scholarly journals Development of a Strip Seeder for Converting Cool-season Turf to Seeded Bermudagrass

2007 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Fry ◽  
Randy Taylor ◽  
Bob Wolf ◽  
Dick Stuntz ◽  
Alan Zuk
Keyword(s):  
Transition Zone ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Seeding Method ◽  
Cold Hardy ◽  
Establishment Process

Turfgrass managers in the transition zone are interested in converting swards of cool-season grasses to cold-hardy seeded bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) in an effort to reduce water and fungicide inputs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential for establishing ‘Riviera’ bermudagrass in a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) sward by using a strip-seeding technique, and then to build a machine that would facilitate the process. Four, 2-inch-wide tilled rows, 1 inch deep and 15 inches apart, were created in 6 × 6-ft plots and seeded by hand with ‘Riviera’ bermudagrass at 104 lb/acre pure live seed in July 2002. In one set of strip-seeded plots, a 7-cm-wide overspray of glyphosate (≈0.5 inch on either side of the row) was applied over tilled rows after seeding to suppress perennial ryegrass further. Plots established by the strip-seeding technique exhibited 71% bermudagrass coverage after two growing seasons, and 87% coverage when rows received a glyphosate overspray. Broadcasting ‘Riviera’ seed into perennial ryegrass plots resulted in 60% bermudagrass coverage at the end of the second season of establishment. A strip seeder was constructed and used to seed ‘Riviera’ into existing perennial ryegrass turf in late July 2004 using the aforementioned row configurations and a glyphosate overspray. Coverage evaluated the following spring, before green-up, was 10.3% compared with 0% coverage where ‘Riviera’ was broadcast seeded. At the seeding rates evaluated, 79% less ‘Riviera’ bermudagrass seed was required when using the strip-seeding method, and golfers would consider the surface more amenable to play during the establishment period compared with broadcasting glyphosate and seed. A patent is pending on the strip-seeding equipment and establishment process.

MINERAL DYNAMICS IN PERENNIAL RYEGRASS AS INFLUENCED BY CROP MANAGEMENT AND PLOIDY

1986 ◽  
Vol 66 (4) ◽  
pp. 901-913 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. FAIREY
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Management System ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Tissue Concentration ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Recovery Efficiency ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Metabolic Requirement ◽  
Mineral Concentrations

The effects of cutting/fertility management and ploidy type on the apparent recovery efficiencies of N, P and K, and the seasonal uptakes and average concentrations of minerals (P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, B and Na) were studied over three production years in four diploid and four tetraploid cultivars of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Two systems of management were studied — four cuts a year with 300:87:165 kg ha−1 of N:P:K (4C-300N) and eight cuts a year with 450:131:248 kg ha−1 (8C-450N). The statistically significant (P < 0.05) treatment effects that resulted in responses of biological importance included the management system, the production year, the cultivar (within ploidy type), and the production year × management system interaction; ploidy had no agronomically significant effect. The production year × management system interaction had biologically important effects on the apparent recovery efficiency of N, the uptake of Mg, S and Fe, and the tissue concentration of Fe. The apparent recovery efficiency of N increased progressively over years from 63 to 71% with 4C-300N management and remained constant at 60–63% with 8C-450N management. The apparent recovery efficiency of P increased with production year from 34 to 41% and was greater with 4C-300N than 8C-450N management (43 vs. 33%). More K was recovered in the plant tissue than was supplied by the fertilizer in each production year. This effect was greater with 4C-300N than 8C-450N management (134 vs. 112%). If all herbage is removed, higher rates of K application are required to maintain soil-K status. With the exception of K, the production year (viz. environment) was a controlling factor in the uptake and concentration of mineral elements and, in general, the uptake of an element paralleled its concentration. Management system was the only treatment effect having a dominant influence on K uptake (223 vs. 279 kg ha−1 for 4C-300N and 8C-450N, respectively) and concentration (23.8 vs. 31.1 g kg−1 for 4C-300N and 8C-450N, respectively). The cultivar, Tetrelite, had lower concentrations of most minerals than the other cultivars. This different metabolic requirement for minerals may be due to the hybrid nature of this cultivar and/or the environment in which it was bred, since it was the only cultivar not originating from western Europe. The fluctuations of mineral concentrations and uptakes both between and within growing seasons must be examined on an individual cut basis, and in relation to the prevailing environmental conditions for growth, to elucidate cause-effect relationships and to determine the extent to which mineral intake requirements of ruminant livestock can be met throughout a growing season.Key words: Grass, mineral content, nutrient uptake, recovery efficiency, ryegrass (perennial), Lolium perenne

scholarly journals Reestablishment of Perennial Ryegrass in Lawns Damaged by Diesel and Hydraulic Fluid Spills

