scholarly journals Efficient Irrigation for Optimum Fruit Quality and Yield in Apples

HortScience ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 45 (11) ◽  
pp. 1616-1625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esmaeil Fallahi ◽  
Denise Neilsen ◽  
Gerry H. Neilsen ◽  
Bahar Fallahi ◽  
Bahman Shafii
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Sprinkler System ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Crop Evapotranspiration ◽  
Water Deficiency ◽  
System A

Use of crop evapotranspiration (ETc), when a precise crop coefficient value (Kc) is used, provides a reliable tool (irrigation scheduling) for determination of water requirement. In this process, Kc should be modified by percentage of ground shade (GS) and tree canopy maturity (M). In an experiment in Idaho with ET-based irrigation scheduling, each tree with a full microjet sprinkler system received an average of 6461.7 L (994 mm), whereas each one with a full drip system used 3996 L (614.1 mm) of irrigation water. In general, deficit drip irrigation was shown to initially increase yield as a result of induction of stress and the production of a higher number of fruit spurs. However, production declined if the extreme water deficiency was repeatedly applied to the trees over several years. Using a microjet sprinkler system, a partial root zone drying regime reduced fruit size but slightly improved fruit color. Application of water at 65% full drip rate, applied on both sides of the tree row (DD), reduced fruit size. However, when the 65% of full drip rate was applied to only one of the alternating sides of the tree every other week (PRD), fruit size was larger than those with DD treatment.

scholarly journals Determination of Crop Co-efficient Values for Jute (Corchorus olitorius L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (02) ◽  
pp. 115-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
AJ Milla ◽  
AR Akanda ◽  
SK Biswas ◽  
MA Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Crop Evapotranspiration ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Fiber Yield

Site specific calibration of crop coefficient (Kc) values is essential for irrigation scheduling of any crop. In order to determine the values of Kc for jute, an experiment was conducted at the Irrigation and Water Management Division of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur. An improved jute variety BJRI Tosa-2 (O-9897) was used in this experiment. The study examined growth and yield of the jute in terms of four irrigation treatments distributed over 7-28 days intervals. The treatments were so designed that drainage was allowed between the consecutive irrigations. Irrigation at 14days interval produced the highest dry fiber yield (3.93 t/ha) and was considered to be suitable for estimating seasonal crop evapotranspiration and Kc values. The seasonal crop ET was 549.13 mm under this treatment. The Kc values of jute at initial, development, mid-season and late season stages were found to be 0.72, 1.39, 1.26 and 0.46, respectively. As there is no FAO-recommended Kc value for this crop, this locally calibrated values can be used for similar climatic conditions of Bangladesh and elsewhere. Therefore, based on Kc value, it can be recommended that jute can be irrigated by equal amount of water needed for crop evapotranspiration (ETc) for different growth stages (141.05, 142.57, 167.34, and 84.30 mm) to get maximum dry fiber yield. The Agriculturists 2018; 16(2) 115-122

Citrus Irrigation Management

EDIS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Davie Mayeso Kadyampakeni ◽  
Kelly T. Morgan ◽  
Mongi Zekri ◽  
Rhuanito Ferrarezi ◽  
Arnold Schumann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Physiological Activity ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Fruit Size ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Leaf Expansion ◽  
Tree Canopy ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Irrigation Frequency ◽  
Citrus Production

Water is a limiting factor in Florida citrus production during the majority of the year because of the low water holding capacity of sandy soils resulting from low clay and the non-uniform distribution of the rainfall. In Florida, the major portion of rainfall comes in June through September. However, rainfall is scarce during the dry period from February through May, which coincides with the critical stages of bloom, leaf expansion, fruit set, and fruit enlargement. Irrigation is practiced to provide water when rainfall is not sufficient or timely to meet water needs. Proper irrigation scheduling is the application of water to crops only when needed and only in the amounts needed; that is, determining when to irrigate and how much water to apply. With proper irrigation scheduling, yield will not be limited by water stress. With citrus greening (HLB), irrigation scheduling is becoming more important and critical and growers cannot afford water stress or water excess. Any degree of water stress or imbalance can produce a deleterious change in physiological activity of growth and production of citrus trees.  The number of fruit, fruit size, and tree canopy are reduced and premature fruit drop is increased with water stress.  Extension growth in shoots and roots and leaf expansion are all negatively impacted by water stress. Other benefits of proper irrigation scheduling include reduced loss of nutrients from leaching as a result of excess water applications and reduced pollution of groundwater or surface waters from the leaching of nutrients. Recent studies have shown that for HLB-affected trees, irrigation frequency should increase and irrigation amounts should decrease to minimize water stress from drought stress or water excess, while ensuring optimal water availability in the rootzone at all times.

