Temporal variation of wind speed and wind direction and interrelationship between air temperature and wind speed for different climatic seasons Northern State, Sudan

The research aims to study the temporal variability of wind speed and direction and their correlation with air temperature in different climatic seasons in Northern State, to produce broad data base on winds variability and interrelationship between air temperature and wind speed for different climatic seasons. Mean monthly and daily climatic data dating back to 2001(first season) and 2011(second season) were obtained from Karima meteorological station representing three different climatic seasons namely: April for summer, August for autumn and December for winter. Data were subjected to simple regression analysis, statistical analysis and computations were done by “Excel 2000”. The results showed that the wind speed varied widely during each month and day even within the same climatic season. In two seasons, the diurnal variation for different climatic seasons Apr., Aug. and Dec. was much lower than the monthly; due to the higher monthly variability of wind speed. The results also revealed that the prevailing direction of winds was generally northwards. The results of April in the first season are presented as an example; the mean daily wind speed (Va) ranged from 0.6 to 17m/s, with a mean of 7.2m/s, a STD of 4.3 and a CV of 60%. The daily mean data ranged from 5.4 (3hrs) to 8.2 (24hrs), with a mean of 7.2m/s, a STD of 1.1 and a CV of 15.3%.The prevailing wind direction decreases in the following order: N>NE=NNE>NNW. The monthly variability of the air temperature in the two seasons decreased in the following order: winter> summer> autumn. Significant, inversely proportional and cubic wind speed-temperature correlations in the two seasons for Aug. and Dec. were (P<0.05, r=0.362); (P<0.01, r= 0.488); (P<0.001, R=585) and (P<0.001, r= 0.679), respectively.

Development of sustainable solutions to sand encroachment on roads in Kuwait using numerical modeling

Site reconnaissance of the threat of sand encroachment in Kuwait outlined major roads that were closed or partially closed for long periods of the year. These roads are AlSubia, AlWafra–Mena Abdallah, and AlWafra-AlZoor. Site surveys of the affected roads were undertaken to investigate the types and thicknesses of accumulated sand layers that were exposed to wind erosion. Soil samples were also collected to assess the particle size distribution. Wind data over the past 35 years were analyzed, which indicated that the prevailing direction is northwest with an average speed of 6–8 m/s. A preliminary concept design based on a composite system of natural and artificial elements was developed to be a sustainable protective system, which included double porous fences and green belts as major elements. Testing of the concept design model was performed in a virtual wind tunnel with different fence porosities and afforestation systems with the aid of the Autodesk Flow numerical model. Virtual wind tunnel results revealed that adopting 50% porosity led to the optimum wind reduction (≈75%), no turbulence area, and maximum sheltered area with no sand accumulation over the fences. The final design adopted was a composite made of artificial fences, green-belt trees, and gravel-stabilized areas, accompanied by removing the street barriers, achieving the aerodynamics concept to provide a long-term sustainable solution for the sand encroachment in those areas.

Analysis of power parameters of combined three-direction deformation of parts with flange

The upper bound power method is used to simulate the process of combined radial-backward-forward extrusion of hollow parts of the "cup with flange and branch pieces" type from a continuous workpiece. The calculation scheme with autonomous deformation zones is used, which contains modules with an inclined boundary and the condition for the equality of powers acting on both sides of the intermediate hard zone is accepted. This made it possible to more accurately determine the power regime and the prevailing direction of the metal flow, which is necessary to assess the character of the forming of the part. The comparison of theoretical and experimental values of the deformation pressures and the flow velocities with each other, as well as with the results obtained by the finite element method shows the feasibility of using the obtained functions for technological calculations of power parameters and evaluating of part forming.

Adaptive strategies of high-flying migratory hoverflies in response to wind currents

Large migrating insects, flying at high altitude, often exhibit complex behaviour. They frequently elect to fly on winds with directions quite different from the prevailing direction, and they show a degree of common orientation, both of which facilitate transport in seasonally beneficial directions. Much less is known about the migration behaviour of smaller (10–70 mg) insects. To address this issue, we used radar to examine the high-altitude flight of hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae), a group of day-active, medium-sized insects commonly migrating over the UK. We found that autumn migrants, which must move south, did indeed show migration timings and orientation responses that would take them in this direction, despite the unfavourability of the prevailing winds. Evidently, these hoverfly migrants must have a compass (probably a time-compensated solar mechanism), and a means of sensing the wind direction (which may be determined with sufficient accuracy at ground level, before take-off). By contrast, hoverflies arriving in the UK in spring showed weaker orientation tendencies, and did not correct for wind drift away from their seasonally adaptive direction (northwards). However, the spring migrants necessarily come from the south (on warm southerly winds), so we surmise that complex orientation behaviour may not be so crucial for the spring movements.