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-253
Author(s):  
Longyi Yuan ◽  
Yang Gao ◽  
Deying Li
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Activated Charcoal ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Hydraulic Fluid ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Turf Quality ◽  
Lawn Care ◽  
Dishwashing Detergent

Petroleum-based spills on turfgrass often occur during lawn care maintenance. Damage caused by diesel and hydraulic fluid is particularly difficult to correct. The objective of this study was to compare the effectiveness of combining mulching with remediation for reseeding spilled areas in lawns. Diesel and hydraulic fluid were applied to plots at a rate of 15 L·m−2. Immediately after the spill treatments, two liquid humic amendments and an activated flowable charcoal were applied at a volume rate of 8 L·m−2, respectively, with tap water/dishwashing detergent used as a control. Nitrate nitrogen was added to each remediation treatment to facilitate remediation. The spilled areas were reseeded with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and then mulched with biochar, peat pellets, and paper pellets, respectively. At 6 weeks after seeding, humic amendment 1 and activated charcoal showed better turf quality than humic amendment 2. Peat pellet mulching presented better turf quality than other mulching methods. Reseeding perennial ryegrass and mulching with peat pellets after remediation with either humic amendment 1 or activated charcoal resulted in acceptable turf quality 6 weeks after diesel and hydraulic fluid spills. Therefore, this reestablishment method is recommended as a practical way to deal with diesel or hydraulic fluid spills in cool-season turfgrasses.

Effects of Pronamide on Spring Transition of a Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Green Overseeded With Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne)

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 322-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Billy J. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Optimum Time ◽  
Spring Transition

Pronamide was applied to a ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass golf green overseeded with perennial ryegrass during 1988 and 1989 to determine how herbicide rate and date affected ryegrass injury on transition back to a bermudagrass monostand. In most instances, perennial ryegrass was injured less when pronamide was applied at 0.28 or 0.56 kg ai/ha March 30 or April 13 than when application was delayed until April 28 or May 14. Perennial ryegrass injury lasted longer when 0.28 kg/ha was applied twice (March and/or April) than when applied singly at 0.28 kg/ha March 30 or April 13. The optimum time and rate of pronamide for effective transition was April 13 and 0.56 kg/ha, respectively.

Response to Ethofumesate of Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) and Overseeded Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon)

Weed Science ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Poa Annua ◽  
Annual Bluegrass

Annual bluegrass (Poa annuaL.) was controlled in bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon(L.) Pers.] turf when ethofumesate [(±)-2-ethoxy-2,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-5-benzofuranyl methanesulfonate] was applied at 1.1 kg/ha in October and again in November, but not when applied in February and March. A single, October ethofumesate treatment, did not affect spring growth of nonoverseeded bermudagrass, but the growth of selected cultivars was delayed slightly from October + November treatment. Turf growth was severely delayed for all bermudagrass cultivars when ethofumesate treatments were delayed until February and March. The October and November ethofumesate treatments reduced the quality of overseeded perennial ryegrass [Lolium perenne(L.) ‘Medalist VI’] slightly, but did not injure it permanently and the turf recovered fully. The transition from ryegrass back to bermudagrass turf was good in the spring regardless of ethofumesate treatment. Even though turf cover was excellent throughout the transition period, bermudagrass cover during June and July was less when ethofumesate was applied in October than when application was delayed until after bermudagrass became dormant.

Common Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Management in Cool-Season Turfgrass

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 478-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Cudney ◽  
Clyde L. Elmore ◽  
Victor A. Gibeault ◽  
John S. Reints
Keyword(s):  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Seedling Establishment ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Perennial Weed ◽  
Herbicide Treatments ◽  
Common Bermudagrass

Common bermudagrass is an invasive, perennial weed of cool-season turfgrass in California. Complete renovation of the infested area has been the only practical method of restoring desirable cool-season turfgrasses. In studies in southern and northern California, common bermudagrass was suppressed with sequential herbicide applications, allowing seedling establishment and regrowth of established cool-season turfgrass species. One application of fenoxaprop, triclopyr, or their combinations did not control common bermudagrass. Sequential applications of these herbicide treatments resulted in 99, 94, and 100% control of common bermudagrass, respectively, and resulted in establishment of seeded perennial ryegrass in Riverside, CA, over a 2-yr period. Similar results were obtained in the recovery of established tall fescue from a common bermudagrass/tall fescue turfgrass mixture in Willows, CA. Both fenoxaprop and triclopyr can reduce emergence and stunt seedling growth of perennial ryegrass and tall fescue. Greenhouse studies showed that stunting and stand loss of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass seedlings could be reduced by delaying applications from PRE to the two-leaf stage.

