scholarly journals PERFORMANCE OF METHYL BROMIDE ALTERNATIVES FOR STRAWBERRY IN FLORIDA AND SPAIN

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 506B-506
Author(s):  
Bielinski M. Santos ◽  
José Manuel López-Aranda ◽  
James P. Gilreath ◽  
Luis Miranda ◽  
Carmen Soria ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Propylene Oxide ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Dimethyl Disulfide ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Low Density Polyethylene ◽  
Methyl Bromide Alternatives ◽  
Marketable Fruit

Tunnel and open field trials were conducted in two locations in Huelva, Spain, and one in Florida to determine the effect of selected methyl bromide (MBr) alternatives on strawberry yield. In Spain, the tunnel treatments were: a) nontreated control, b) MBr + chloropicrin (Pic) 50:50 at a rate of 400 kg·ha–1; c) dazomet at 400 kg·ha–1, d) 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) + Pic 65:35 at 300 kg·ha–1; e) Pic at 300 kg/ha; f) dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) + Pic 50:50 at 250 + 250 kg·ha–1; and f) propylene oxide at 550 kg·ha–1. All treatments were covered with virtually impermeable film (VIF), except the nontreated control, which was covered with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) mulch. Dazomet was rototilled 10 cm deep, whereas the other fumigants were injected with four chisels per bed. In Florida, the open-field treatments were a) nontreated control, b) MBr + Pic 67:33 at a rate of 400 kg/ha with LDPE; c) MBr + Pic 67:33 at 310 kg·ha–1 with VIF; d) 1,3-D + Pic 65:35 at 300 kg·ha–1 with VIF; e) methyl iodide (MI) + Pic 50:50 at 230 kg·ha–1 with VIF; f) Pic at 300 kg·ha–1 with VIF; g) DMDS + Pic 50:50 at 250 + 250 kg·ha–1 with VIF; and g) propylene oxide at 500 kg·ha–1 with VIF. The fumigants were applied with three chisels per bed. In Spain, the results showed that 1,3-D + Pic, DMDS + Pic, and Pic consistently had similar marketable yields as MBr + Pic. Similar results were found in Florida, with the exception of propylene oxide, which also had equal marketable fruit weight as MBr + Pic.

scholarly journals Methyl Bromide Alternatives for High Tunnel Strawberry Production in Southern Spain

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. López-Aranda ◽  
Luis Miranda ◽  
Juan J. Medina ◽  
Carmen Soria ◽  
Berta de los Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Propylene Oxide ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Dimethyl Disulfide ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Plant Canopy ◽  
Nematode Control ◽  
High Tunnel ◽  
Methyl Bromide Alternatives

Field trials were conducted in two locations in Spain to determine the effect of methyl bromide (MBr) alternatives on soilborne diseases and nematodes, and strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) yields under high-tunnel conditions. Fumigant treatments were applied to the same plots each year. Treatments were MBr + chloropicrin (Pic) (50:50, v/v) at a rate of 400 kg·ha−1; 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) + Pic (65:35, v/v) at 300 kg·ha−1; Pic at 300 kg·ha−1; dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) + Pic (50:50, v/v) at 500 kg·ha−1; propylene oxide at 550 kg·ha−1; dazomet at 400 kg·ha−1; and calcium cyanamide (Ca-cyanamide) at 700 kg·ha−1. A nontreated control was also included. Fumigation with MBr + Pic, 1,3-D + Pic, Pic, and DMDS + Pic consistently improved early and total marketable strawberry yields in both locations. This response was caused by successful soilborne fungus and nematode control, improving strawberry growth and development, which resulted in increased plant canopy diameters and higher strawberry early and total yield.

scholarly journals TOMATO NUTRIENT ABSORPTION AND NUTSEDGE (Cyperus SPP.) MANAGEMENT WITH PROPYLENE OXIDE

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 889a-889
Author(s):  
Bielinski M. Santos ◽  
James P. Gilreath
Keyword(s):  
Propylene Oxide ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Rate Increase ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Nutrient Absorption ◽  
Rapid Decrease ◽  
Soilborne Diseases ◽  
Methyl Bromide Alternatives ◽  
Application Rates

Among the current methyl bromide alternatives under study, propylene oxide (Propozone) has shown potential to control soilborne diseases, nematodes, and weeds in polyethylene-mulched tomato. However, further research is needed to determine the appropriate application rates to control nutsedge in the crop. Also, the effect of this fumigant on tomato nutrient absorption has not been determined yet. Therefore, field trials were conducted for this purpose in Bradenton, Fla. Tested rates of Propozone were 0, 190, 380, 570, 760, and 950 L·ha–1 and were shank-applied in raised planting beds three weeks before `Florida 47' tomato transplanting. Examined data indicated that there was a rapid decrease in nutsedge density with 570 L·ha–1. For phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) foliar content, there was a linear increase of P concentrations as rate increase, whereas K content increased rapidly after 190 L·ha–1. The highest tomato yields were obtained with 760 and 950 L·ha–1 of Propozone.

Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) Control with Fumigant and Pebulate Combinations in Tomato

2005 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 575-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Gilreath ◽  
Bielinski M. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Marketable Fruit

Field trials were conducted to determine the effect of fumigant-pebulate combinations on purple nutsedge density in fresh market tomato. Treatments consisted of methyl bromide plus chloropicrin (MBr plus Pic) [67:33] at rates of 270 and 130 kg/ha, respectively; Pic plus pebulate at 400 and 4.5 kg/ha, respectively; metham (MNa) plus pebulate at 485 and 4.5 kg/ha, respectively; dazomet plus pebulate at 950 and 4.5 kg/ha, respectively; and 1,3-dicholopropene plus Pic (C-17) [87:13] plus pebulate at 392 and 4.5 kg/ha, respectively. At 12 wk after treatment, MBr plus Pic controlled purple nutsedge more effectively (10 plants/m2) than the fumigant-pebulate combinations (50 to 70 plants/m2). Compared to MBr plus Pic, Pic plus pebulate had a 14% lower marketable yield. No differences in marketable yield were noted with dazomet plus pebulate or C-17 plus pebulate compared to MBr plus Pic. However, MNa plus pebulate produced a 15% higher yield than MBr plus Pic. Additionally, MNa plus pebulate had 15% higher marketable fruit weight than MBr plus Pic.

Efficacy of Methyl Bromide Alternatives on Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) Control in Tomato and Pepper

2004 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 341-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Gilreath ◽  
Bielinski M. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Cyperus Rotundus ◽  
Bell Pepper ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Purple Nutsedge ◽  
Fruit Number ◽  
Methyl Bromide Alternatives ◽  
Soil Fumigants

Field trials were conducted to compare the effect of various soil fumigants along with in-bed pebulate and row-middle metribuzin applications on purple nutsedge control and on tomato and bell pepper growth and yield. Treatments consisted of combinations of soil fumigants, pebulate, and metribuzin. Fumigants levels were (1) untreated control, (2) methyl bromide (MBr) + chloropicrin (Pic) (67 + 33%, respectively), (3) Pic, (4) metham, (5) dazomet, and (6) 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) + Pic (83 + 17%, respectively). Pebulate levels were either applied in-bed or not applied. Row middles were either sprayed with metribuzin or untreated. In both crops, purple nutsedge populations were independently influenced by fumigants and pebulate applications, with the highest number of purple nutsedge plants in the untreated control. The addition of pebulate reduced purple nutsedge populations in all treatments. In tomato trials, the yield was affected by fumigants, with the highest losses (53 and 50% reductions in fruit number and weight) observed in the nonfumigated control. In pepper trials, fruit number and weight were individually influenced by fumigants and metribuzin sprayings. Application of metribuzin to row middles increased yields 10% relative to nontreated plots.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF SOIL FUMIGANTS (METHAM SODIUM VS. METHYL BROMIDE) AND PLASTIC MULCH ON YIELD OF TOMATOES

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1171b-1171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve Kovach ◽  
James Brown ◽  
Walter Hogue ◽  
Larry Curtis ◽  
William S. Gazaway
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Black Plastic ◽  
Marketable Fruit ◽  
Soil Fumigants ◽  
Metham Sodium

Drip-irrigated tomato (`Sunny') plants were treated with five levels of fumigant in combination with three levels of mulch. Fumigants were metham sodium at two rates, 475 and 950 L/ha, a 67% methyl bromide + 33% chloropicrin formulation (164.5 kg/ha, and a 98% methyl bromide + 2% chloropicrin formulation (329 kg/ha). Mulching levels were 1.25 mil silver on black polyethylene (plastic), blue-black latex mulch sprayed over the plant beds, and no mulch. Plants treated with metham sodium (950 L/ha) had a significantly higher number of marketable fruit than plants treated with no fumigant or the 98% methyl bromide + 2% chloropicrin formulation. Marketable fruit weight was not significantly affected by the five fumigation levels. Plants grown with black plastic mulch had a significantly higher marketable yield than plants grown with no mulch, 58,100 kg/ha vs. 50,800 kg/ha, respectively. The level of mulching did not significantly affect the marketable number of fruit.

