Efficacy of Spiromesifen Against Greenhouse Whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on Strawberry

Spiromesifen is a novel insecticide (belonging to the new chemical class of spirocyclic phenyl-substituted tetronic acids) with a unique mode of action. Laboratory and field experiments were conducted to test the efficacy of this insecticide against the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on strawberry, Fragaria ananassa (L.). Laboratory experiments showed that spiromesifen at 0.5 and 1.0 μg·mL−1 a.i. inhibited egg hatching by 80% and 100%, respectively, whereas at concentrations of 3.1, 3.0, and 10.0 μg·mL−1 a.i., this insecticide, respectively, killed 100% of the first, second, and third instar nymphs. Much lower toxicity to adults was observed. Field trials revealed that application of spiromesifen reduced the whitefly egg numbers by 61% to 80% from 2 to 3 weeks posttreatment in comparison with the pyriproxyfen treatment, whereas the application lowered the egg numbers by 34% to 73% from 2 to 5 weeks posttreatment compared with the buprofezin treatment. In comparison with pyriproxyfen treatment, spiromesifen application decreased the numbers of immature whiteflies by 29% to 92% from 1 to 6 weeks posttreatment. The effect of spiromesifen on reduction of immatures was similar to that of buprofezin. Also, the efficacy of spiromesifen on suppression of adult numbers was comparable to that of pyriproxyfen or buprofezin. Spiromesifen shows promise for inclusion in integrated greenhouse whitefly management programs and insecticide resistance management programs on strawberry.

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Features of conspecific and heterospecific interactions of greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum and spider mite Tetranychus urticae on cucumber

Plant Protection News ◽

10.31993/2308-6459-2020-103-4-14258 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 103 (4) ◽

pp. 241-246

Author(s):

O. S. Kirillova* ◽

V. A. Razdoburdin

Keyword(s):

Tetranychus Urticae ◽

Laboratory Experiments ◽

Free Choice ◽

Spider Mite ◽

Trialeurodes Vaporariorum ◽

Plant Responses ◽

Greenhouse Whitefly ◽

Herbivorous Species ◽

Herbivore Species ◽

Research Show

Рlant-mediated interactions between greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum and spider mite Tetranychus urticae have been studied under laboratory experiments on cucumber. The seedlings have been infested using different herbivores densities, when the first true leaf was fully unfolded The response of pests to previously damaged plants has been studied. Whitefly and spider mite plant selection in free-choice bioassay, as well as the larvae number of the whitefly daughter generation and the daily spider mite fecundity have been evaluated in the experiment. We have found, that the antixenotic and antibiotic cucumber properties in regard to the herbivorous arthropods, as a result of herbivore-induced plant defense development, depend on herbivore species and intensity of arthropod damage to plants. Damage to plants by whitefly has affected the behavior and development of a conspecific individuals only. Damage to plants by spider mites has affected both whitefly and spider mite individuals. Analysis of literature on this issue and the results of our research show a specificity of plant responses to arthropod damage, that can be determined by the specific features of herbivorous species and depend on the nature and intensity of the plant damage.

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Field Evaluations of Novel Chloronicotinyls and Insect Growth Regulators against the Greenhouse Whitefly on Strawberry

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci.37.6.914 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 37 (6) ◽

pp. 914-918 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

J.L. Bi ◽

N.C. Toscano ◽

G.R. Ballmer

Keyword(s):

Growth Regulators ◽

Drip Irrigation ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Trialeurodes Vaporariorum ◽

Insect Growth Regulators ◽

Greenhouse Whitefly ◽

Insect Growth ◽

Initial Application

The efficacy of two novel chloronicotinyls and two novel insect growth regulators against the greenhouse whitefly [Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood)] on summer-planted strawberries was evaluated in field experiments. Imidacloprid applied in soil 3 weeks after planting decreased whitefly adult numbers by 58% to 90%, first and second instars by 78% to 93% up to 56 days postapplication, and third and fourth instars by 42% to 86% up to 77 days postapplication, whereas thiamethoxam applied similarly reduced adults by 58% to 80%, first and second instars by 78% to 93% up to 6 weeks posttreatment, and third and fourth instars by 48% to 80% up to 10 weeks after initial application, compared to nontreated controls. Imidacloprid applied in soil immediately prior to planting further suppressed numbers of whiteflies by 71% to 83% (adults), 58% to 74% (first and second instars), and 52% to 74% (third and fourth instars), in comparison with the same compound applied through drip irrigation lines 4 weeks after planting. Buprofezin and pyriproxifen applied 6 weeks after planting reduced numbers of adult whiteflies by 25% to 81% and 40% to 73%, respectively; first and second instars by 61% to 92% and 51% to 100%, respectively; and third and fourth instars by 45% to 100% and 37% to 87%, respectively, on most sampling dates up to 7 weeks postapplication. The potential roles of these insecticides in integrated greenhouse whitefly management programs are discussed.