Persistence of Rimsulfuron on Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and Annual Bluegrass (Poa annua) Foliage

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Whitnee L. Barker ◽  
Josh B. Beam ◽  
Shawn D. Askew
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Poa Annua ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Rinse Water ◽  
Viable Method ◽  
Water Rinse

Field studies have shown that rimsulfuron can move laterally with mower tires and injure neighboring cool-season grasses, indicating that persistent chemical can dislodge from turfgrass foliage. Laboratory studies were conducted to evaluate persistence and stability of14C rimsulfuron on perennial ryegrass and annual bluegrass foliage. Rimsulfuron was absorbed by annual bluegrass and perennial ryegrass equivalently, and persisted equally on foliage of each species. When extracted with a water rinse, 57% of applied rimsulfuron was recovered after 10 min, and 42% of applied rimsulfuron was recovered after 96 h. Rimsulfuron was stable 4 d after application based on comparison of rinse water chromatograms to stock solution chromatograms. These data indicate that appreciable rimsulfuron persists on turf foliage for 4 d. Thus, limiting traffic on treated areas for several hours to allow drying is not a viable method to prevent lateral relocation of rimsulfuron, and subsequent injury to cool-season turfgrasses.

scholarly journals Renovating Golf Course Fairways with Zoysiagrass Seed

HortScience ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1483-1486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron J. Patton ◽  
David W. Williams ◽  
Zachary J. Reicher
Keyword(s):  
Transition Zone ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Golf Course ◽  
Zoysia Japonica ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Adequate Control

Zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.) requires few inputs and provides high-quality turf in the transition zone, but is expensive to sprig or sod. Establishment by seed is less expensive than vegetative establishment, but little is known about renovation of existing turf to zoysiagrass using seed. Two experiments were performed to determine effects of herbicides and seeding rates on establishment of zoysiagrass in Indiana and Kentucky. In the first experiment, interseeding zoysiagrass into existing perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) without the use of glyphosate before seeding resulted in 2% zoysiagrass coverage 120 days after seeding (DAS). In plots receiving glyphosate before seeding, zoysiagrass coverage reached 100% by 120 DAS. In the second experiment, MSMA + dithiopyr applied 14 days after emergence (DAE) or MSMA applied at 14+28+42 DAE provided the best control of annual grassy weeds and the greatest amount of zoysiagrass establishment. Applying MSMA + dithiopyr 14 DAE provided 7% less zoysiagrass coverage compared to MSMA applied 14 DAE at one of the four locations. Increasing the seeding rate from 49 kg·ha-1 to 98 kg·ha-1 provided 3% to 11% more zoysiagrass coverage by the end of the growing season at 3 of 4 locations. Successful zoysiagrass establishment in the transition zone is most dependent on adequate control of existing turf using glyphosate before seeding and applications of MSMA at 14+28+42 DAE, but establishment is only marginally dependent on seeding rates greater than 49 kg·ha-1. Chemical names used: N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine (glyphosate); monosodium methanearsenate (MSMA); S,S-dimethyl 2-(difluoromethyl)-4-(2-methylpropyl)-6-(triflurormethyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarbothioate (dithiopyr).

scholarly journals Cool-season Grasses for Overseeding Sport Turfs: Germination and Performance under Limiting Environmental Conditions

HortScience ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 555-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Rossini ◽  
Roberto Ruggeri ◽  
Tiziano Celli ◽  
Francesco Maria Rogai ◽  
Ljiljana Kuzmanović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Annual Ryegrass ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Meadow Fescue ◽  
Greenhouse Study ◽  
Chamber Study ◽  
And Performance

