applied and that the bentgrass should be irrigated at least 2 h after treatment to prevent nontarget injury.

Cool-Season Turfgrass Reseeding Intervals for Methiozolin

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 789-792 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick E. McCullough ◽  
Diego Gómez De Barreda
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Turfgrass Establishment

Methiozolin selectively controls annual bluegrass in cool-season turfgrasses, and practitioners may wish to reseed desirable species in treated areas. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate reseeding intervals for creeping bentgrass, perennial ryegrass, and tall fescue following methiozolin applications. Turfgrass establishment varied for species, application timing (0, 2, 4, or 6 wk before seeding, WBS), and rates tested (0.56, 1.12, or 2.24 kg ai ha−1). Reductions in turf cover suggest that seeding of creeping bentgrass, perennial ryegrass, and tall fescue should be delayed 2 wk after methiozolin treatments at 0.56 kg ha−1. However, reseeding should be delayed after methiozolin treatments at 1.12 kg ha−1for approximately 4, 4, and 2 wk for creeping bentgrass, perennial ryegrass, and tall fescue, respectively. Similarly, establishment was reduced on all dates from the nontreated after 2.24 kg ha−1was applied at 4 WBS, suggesting that reseeding should be delayed for at least 6 wk on all three species at the high rate.

Absorption, Translocation, and Metabolism of Amicarbazone in Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua), Creeping Bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera), and Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea)

Weed Science ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jialin Yu ◽  
Patrick E. McCullough ◽  
William K. Vencill
Keyword(s):  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Agrostis Stolonifera ◽  
Poa Annua ◽  
Physiological Effects ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Foliar Absorption ◽  
Annual Bluegrass

Amicarbazone controls annual bluegrass in cool-season turfgrasses but physiological effects that influence selectivity have received limited investigation. The objective of this research was to evaluate uptake, translocation, and metabolism of amicarbazone in these species. Annual bluegrass, creeping bentgrass, and tall fescue required < 3, 56, and 35 h to reach 50% foliar absorption, respectively. At 72 h after treatment (HAT), annual bluegrass and creeping bentgrass translocated 73 and 70% of root-absorbed14C to shoots, respectively, while tall fescue only distributed 55%. Annual bluegrass recovered ≈ 50% more root-absorbed14C in shoots than creeping bentgrass and tall fescue. Creeping bentgrass and tall fescue metabolism of amicarbazone was ≈ 2-fold greater than annual bluegrass from 1 to 7 d after treatment (DAT). Results suggest greater absorption, more distribution, and less metabolism of amicarbazone in annual bluegrass, compared to creeping bentgrass and tall fescue, could be attributed to selectivity of POST applications.

Selective Nimblewill (Muhlenbergia schreberi) Control in Cool-Season Turfgrass

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 886-889 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Willis ◽  
Josh B. Beam ◽  
Whitnee L. Barker ◽  
Shawn D. Askew ◽  
J. Scott McElroy
Keyword(s):  
Initial Treatment ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Selective Control ◽  
Control Options

Isoxaflutole and mesotrione have been used to control creeping bentgrass in cool season turf, these experiments evaluate these two products for selective nimblewill control. Three experiments were conducted in Virginia and Tennessee to evaluate selective control options for nimblewill in cool-season turfgrass. Single applications of isoxaflutole control nimblewill more effectively than single applications of mesotrione. Nimblewill control 8 wk after initial treatment (WAIT) increased as mesotrione rates increased from 28 to 280 g ai/ha, and isoxaflutole rates increased from 28 to 168 g/ha. Isoxaflutole at 84 and 168 g/ha were the only single application treatments that controlled nimblewill greater than 80% 8 WAIT. However, sequential applications of isoxaflutole and mesotrione at 28 g/ha, 10 d apart controlled nimblewill 94 and 80%, respectively 8 WAIT. Triclopyr and fenoxaprop-p did not effectively control nimblewill and caused unacceptable turfgrass injury. Long-term control was not evaluated in these studies. However, it was concluded that isoxaflutole and mesotrione at appropriate rates and applied in sequence selectively control nimblewill without harming desirable turf.

scholarly journals Dead Spot Severity, Pseudothecia Development, and Overwintering of Ophiosphaerella agrostis in Creeping Bentgrass

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (3) ◽  
pp. 248-254 ◽  
Author(s):  
John E. Kaminski ◽  
Peter H. Dernoeden
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Agrostis Stolonifera ◽  
Symptom Expression ◽  
Necrotic Tissue ◽  
Linear Rate ◽  
Golf Greens ◽  
Green Construction ◽  
Spot Activity ◽  
Soil Temperatures