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POST Herbicide Combinations for Velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti) Control in Sugarbeet

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-d-10-00059.1 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 14-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Miroslav Jursík ◽

Josef Soukup ◽

Veronika Venclová ◽

Josef Holec

Keyword(s):

Leaf Area ◽

Seed Production ◽

Laboratory Experiments ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Field Trials ◽

Abutilon Theophrasti ◽

Growth Stages ◽

True Leaf ◽

Cotyledon Stage ◽

Pot Experiments

Velvetleaf is one of the most significant and fastest spreading alien weeds in Europe, and it is a difficult weed to control in conventional sugarbeet. Laboratory experiments were carried out in 2007 and 2008 and field experiments were carried out in 2006, 2007, and 2008 with the aim of finding effective herbicide combinations and optimum timing of control. Herbicides containing the active ingredients phenmedipham, desmedipham, ethofumesate, clopyralid, and triflusulfuron were all tested at different timings. Phenmedipham + desmedipham + ethofumesate gave 87% velvetleaf control in pot experiments when applied at the growth stages of velvetleaf cotyledons and one true leaf, but only 27 to 42% control in field trials. Triflusulfuron gave 76% control in pot experiments and 83 to 88% control in field experiments. The timing of the first and second herbicide applications was very important: the first application of herbicides must be at the cotyledon stage of velvetleaf. A 1-wk delay in first application reduced herbicide efficacy by 8%. A 5-d period between the first and second treatments gave 93% control, while a 10-d period between the first and second treatments gave only 77% control. Sugarbeet yield decreased by 60 to 86% due to competition with velvetleaf when a standard herbicide combination (phenmedipham + desmedipham + ethofumesate) was used, and the velvetleaf produced between 6,700 and 14,800 seeds m−2. Inclusion of triflusulfuron in the herbicide treatment significantly reduced velvetleaf seed production to between 200 and 4,700 seeds m−2. In most cases, inclusion of triflusulfuron increased sugarbeet yield. Better velvetleaf control occurred in years when the sugarbeet canopy developed early and the index of leaf area of sugarbeet was higher.

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Biological control of sapstain fungi: From laboratory experiments to field trials 10th EWLP, Stockholm, Sweden, August 25–28, 2008

Holzforschung ◽

10.1515/hf.2009.071 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 63 (6) ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Cornelia Gradinger ◽

Tsilla Boisselet ◽

Daniel Stratev ◽

Thomas Ters ◽

Kurt Messner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Filamentous Fungi ◽

Laboratory Experiments ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Field Trials ◽

Pine Wood ◽

Diplodia Pinea ◽

Phlebiopsis Gigantea ◽

North Eastern ◽

Sphaeropsis Sapinea ◽

Micro Organisms

Abstract Sapstain fungi, which reduce the value of pine wood, were isolated from an industrial wood yard in north-eastern Germany. The predominant wood discolouring species on the industrial wood yard and in the forests of the investigated region was Sphaeropsis sapinea (syn. Diplodia pinea), but Ophiostoma minus was also found. These fungi were challenged with antagonistic micro-organisms in laboratory trials and in field experiments. Amongst the tested microorganisms only strains of filamentous fungi (Trichoderma sp. and Phlebiopsis gigantea) could control the sapstain fungi on pine wood blocks efficiently. Although P. gigantea was unable to inhibit stain formation completely, the wood was bleached by this fungus in later incubation stages. In two field trials, sapstain on pine wood logs was successfully retarded for a period of 10 and 12 weeks, respectively, with a white sporulating mutant of Trichoderma harzianum. Thus, the concept using filamentous fungi as antagonists against sapstain developed under laboratory conditions also proved to be valid under natural conditions in forest eco-systems.