scholarly journals THE WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF SUGAR CANE (SACCHARUM OFFICINARUM): A REVIEW

2011 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. V. CARR ◽  
J. W. KNOX
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Relations ◽  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Water Productivity ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Saccharum Officinarum ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Technology Choice

SUMMARYThe results of research on the water relations and irrigation needs of sugar cane are collated and summarized in an attempt to link fundamental studies on crop physiology to irrigation practices. Background information on the centres of production of sugar cane is followed by reviews of (1) crop development, including roots; (2) plant water relations; (3) crop water requirements; (4) water productivity; (5) irrigation systems and (6) irrigation scheduling. The majority of the recent research published in the international literature has been conducted in Australia and southern Africa. Leaf/stem extension is a more sensitive indicator of the onset of water stress than stomatal conductance or photosynthesis. Possible mechanisms by which cultivars differ in their responses to drought have been described. Roots extend in depth at rates of 5–18 mm d−1 reaching maximum depths of > 4 m in ca. 300 d providing there are no physical restrictions. The Penman-Monteith equation and the USWB Class A pan both give good estimates of reference crop evapotranspiration (ETo). The corresponding values for the crop coefficient (Kc) are 0.4 (initial stage), 1.25 (peak season) and 0.75 (drying off phase). On an annual basis, the total water-use (ETc) is in the range 1100–1800 mm, with peak daily rates of 6–15 mm d−1. There is a linear relationship between cane/sucrose yields and actual evapotranspiration (ETc) over the season, with slopes of about 100 (cane) and 13 (sugar) kg (ha mm)−1 (but variable). Water stress during tillering need not result in a loss in yield because of compensatory growth on re-watering. Water can be withheld prior to harvest for periods of time up to the equivalent of twice the depth of available water in the root zone. As alternatives to traditional furrow irrigation, drag-line sprinklers and centre pivots have several advantages, such as allowing the application of small quantities of water at frequent intervals. Drip irrigation should only be contemplated when there are well-organized management systems in place. Methods for scheduling irrigation are summarized and the reasons for their limited uptake considered. In conclusion, the ‘drivers for change’, including the need for improved environmental protection, influencing technology choice if irrigated sugar cane production is to be sustainable are summarized.

scholarly journals Determination of Crop Co-efficient Values of Soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill) by Lysimeter Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 14-23
Author(s):  
A J Mila ◽  
A R Akanda ◽  
K K Sark
Keyword(s):  
Climatic Condition ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Crop Evapotranspiration ◽  
Agricultural Research Institute ◽  
Initial Development ◽  
Crop Variety

Local level calibration of crop coefficient (Kc) values is critical for regional level planning and allocation of water resources for irrigation. In this regard, an experiment was conducted at the Irrigation and Water Management Division of Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Gazipur, in order to estimate crop coefficient values of soybean under the local climatic condition. An improved crop variety- BARI Soybean-6 was used in this experiment. The crop was grown under four irrigation treatments, allowing irrigation at an interval of 10, 15, 20 and 25 days. The treatments were so designed that drainage was allowed between the consecutive irrigations. Irrigation at 15 days interval produced the highest seed yield of 1.26 t/ha and was considered to be suitable for estimating seasonal crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and Kc values. The seasonal highest cumulative ETc was 308.43 mm under this treatment. The Kc values of soybean at initial, development, mid-season and late season stages were found as 0.67, 1.46, 1.59 and 0.62, respectively.The Agriculturists 2016; 14(2) 14-23

scholarly journals Crop water and irrigation requirements of some selected crops in southwestern hydrological zone of Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-125
Author(s):  
GA Ali ◽  
TA Ademiju ◽  
JA Osunbitan
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Crop Evapotranspiration ◽  
Crop Water ◽  
Irrigation Requirement ◽  
Southwestern Nigeria ◽  
Hydrological Zone ◽  
Water Melon

This study was carried out to determine the crop water and irrigation requirement of some selected crops in southwestern Nigeria. The crops are cucumber, water melon, maize, groundnut, eggplant and tomato. Irrigation requirement and crop coefficient for each crops were determined from the interrelationships of the evapotranspiration, soil type, bulk density, field capacity and the effective root zone of the crops at the selected locations using CROPWAT for windows version 8. Soil parameters used for analysis were determined from laboratory experiment. The crop evapotranspiration and water requirement for cucumber varied from 2.52 to 7.21mm/day and 17 to 73.2mm/dec, respectively, for maize from 1.36 to 6.35mm/day and 5.1 to 63.5mm/dec respectively, for watermelon varied from 2.59 to 6.67mm/day and 25.9 to 73.3mm/dec respectively, for eggplant varied from 1.92 to 6.35 mm/day and 15.9 to 64.4mm/dec respectively. The irrigation requirement for water melon and cucumber recorded the highest value of 461.6 and 497.4mm/dec respectively, an indication that the two crops require more water for physiological activities. The reduction in the values of crop coefficient was observed during the study which could be attributed to the reduction in evapotranspiration at the late stage of growth. The findings also showed that known quantities of irrigation water could be used in producing crops optimally.