scholarly journals Feasibility of Trellised Cucumber Production

HortScience ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 1156-1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.M. Russo ◽  
B.W. Roberts ◽  
R.J. Schatzer
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Cucumis Sativus ◽  
Management System ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Marketable Fruit

Trellising was evaluated for its effects on yields of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivars Dasher II, Marketmore 76, and PetoTripleMech at Lane and Wilbutton, Okla. Trellising improved total and marketable yield at both locations compared with ground culture. `PetoTripleMech', evaluated as a fresh-market cultivar, produced yields equal to, or higher than, the other cultivars. Average marketable fruit weight was not affected by trellising but was affected by cultivar at Lane, with `PetoTripleMech' having the heaviest fruit. Economic analysis indicated that trellising is a viable management system for small-scale cucumber production.

scholarly journals Retrospective evaluation of costs associated with methyl bromide critical use exemptions for open field strawberries in California

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Wolverton
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Montreal Protocol ◽  
Methyl Bromide Alternatives ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ex Ante ◽  
Negative Impacts

Abstract:Methyl bromide (MBr) has been widely used as a fumigant to control pests in the agricultural sector, but it is also an ozone depleting substance. After 2005, methyl bromide could only be produced when a critical use exemption was agreed to by the signatories to the Montreal Protocol. This paper examines how the EPA’sex antecost analyses for open field fresh strawberries in California for the 2006–2010 seasons compare to anex postassessment of costs. A key input into theex antecost analysis is the assumed yield loss associated with methyl bromide alternatives. The EPA used conservative assumptions given the wide range of estimates in the literature at the time, but it appears that a number of viable MBr alternatives – either new fumigants or new ways of applying existing fumigants – may have become available more quickly and resulted in lower yield loss than initially anticipated. Likewise, it appears that farmers who substituted away from methyl bromide did so without imposing large negative impacts on production in prime California strawberry growing areas.Ex postevaluation also confirms the effect of California regulatory restrictions in limiting the use of various economically competitive alternatives. It is worth noting that unanticipated complications after switching away from methyl bromide, such as new diseases, slowed the transition to MBr alternatives.

scholarly journals Performance of Methyl Bromide Alternatives in Strawberry

2008 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 80-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
James P. Gilreath ◽  
Bielinski M. Santos ◽  
Timothy N. Motis
Keyword(s):  
Propylene Oxide ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Allyl Isothiocyanate ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Alternative Programs ◽  
Nematode Control ◽  
Strawberry Plant ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Metam Sodium ◽  
Methyl Bromide Alternatives

Field studies were conducted to compare the performance of several methyl bromide (MBr) alternative programs on sting nematode (Belonolaimus spp.) control and marketable yield of ‘Camarosa’ strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa). The tested fumigation programs were 1) MBr + chloropicrin (Pic; 67:33 v/v) at 350 lb/acre, 2) Pic + metam sodium (MNa) at 300 lb/acre and 37.5 gal/acre, 3) 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) + Pic at 35 gal/acre, 4) 1,3-D + Pic and dazomet at 35 gal/acre and 200 lb/acre, 5) propylene oxide at 45 gal/acre, 6) furfural + allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) at 600 lb/acre, 7) furfural and MNa at 56 and 50 gal/acre, 8) furfural + AITC at 400 lb/acre followed by four furfural applications of 6 gal/acre/injection, 9) furfural and MNa at 37 and 33 gal/acre followed by four furfural applications of 6 gal/acre/injection, 10) fosthiazate and Pic at 4.5 and 150 lb/acre, and 11) a nontreated control. The fumigation programs consisting of 1,3-D + Pic and dazomet, 1,3-D + Pic, Pic and MNa, and fosthiazate and Pic proved to be as valuable as the grower-standard MBr + Pic on strawberry plant vigor, sting nematode control, and early and total marketable yields.

scholarly journals Influence of Cultivar, Growing Media, and Cluster Pruning on Greenhouse Tomato Yield and Fruit Quality