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Ingested insecticide to control Aedes aegypti: Developing a novel dried attractive toxic sugar bait device for intra-domiciliary control

10.1101/794065 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Rachel Sippy ◽

Galo E. Rivera ◽

Valeria Sanchez ◽

Froilán Heras Heras ◽

Bianca Morejón ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Aedes Aegypti ◽

Boric Acid ◽

Disease Transmission ◽

Laboratory Experiments ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Mosquito Control ◽

Field Trials ◽

Physiological Status ◽

Sugar Solution ◽

Multiple Series

AbstractBackgroundIllnesses transmitted by Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika comprise a considerable global burden; mosquito control is the primary public health tool to reduce disease transmission. Current interventions are inadequate and insecticide resistance threatens the effectiveness of these options. Dried attractive bait stations (DABS) are a novel mechanism to deliver insecticide to Ae. aegypti. The DABS are a high-contrast 28 inch2 surface coated with dried sugar-boric acid solution. Ae. aegypti are attracted to DABS by visual cues only, and the dried sugar solution elicits an ingestion response from Ae. aegypti landing on the surface. The study presents the development of the DABS and tests of their impact on Ae. aegypti mortality in the laboratory and a series of semi-field trials.MethodsWe conducted multiple series of laboratory and semi-field trials to assess the survivability of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes exposed to the DABS. For laboratory experiments we assessed the lethality, the killing mechanism, and the shelf life of the device through controlled experiments. In the semi-field trials, we released laboratory-reared female Ae. aegypti into experimental houses typical of peri-urban tropical communities in South America in three trial series with six replicates each. Laboratory experiments were conducted in Quito, Ecuador, and semi-field experiments were conducted in Machala, Ecuador – an area with abundant wild populations of Ae. aegypti and endemic arboviral transmission.ResultsIn the laboratory, complete lethality was observed after 48 hours regardless of physiological status of the mosquito. The killing mechanism was determined to be through ingestion, as the boric acid disrupted the gut of the mosquito. In experimental houses, total mosquito mortality was greater in the treatment house for all series of experiments (p<0.0001).ConclusionsThe DABS devices were effective at killing female Ae. aegypti under a variety of laboratory and semi-field conditions. DABS are a promising intervention for interdomiciliary control of Ae. aegypti and arboviral disease prevention.

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Localised movement of snapper (Pagrus auratus, Sparidae) in a large subtropical marine embayment

Marine and Freshwater Research ◽

10.1071/mf02119 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 54 (8) ◽

pp. 923 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Wayne D. Sumpton ◽

Bill Sawynok ◽

Neil Carstens

Keyword(s):

Laboratory Experiments ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Adult Population ◽

Marine Reserve ◽

Field Trials ◽

Moreton Bay ◽

Tag Loss ◽

Prevailing Direction ◽

Actual Contribution ◽

Marine Embayment

Snapper were tagged with dart and anchor tags in order to determine movement and the contribution of juveniles inhabiting estuarine areas to the offshore adult population. Laboratory experiments showed that loss of anchor tags was greater than dart tags, although this was not reflected in the results of field trials. A total of 6572 individuals were tagged in field experiments, of which 509 (7.7%) were recaptured. Only four of over 2500 fish tagged and released in Moreton Bay were recaptured in waters outside the bay, suggesting the bay is not an important source of recruits to the offshore fishery. However, problems associated with tag loss and mortality meant that the actual contribution of juveniles to the offshore fisheries remained unclear. Most snapper movements were localised; only ~1% of movements exceeded 100 km. Movements of snapper were mainly directed northward against the prevailing direction of the East Australian Current. Snapper were considered to be a suitable species for marine reserve protection owing to their relatively localised movement patterns.

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Concentration of Impurities during Melting of Snow Made from Secondary Sewage Effluent

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1986.0024 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 151-156 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

R. Zapf-Gilje ◽

S. O. Russell ◽

D. S. Mavinic

Keyword(s):

Potassium Chloride ◽

Chloride Solution ◽

Laboratory Experiments ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Low Cost ◽

Sewage Effluent ◽

Potassium Chloride Solution ◽

Laboratory Results ◽

Solution Field ◽

Concentration Of Impurities

When snow is made from sewage effluent, the impurities become concentrated in the early melt leaving the later runoff relatively pure. This could provide a low cost method of separating nutrients from secondary sewage effluent. Laboratory experiments showed that the degree of concentration was largely independent of the number of melt freeze cycles or initial concentration of impurity in the snow. The first 20% of melt removed with it 65% of the phosphorus and 90% of the nitrogen from snow made from sewage effluent; and over 90% of potassium chloride from snow made from potassium chloride solution. Field experiments with a salt solution confirmed the laboratory results.