scholarly journals Lysimeter-Based Water Use and Crop Coefficient of Drip-Irrigated Potato in an Arid Environment

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alataway ◽  
Al-Ghobari ◽  
Mohammad ◽  
Dewidar
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Irrigation Schedule ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Arid Environment ◽  
Crop Evapotranspiration ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Monteith Equation

The determination of the water requirements and crop coefficient (Kc) of agricultural crops helps to create an appropriate irrigation schedule, and with the effective management of irrigation water. The aim of this research was to estimate the water requirement, Kc, and water-use efficiency (WUE) of potato using non-weighing-type lysimeters in four regions of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Qassiem, Riyadh, Al-Jouf, and Eastern). Our results clearly show that the accumulated values of the measured crop evapotranspiration of potato derived from the lysimeters were 573, 554, 592, and 570 mm, while the accumulated values of the predicted crop evapotranspiration from Penman-Monteith equation based on FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) were 651, 632, 672, and 647 mm for the Qassiem, Riyadh, Al-Jouf, and Eastern regions, respectively. The Kc values of potato obtained from the lysimeters were Kc initial (0.58, 0.54, 0.50, and 0.52), Kc middle (1.02, 1.05, 1.13, and 1.10), and Kc end (0.73, 0.74, 0.74, and 0.75) for the Qassiem, Riyadh, Al-Jouf, and Eastern regions, respectively. Based on the amount of water used and the yield achieved, the highest WUE (3.6 kg m−3) was observed in the Riyadh region, while the lowest WUE (1.5 kg m−3) was observed in the Al-Jouf region.

scholarly journals Cotton Irrigation Scheduling Using a Crop Growth Model and FAO-56 Methods: Field and Simulation Studies

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 2023-2039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly R. Thorp ◽  
Douglas J. Hunsaker ◽  
Kevin F. Bronson ◽  
Pedro Andrade-Sanchez ◽  
Edward M. Barnes
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Statistical Testing ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Cotton Yield ◽  
Post Hoc

Abstract. Crop growth simulation models can address a variety of agricultural problems, but their use to directly assist in-season irrigation management decisions is less common. Confidence in model reliability can be increased if models are shown to provide improved in-season management recommendations, which are explicitly tested in the field. The objective of this study was to compare the CSM-CROPGRO-Cotton model (with recently updated ET routines) to a well-tested FAO-56 irrigation scheduling spreadsheet by (1) using both tools to schedule cotton irrigation during 2014 and 2015 in central Arizona and (2) conducting a post-hoc simulation study to further compare outputs from these tools. Two replications of each irrigation scheduling treatment and a water-stressed treatment were established on a 2.6 ha field. Irrigation schedules were developed on a weekly basis and administered via an overhead lateral-move sprinkler irrigation system. Neutron moisture meters were used weekly to estimate soil moisture status and crop water use, and destructive plant samples were routinely collected to estimate cotton leaf area index (LAI) and canopy weight. Cotton yield was estimated using two mechanical cotton pickers with differing capabilities: (1) a two-row picker that facilitated manual collection of yield samples from 32 m2 areas and (2) a four-row picker equipped with a sensor-based cotton yield monitoring system. In addition to statistical testing of field data via mixed models, the data were used for post-hoc reparameterization and fine-tuning of the irrigation scheduling tools. Post-hoc simulations were conducted to compare measured and simulated evapotranspiration, crop coefficients, root zone soil moisture depletion, cotton growth metrics, and yield for each irrigation treatment. While total seasonal irrigation amounts were similar among the two scheduling tools, the crop model recommended more water during anthesis and less during the early season, which led to higher cotton fiber yield in both seasons (p < 0.05). The tools calculated cumulative evapotranspiration similarly, with root mean squared errors (RMSEs) less than 13%; however, FAO-56 crop coefficient (Kc) plots demonstrated subtle differences in daily evapotranspiration calculations. Root zone soil moisture depletion was better calculated by CSM-CROPGRO-Cotton, perhaps due to its more complex soil profile simulation; however, RMSEs for depletion always exceeded 20% for both tools and reached 149% for the FAO-56 spreadsheet in 2014. CSM-CROPGRO-Cotton simulated cotton LAI, canopy weight, canopy height, and yield with RMSEs less than 21%, while the FAO-56 spreadsheet had no capability for such outputs. Through field verification and thorough post-hoc data analysis, the results demonstrated that the CSM-CROPGRO-Cotton model with updated FAO-56 ET routines could match or exceed the accuracy and capability of an FAO-56 spreadsheet tool for cotton water use calculations and irrigation scheduling. Keywords: Cottonseed, Crop coefficient, Decision support, Depletion, Evapotranspiration, Fiber, Management, Simulation, Soil moisture, Yield.