Dead spot (Ophiosphaerella agrostis) is a damaging disease of young ≤6 years old) creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) golf greens. The objectives of this 3-year field study were to determine the peak periods of dead spot activity based on increasing patch diameter and pseudothecia development, and to determine where O. agrostis overwinters. Patch diameter generally increased at a linear rate between mid-June and early August. Increases in pseudothecia production closely followed increasing patch diameter. Pseudothecia could be found within necrotic tissue as early as the first day of symptom expression and as many as 478 pseudothecia were found in a single patch. Periods of rapid dead spot development coincided with air and soil temperatures ranging from 22 to 26°C. Increases in patch diameter and pseudothecia development were negligible after late August. Dead spot severity was highest in the year following green construction or fumigation, but then rapidly declined in severity in subsequent years. O. agrostis was capable of overwintering as pseudothecia or as hyphae within or on bentgrass leaf sheaths, crowns, roots, and especially the nodes of stolons.

scholarly journals Smooth Crabgrass and Goosegrass Control with Metamifop in Creeping Bentgrass

2015 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 757-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ethan T. Parker ◽  
J. Scott McElroy ◽  
Michael L. Flessner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Initial Treatment ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
The United States ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Agrostis Stolonifera ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Visible Injury ◽  
Eleusine Indica ◽  
Injury Potential

Smooth crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum) and goosegrass (Eleusine indica) are problematic weeds in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera) because of limited herbicide options for postemergence (POST) control and turfgrass injury potential. Metamifop is a herbicide currently being considered for release to markets in the United States but information is lacking on the most effective rates and application timings for smooth crabgrass and goosegrass control in creeping bentgrass. Field trials were conducted in Auburn, AL in 2009 and 2013 to evaluate metamifop rates (200 to 800 g·ha−1) and single or sequential application timings compared with fenoxaprop (51 to 200 g·ha−1) at two different mowing heights. Metamifop applied twice and three times sequentially at 200 g·ha−1 provided the greatest smooth crabgrass (>97%) and goosegrass (>90%) control at rough (1½ inch) and green (1/8 inch) mowing heights without unacceptable creeping bentgrass injury at 56 days after initial treatment. All treatments caused <20% visible injury on creeping bentgrass at both mowing heights except the highest rate of metamifop. Smooth crabgrass control at the green mowing height was greater than at the rough mowing height, especially at lower metamifop rates with a single application.

scholarly journals Development of a Strip Seeder for Converting Cool-season Turf to Seeded Bermudagrass

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Fry ◽  
Randy Taylor ◽  
Bob Wolf ◽  
Dick Stuntz ◽  
Alan Zuk
Keyword(s):  
Transition Zone ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Seeding Method ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Establishment Process

Turfgrass managers in the transition zone are interested in converting swards of cool-season grasses to cold-hardy seeded bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) in an effort to reduce water and fungicide inputs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential for establishing ‘Riviera’ bermudagrass in a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) sward by using a strip-seeding technique, and then to build a machine that would facilitate the process. Four, 2-inch-wide tilled rows, 1 inch deep and 15 inches apart, were created in 6 × 6-ft plots and seeded by hand with ‘Riviera’ bermudagrass at 104 lb/acre pure live seed in July 2002. In one set of strip-seeded plots, a 7-cm-wide overspray of glyphosate (≈0.5 inch on either side of the row) was applied over tilled rows after seeding to suppress perennial ryegrass further. Plots established by the strip-seeding technique exhibited 71% bermudagrass coverage after two growing seasons, and 87% coverage when rows received a glyphosate overspray. Broadcasting ‘Riviera’ seed into perennial ryegrass plots resulted in 60% bermudagrass coverage at the end of the second season of establishment. A strip seeder was constructed and used to seed ‘Riviera’ into existing perennial ryegrass turf in late July 2004 using the aforementioned row configurations and a glyphosate overspray. Coverage evaluated the following spring, before green-up, was 10.3% compared with 0% coverage where ‘Riviera’ was broadcast seeded. At the seeding rates evaluated, 79% less ‘Riviera’ bermudagrass seed was required when using the strip-seeding method, and golfers would consider the surface more amenable to play during the establishment period compared with broadcasting glyphosate and seed. A patent is pending on the strip-seeding equipment and establishment process.

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