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A novel non-trichome based whitefly resistance QTL in Solanum galapagense

Euphytica ◽

10.1007/s10681-021-02770-7 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 217 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Joris Santegoets ◽

Marcella Bovio ◽

Wendy van’t Westende ◽

Roeland E. Voorrips ◽

Ben Vosman

Keyword(s):

Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽

Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽

Glandular Trichomes ◽

Glandular Trichome ◽

Trialeurodes Vaporariorum ◽

Inbred Lines ◽

Adult Survival ◽

Greenhouse Whitefly ◽

Major Threat ◽

Type Iv

AbstractThe greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum is a major threat in tomato cultivation. In greenhouse grown tomatoes non-trichome based whitefly resistance may be better suited than glandular trichome based resistance as glandular trichomes may interfere with biocontrol, which is widely used. Analysis of a collection of recombinant inbred lines derived from a cross between Solanum lycopersicum and Solanum galapagense showed resistance to the whitefly T. vaporariorum on plants without glandular trichomes type IV. The resistance affected whitefly adult survival (AS), but not oviposition rate. This indicates that S. galapagense, in addition to trichome based resistance, also carries non-trichome based resistance components. The effectiveness of the non-trichome based resistance appeared to depend on the season in which the plants were grown. The resistance also had a small but significant effect on the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, but not on the thrips Frankliniella occidentalis. A segregating F2 population was created to map the non-trichome based resistance. Two Quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for reduced AS of T. vaporariorum were mapped on chromosomes 12 and 7 (explaining 13.9% and 6.0% of the variance respectively). The QTL on chromosome 12 was validated in F3 lines.

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Vibrational communication and mating behavior of the greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-85904-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Valeria Fattoruso ◽

Gianfranco Anfora ◽

Valerio Mazzoni

Keyword(s):

Mating Behavior ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Trialeurodes Vaporariorum ◽

Vibrational Communication ◽

Greenhouse Whitefly ◽

Behavioral Manipulation ◽

Vibrational Signals ◽

Intraspecific Communication ◽

Behavioral Transition ◽

First Time

AbstractThe greenhouse whitefly (GW), Trialeurodes vaporariorum is considered one of the most harmful insect pests in greenhouses worldwide. The GW mating behavior has been partially investigated and its vibrational communication is only in part known. A deeper knowledge of its intraspecific communication is required to evaluate the applicability of control methods based on techniques of behavioral manipulation. In this study, for the first time, we provided a detailed ethogram of the GW mating behavior and we characterized the vibrational signals emitted during the process of pair formation. We characterized two types of male vibrational emissions (“chirp” and “pulses”), differently arranged according to the behavioral stage to form stage-specific signals, and a previously undescribed Male Rivalry Signal. We recorded and characterized two new female signals: The Female Responding Signal and the Female Rejective Signal. The mating behavior of GW can be divided into six different stages that we named “call”, “alternated duet”, “courtship”, “overlapped duet”, “mating”, “failed mating attempt”. The analysis performed with the Markovian behavioral transition matrix showed that the “courtship” is the key stage in which male exhibits its quality and can lead to the “overlapped duet” stage. The latter is strictly associated to the female acceptance and therefore it plays a crucial role to achieve mating success. Based on our findings, we consider the use of vibrational playbacks interfering with GW mating communication a promising option for pest control in greenhouses. We discuss the possibility to start a research program of behavioral manipulation to control the populations of GW.

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COR/LEA Proteins as Indicators of Frost Tolerance in Triticeae: A Comparison of Controlled versus Field Conditions

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10040789 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 789

Author(s):

Klára Kosová ◽

Miroslav Klíma ◽

Ilja Tom Prášil ◽

Pavel Vítámvás

Keyword(s):

Cold Acclimation ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Quantitative Relationship ◽

Field Trials ◽

Frost Tolerance ◽

Late Embryogenesis Abundant ◽

Field Conditions ◽

Lea Proteins ◽

Winter Cereals ◽

Vernalisation Requirement

Low temperatures in the autumn induce enhanced expression/relative accumulation of several cold-inducible transcripts/proteins with protective functions from Late-embryogenesis-abundant (LEA) superfamily including dehydrins. Several studies dealing with plants grown under controlled conditions revealed a correlation (significant quantitative relationship) between dehydrin transcript/protein relative accumulation and plant frost tolerance. However, to apply these results in breeding, field experiments are necessary. The aim of the review is to provide a summary of the studies dealing with the relationships between plant acquired frost tolerance and COR/LEA transcripts/proteins relative accumulation in cereals grown in controlled and field conditions. The impacts of cold acclimation and vernalisation processes on the ability of winter-type Triticeae to accumulate COR/LEA proteins are discussed. The factors determining dehydrin relative accumulation under controlled cold acclimation treatments versus field trials during winter seasons are discussed. In conclusion, it can be stated that dehydrins could be used as suitable indicators of winter survival in field-grown winter cereals but only in plant prior to the fulfilment of vernalisation requirement.

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