scholarly journals MEDIDAS DA EVAPOTRANSPIRAÇÃO (ETc) E COEFICIENTE DE CULTURA (Kc) DO CRAVO-DE-DEFUNTODENTRO E FORA DE AMBIENTE PROTEGIDO.

Irriga ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Millena Ariana Boueri ◽  
Raúl Andres Martinez ◽  
Dalva Martinelli Cury Lunardi
Keyword(s):  
Initial Phase ◽  
Culture Medium ◽  
Crop Coefficient ◽  
Crop Evapotranspiration ◽  
Vegetative Development ◽  
Radiation Reduction ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Experimental Area ◽  
Crop Coefficients

MEDIDAS DA EVAPOTRANSPIRAÇÃO (ETc) E COEFICIENTE DE CULTURA (Kc) DO CRAVO-DE-DEFUNTODENTRO E FORA DE AMBIENTE PROTEGIDO.  Millena Ariana Boueri; Raúl Andres Martinez; Dalva Martinelli Cury LunardiDepartamento de Ciências Ambientais, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, [email protected]  1 RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o consumo de água do cravo-de-defunto (Tagetes sp.), dentro e fora de ambiente protegido, com uso de lisímetros de lençol freático constante, para determinação da evapotranspiração da cultura (ETc) e dos coeficientes de cultura (Kc) em todos os seus estádios de desenvolvimento. O experimento foi realizado na área experimental do Departamento de Recursos Naturais – Setor Ciências Ambientais da Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas da Universidade Estadual Paulista, Campus de Botucatu, no período de 21/05/02 a 09/08/02. A área experimental foi constituída de duas áreas de 280m2, sendo uma na condição de campo e a outra em ambiente protegido tipo arco, com cobertura de polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD), difusor de luz, com 150mm de espessura, tendo nas laterais sombrite com 50% de redução da radiação solar. Os resultados mostraram que a ETc total, para um ciclo de 81 dias, foi de 115 e 119mm, nas condições de ambiente protegido e campo, respectivamente, com médias de 1,4 e 1,5mm d-1. Foram observados valores médios de Kc de 0,48 e 0,71 na fase inicial, 0,87 e 0,93 no desenvolvimento vegetativo, com máximos de 1,15 e 0,85 na floração, e 0,94 e 0,70 no final do ciclo, nas condições de ambiente protegido e campo, respectivamente. UNITERMOS: lisímetro; Tagetes sp.  BOUERI, M. A.; MARTINEZ, R. A.; CURY LUNARDI, D. M. CROP EVAPOTRANSPIRATION (ETc) AND CROP COEFFICIENT (Kc) MEASUREMENTS OF TAGETES, INSIDE AND OUTSIDE GREENHOUSE  2 ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to measure the water consumption of the Tagetes sp. crop, inside and outside of greenhouse, through water table lysimeters, for determination of the crop evapotranspiration (ETc) and crop coefficients (Kc) in all its development stages. The experiment was carried in the experimental area of the Department of Natural Resources - Section Environmental Sciences of the Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, 21/05/02 to 09/08/02. The experimental area was constituted of two areas of 280m2, being one in the field condition and the other in arch type greenhouse, with polyethylene low density (PEBD) covering, light difusor, with 150mm of thickness, and polypropylene screen with 50% of solar radiation reduction in the lateral. The results showed that the total ETc, for a cycle of 81 days, was of 115 and 119mm, in the conditions of greenhouse and field, respectively, with averages of 1.4 and 1.5mm d-1. The crop coefficient varied in agreement with the stages of development of the culture, medium values of 0.48 and 0.71 having been observed in the initial phase, 0.87 and 0.93 in the vegetative development, with maxima of 1.15 and 0.85 in the blossom, and 0.94 and 0.70 in the end of the cycle, in the conditions of greenhouse and field, respectively. KEYWORDS: lisymeter; Tagetes sp.

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