In the transition zone, warm-season grasses are often overseeded with diploid perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L., 2n = 2x = 14) to provide a temporary green surface for winter sporting activities. Because improved cultivars of perennial ryegrass will often persist into summer in overseeded turf, alternative cool-season grasses have been developed to facilitate more rapid transition back to the warm-season species. Limited information is available on these alternative species, especially with regard to their germination characteristics under shade and performance under limiting factors, such as low temperature and restricted photoperiod. Greenhouse and growth chamber studies were designed to test four alternative overseeding grasses in comparison with diploid perennial ryegrass, to verify their potential use in the artificial environment of modern stadiums. Meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.), tetraploid perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L., 2n = 4x = 28), annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), and spreading diploid perennial ryegrass [Lolium perenne L. subsp. stoloniferum (C. Lawson) Wipff.] were tested. Six different shade treatments were used in the greenhouse study, including 30%, 50%, 70%, 90%, and 100% shade and a nonshaded control (0% shade). Germination was monitored daily over a 21-day period by counting and removing emerged seedlings. The experimental design for this study was a randomized complete block design, with four replications of each species and shade level for a total of 120 experimental units. In the growth chamber study, the same plant material was tested simulating optimal, suboptimal, and critical environmental conditions that can be potentially found within a modern sport facility. In the greenhouse study, the highest final germination was observed with annual ryegrass at 90% shade (98.7%), whereas the lowest for tetraploid perennial ryegrass at 30% shade (58.8%). Annual ryegrass was the fastest emerging species, whereas meadow fescue the slowest. In the growth chamber study, in comparison with perennial ryegrass, the following results may be summarized: 1) meadow fescue and tetraploid ryegrass showed coarser leaf texture, similar growth rates and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) value; 2) annual ryegrass had similar leaf texture, accelerated growth characteristics, and lower NDVI value; and 3) spreading perennial ryegrass displayed finer leaf texture, lower vertical growth, and similar NDVI value.

scholarly journals Smooth Crabgrass Control in Perennial Ryegrass and Creeping Bentgrass Tolerance to Quinclorac

HortScience ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 607-612 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H. Dernoeden ◽  
Cale A. Bigelow ◽  
John E. Kaminski ◽  
John M. Krouse
Keyword(s):  
Field Study ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Agrostis Stolonifera ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Invasive Weed ◽  
Application Timing ◽  
Quinolinecarboxylic Acid

Smooth crabgrass [Digitaria ischaemum (Schreber) Schreber ex Muhlenb.] is an invasive weed of cool-season turfgrasses. Previous research has demonstrated that quinclorac is an effective postemergence herbicide for crabgrass control, but performance has been erratic in some regions. Furthermore, quinclorac may elicit objectionable levels of discoloration in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.). The objectives of this 3-year field study were to determine optimum rates and timings of quinclorac applications that provide consistent levels of effective crabgrass control and to assess creeping bentgrass quality responses to quinclorac. To evaluate crabgrass control, quinclorac was applied in early-, mid- and late-postemergence timings at various rates to a perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) turf. Similar treatments were applied to creeping bentgrass to determine if application timing and rate influenced the level and duration of discoloration. Quinclorac was applied alone or was tank-mixed with either urea (N at 6.1 kg·ha-1) or chelated iron (Fe)+nitrogen (N) (FeSO4 at 1.1 kg·ha-1+N at 2.2 kg·ha-1) to determine if they would mask discoloration. Crabgrass control generally was more effective in the early- and midpostemergence application timings. A single application of quinclorac (0.84 kg·ha-1) was effective where crabgrass levels were moderate, but sequential (i.e. multiple) applications were required where crabgrass levels were severe. The most consistent level of crabgrass control where weed pressure was severe occurred with three, sequential quinclorac (0.37 or 0.42 kg·ha-1) applications. Creeping bentgrass exhibited 2 to 11 weeks of unacceptable discoloration in response to sequential quinclorac applications. Chelated Fe+N was more effective than urea in masking discoloration. In general, chelated Fe+N tank-mixed with quinclorac masked discoloration and turf had quality equivalent to untreated bentgrass on most, but not all rating dates. Chemical names used: 3,7,-dichloro-8-quinolinecarboxylic acid (quinclorac).

scholarly journals The effect of herbicides and surfactants on turf grasses and annual poa

2000 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 277-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.P. Finlayson ◽  
F. Dastgheib
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Poa Annua ◽  
Agrostis Capillaris ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Lolium Perenne L

The tolerance of browntop (Agrostis capillaris L) perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L) Chewings fescue (Festuca nigrescens Lam) and annual poa (Poa annua L) to twelve herbicides with and without two organosilicone surfactants (Silwet L77 and Silwet S800) were assessed Annual poa was controlled by haloxyfop and clethodim plus S800 Browntop was highly tolerant to chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron and Chewings fescue to haloxyfop fluazifop clethodim and sethoxydim Organosilicone surfactants affected the tolerance of some species to certain herbicides For example Silwet L77 reduced the tolerance of annual poa to glyphosate but S800 increased the tolerance of perennial ryegrass to terbuthylazine The results have implications for the management of cool season turf

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document