Drought terminations in the UK driven by high integrated vapour transport

&lt;p&gt;Whilst the hydroclimatic drivers of drought are well-established, the forces which lead to the termination of drought conditions are less well understood. &amp;#160;An enhanced knowledge of the associations between these phenomena and drought termination is an important prerequisite for more robust operational forecasting of the end of droughts, a phase which assumes critical importance during protracted droughts which can span multiple years and substantially deplete water resources.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The influence of high integrated vapour transport (IVT) on drought termination has been established in the western USA, and atmospheric rivers have been linked to the ending of droughts in the mid-latitudes including North America and Asia. &amp;#160;Whilst high IVT has been demonstrated to be influential in major flood events in western Europe, a potential link with drought termination has not previously been identified.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;This study systematically identifies drought termination events in river flow reconstructions for 302 catchments in the UK spanning the 1900-2010 period, and assesses the correspondence with high IVT values extracted from the ERA-20C reanalysis dataset spanning the same period. &amp;#160;Event coincidence analysis is used to quantify this association, with the Precursor Coincidence Rate (PCR) assessing the likelihood of high IVT preceding drought termination, and the Trigger Coincidence Rate (TCR) considering how often high IVT leads to drought termination.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;PCRs were moderate to high across most of the UK, indicating that in most catchments a majority of drought terminations are triggered by high IVT. &amp;#160;TCRs were highest in the west of the UK, suggesting that in these regions a majority of high IVT episodes during droughts lead to its termination. &amp;#160;The combination of prevailing direction of landfalling high IVT with upland, wet and responsive catchments in the west (and vice versa) was supported by regression analysis. &amp;#160;In addition to determining occurrence, high IVT was also found to be influential on the characteristics of drought termination.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Metrics of PCR and TCR have the potential to inform management decisions in drought-impacted catchments, quantifying the likelihood of termination in instances of forecast high IVT events. &amp;#160;The importance of establishing associations between high IVT and drought termination is underlined by the higher confidence in IVT forecasts than direct rainfall forecasts over certain medium-range lead times.&lt;/p&gt;

MONITORING OF TECHNOGENIC TRANSFORMATION OF URBAN SOILS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE CITY OF TOMSK)

The problem of technogenic mercury pollution in urban areas and the technogenic transformation of soil in urban areas is considered. Quantitative estimates of the distribution of mercury in soils in the territory of the city of Tomsk were obtained, which indicate concentrations do not exceed the MPC, but are characterized by enrichment in mercury. In Tomsk, the formation of mercury dispersion halos is associated with the activities of the main city-forming enterprises, as well as vehicles. In addition, the relief of the city and the prevailing direction of the winds form hotbeds of increased content of elements. In urban soils, mercury is present mainly in the insoluble fraction. However, in the composition of the insoluble fraction, most of element No. 80 is in the form of organocomplexes, which indicates highly toxic and bioavailable pollutant compounds in soils in the territory of the city of Tomsk. Geochemical associations of mercury with other chemical elements belong to the environmental factor of environmental impact. It should be noted that the list of elements with high average contents for 25 years of research has not changed. And the concentration of elements decreased significantly, which indicates a decrease in the coefficient of their technophilicity. At the same time, the general technical properties of soils, as well as their material and mineralogical composition, indicate technogenic transformation in comparison with background territories.

SURGICAL APPROACH TO ELIMINATING THE POST-TRAUMATIC INSTABILITY OF THE SHOULDER JOINT

The results of treatment of 290 patients with chronic post-traumatic instability of the shoulder joint treated for the period 2004–2017 are studied. In accordance with the task, the authors identified 3 clinical variants of post-traumatic instability depending on the prevailing direction of the dislocation. Taking into account the revealed variants, the authors studied their morphogenesis and developed a differentiated tactic and ways of their elimination. The proposed approaches based on the identification and elimination of damages of the rotary-bicepital complex, as well as the developed methods of surgical treatment made it possible to improve the subjective feelings of patients on the OOP scale from 56 [48; 58] to 24 [12; 28] (Me [Q25; Q75]) and indicators of objective evaluation of the function on the Rowe scale from 15 [15; 55] to 75 [75; 100] points.

Geomorphological study of Kleinovitikos stream drainage network (Trikala prefecture - western Thessaly)

The Kleinovitikos stream is a tributary ofPineios River in the Western Thessaly. Its basin drainages parts of mountain range of Southern Pindos as well as the mountain of Koziaka. In this study a quantitative analysis of drainage network was accomplished and the relation of tectonics features with the watershed and the channels of drainage network were investigated. The main channel of the drainage network is of 6th order, while the dominated type of the network is the trellis drainage pattern. The morphological slopes of the basin show various fluctuations. The gentle slopes express erosional landforms while the steep ones represent geological and tectonic structures. It was noted by the quantitative analysis of the drainage network that the geological and tectonic structure of the area affects in its evolution. Moreover, the outcrop of heterogeneous lithological formations in the basin affects the values of drainage density and frequency. The lithology and the secondary cracks involve in the prevailing direction of the watershed. The streams of 1st -3r order are controlled by the younger cracks; the younger cracks as well as the older Alpine cracks have an influence on the streams of 4' and 5' order, and the Alpine tectonic activity affects the stream of 6' order.

THE WAVE ACTIVITY IN THE ANAPA BAY BAR AREA: CLIMATIC TRENDS OVER THE PAST 37 YEARS

The main goal of this research is to study the storm activity in the Anapa bay bar area in the period from 1979 to 2015. We used the method of mathematical modeling. We found that in the region of Anapa bay bar, average annual power of wind waves is 4-5 kW/m and varies significantly during the year. In the wind rose of waves, there are two prevailing direction: north-east and south-west. At the same time, in the inter-annual terms there is a steady increase in the share of waves of northeastern direction with a decrease in the contribution of waves of southwestern direction.

THE WAVE ACTIVITY IN THE ANAPA BAY BAR AREA: CLIMATIC TRENDS OVER THE PAST 37 YEARS

The main goal of this research is to study the storm activity in the Anapa bay bar area in the period from 1979 to 2015. We used the method of mathematical modeling. We found that in the region of Anapa bay bar, average annual power of wind waves is 4-5 kW/m and varies significantly during the year. In the wind rose of waves, there are two prevailing direction: north-east and south-west. At the same time, in the inter-annual terms there is a steady increase in the share of waves of northeastern direction with a decrease in the contribution of waves of southwestern direction.