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 395-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanna Y. Hanna
Keyword(s):  
Fruit Quality ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Pine Bark ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Growing Media ◽  
Greenhouse Tomato ◽  
Tomato Yield ◽  
Marketable Fruit

Cultivars and growing media are important components of a successful greenhouse tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) operation. Two studies were conducted simultaneously and independently in two 30 × 96-ft greenhouses in Spring 2006 and 2007 (January–July) to assist producers in selecting appropriate cultivars and reducing production cost. The first study was conducted to evaluate yield, fruit weight, fruit quality, and shelf life of ‘Geronimo’, ‘Quest’, and ‘Trust’ tomatoes planted in perlite and pruned to three or four fruit per cluster. The second study was conducted to determine the initial cost of perlite, pine bark, and rockwool growing media and their effect on yield of ‘Quest’ pruned to three or four fruit per cluster. ‘Geronimo’ produced the highest total marketable yield and ‘Trust’ produced the lowest. ‘Trust’ produced more cull yield and lower fruit weight than ‘Geronimo’ or ‘Quest’. Pruning clusters to three fruit increased total marketable yield and fruit weight, and reduced cull yield of all cultivars. Only ‘Geronimo’ produced higher early marketable yield at four fruit per cluster. All cultivars produced higher early marketable yield in 2007 than in 2006. Tested cultivars had similar fruit content of potassium and sodium and similar concentration of soluble solids. ‘Trust’ fruit had a higher pH than the other two cultivars. About 92% of ‘Quest’ tomatoes remained marketable after storage at 67 °F for 1 week. ‘Geronimo’ and ‘Trust’ had only 83% and 78% marketable fruit, respectively, under the same conditions. Initial costs to grow greenhouse tomatoes in perlite were higher than in rockwool, and were the lowest in pine bark. Plants grown in perlite produced higher total marketable yield than plants grown in either of the other media. They produced lower cull yield than plants grown in rockwool, but produced similar cull yield to plants grown in pine bark. Pruning clusters to three fruit increased total marketable yield and fruit weight in both studies. Pruning clusters to four fruit increased cull yield in both studies regardless of planting year.

scholarly journals Chemical Alternatives to Methyl Bromide for Weed Control and Runner Plant Production in Strawberry Nurseries

HortScience ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eva García-Méndez ◽  
David García-Sinovas ◽  
Maximo Becerril ◽  
Antońeta De Cal ◽  
Paloma Melgarejo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Propylene Oxide ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
High Elevation ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Metam Sodium ◽  
Commercial Scale ◽  
Small Plot ◽  
Plant Yields

The phase out of methyl bromide (MB) requires effective alternatives for soil disinfestation, particularly in high-elevation strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) nurseries. Methyl bromide alternative fumigants were evaluated over a 3-year period for weed control and runner plant yields at strawberry nurseries in Spain. Two types of field trials were carried out: replicated experiments and commercial-scale field demonstrations. In the replicated experiments, eight fumigant treatments were evaluated each year, including the nonfumigated control and commercial standard methyl bromide plus chloropicrin mixture (MB : Pic) (50 : 50 w/w). Among the treatments evaluated were dazomet, chloropicrin (Pic) alone, metam sodium plus chloropicrin (MS + Pic), 1,3-dichloropropene:chloropicrin (1,3-D : Pic) (61 : 35 w/w), DMDS plus chloropicrin (DMDS + Pic), and propylene oxide. The best alternative fumigant treatments from the replicated experiments were carried forward to the demonstration phase of the project. Treatments such as 1,3-D : Pic (300 kg·ha−1), the combination of metam sodium plus chloropicrin (Pic) (400 to 500 + 150 to 250 kg·ha−1), Pic alone (300 kg·ha−1) as well as dazomet (400 kg·ha−1) controlled weeds at the level of MB : Pic (400 kg·ha−1). Runner plant yields, in soils previously fumigated with alternative fumigants varied, among years, locations, and trial scale, i.e., commercial scale, or small plot. By comparison, runner plant yields in MB : Pic-fumigated soils were consistently high among years, location, and trial scale. Chemical names used are: 1,3-D, 1,3-dichloropropene; MB, methyl bromide; Pic, trichloronitromethane; MS, sodium N-methyldithiocarbamate; DMDS, dimethyl disulphide; dazomet, tetrahydro-3,5-dimethyl-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione; PO, propylene oxide

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