scholarly journals Daily Light Integral Influences Rooting of Herbaceous Stem-tip Culinary Herb Cuttings

HortScience ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Annika E. Kohler ◽  
Roberto G. Lopez
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Origanum Vulgare ◽  
Mentha Spicata ◽  
Daily Light Integral ◽  
Culinary Herbs ◽  
Light Integral ◽  
Culinary Herb

Domestic production of culinary herbs continues to increase in the United States. Culinary herbs are primarily propagated by seed; however, some herbs have poor germination rates and slow growth. Thus, there are advantages of propagating herbs by vegetative stem-tip cuttings as they lead to true-to-type plants and a shortened production time. Previous research of ornamental young plants and finished culinary herbs have shown a reduction in rooting time and increases in plant quality with increases in the photosynthetic daily light integral (DLI). To our knowledge, little to no research has addressed how the DLI influences culinary herb liner quality. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to quantify morphological traits of five economically important culinary herbs when grown under DLIs ranging from 2.8 to 16.4 mol·m−2·d−1. Stem-tip cuttings of Greek oregano (Origanum vulgare var. hirtum), rosemary ‘Arp’ (Rosmarinus officinalis), sage ‘Extrakta’ (Salvia officinalis), spearmint ‘Spanish’ (Mentha spicata), and thyme ‘German Winter’ (Thymus vulgaris) were excised from stock plants and rooted under no shade or aluminum shading of 36%, 56%, or 76% to create a range of DLI treatments. After 9 days (spearmint) or 16 days (all other genera) of DLI treatments, the root, shoot, and total dry mass of all culinary herb liners generally increased by 105% to 449%, 52% to 142%, and 82% to 170%, respectively, as the DLI increased from 2.8 to 16.4 mol·m−2·d−1 or genus-specific DLI optimums. Stem length of oregano, spearmint, and thyme decreased by 37%, 28%, and 27%, respectively, as the DLI increased from 2.8 to 16.4 mol·m−2·d−1. However, stem length of rosemary and sage were unaffected by the DLI. The quality index of all genera was greatest at DLIs from 10.4 to 16.4 mol·m−2·d−1. Furthermore, all culinary herbs grown under a DLI of ≤6 mol·m−2·d−1 had low root and shoot dry mass accumulation; and oregano, spearmint, and thyme were generally taller. Therefore, DLIs between 10 to 12 mol·m−2·d−1 should be maintained during culinary herb propagation, because a DLI ≥16 mol·m−2·d−1 may be deleterious and energy inefficient if supplemental lighting use is increased.

Uso de infusiones de hierbas aromáticas para mejorar las características organolépticas en la carne de conejo

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cortéz Raymundo
Keyword(s):  
Thymus Vulgaris ◽  
Origanum Vulgare ◽  
Mentha Spicata

La carne de conejo es rica en vitaminas, se puede integrar perfectamente a una dieta saludable, sin embargo el factor que influye en su consumo es su sabor y olor; muchas personas catalogan su aroma como fuerte, lo que resulta desagradable. Para mejorar sabor y apariencia de la carne de conejo, se trabajó con un grupo de 25 conejos de las razas Holandés y Californiano de aproximadamente 3 meses de edad y un peso de 2 kg, el agua de bebida fue a base de una infusión utilizando 10 g/2 l de agua hirviendo, siendo estas plantas aromáticas Cilantro (Coriandrumsativum), Hierbabuena (Mentha spicata linnaeus), Orégano (Origanum vulgare) y Tomillo (Thymus vulgaris); como alimentación base a todos los animales se les administro alimento balanceado comercial para conejos. Se utilizaron grupos de 5 conejos por cada una de las plantas mencionadas y un grupo testigo. Se les realizo un examen clínico al finalizar el experimento la cual no presentaron signos de enfermedad. Al termino de cuarenta días finalizado el experimentos e obtuvieron los resultados: tratamiento del cilantro con un peso de 13.60 kg, orégano 11.83 kg; hierba buena 11.40 kg, tomillo 10 kg y el tratamiento testigo 10 kg. Se sacrificaron los conejos, se coció la carne únicamente “al vapor” (165oC), en un tiempo de 50 minutos. Para comprobar si el experimento funciono se invitaron a diez catadores para que calificaran directamente si la carne tenía algún sabor especifico. Los datos que se obtuvieron en el panel de catadores se analizaron estadísticamente por medio de bloques al azar con el programa de Infostat. Obteniendo resultado con diferencia no significativa, (p≤0.05). Con las medias de cada tratamiento se aplicó la prueba de Tukey donde se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: según la variable de la presentación, olor, sabor y textura la más aceptable por el panel de catadores fue el tratamiento evaluado con la hierba aromática del Tomillo. La conclusión fue que los conejos que fueron tratados con tomillo se tornaron de color blanco que es el normal a un color grisáceo, estando suave y de buena consistencia; siendo la más preferida. El cilantro no cambio su coloración ni la consistencia de la carne pero si el sabor, en cuanto a la carne tratado con orégano y hierbabuena, el cambio se observó en la terneza,se dio cambio de color amarillento pero más dura que la normal con sabor y olor agradable.

scholarly journals Propagation Daily Light Integral and Root-Zone Temperature Influence Rooting of Single-internode Pennisetum ×advena Culm Cuttings

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 176-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Garrett Owen ◽  
Roberto G. Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Root Zone ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽  
Root Zone Temperature ◽  
Daily Light Integral ◽  
Pennisetum Setaceum ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Light Integral ◽  
Zone Temperature

Crown division, tissue culture, and culm cuttings are methods for propagating purple fountain grass [Pennisetum ×advena Wipff and Veldkamp (formerly known as Pennisetum setaceum Forsk. Chiov. ‘Rubrum’)]. However, propagation by culm cuttings is becoming an economically attractive method for quick liner production. Our objective was to quantify the impact of propagation daily light integral (PDLI) and root-zone temperature (RZT) on root and culm development of single-internode purple fountain grass culm cuttings. Before insertion into the rooting substrate, cuttings were treated with a basal rooting hormone solution containing 1000 mg·L−1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) + 500 mg·L−1 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The cuttings were placed in a glass-glazed greenhouse with an air temperature of 23 °C and benches with RZT set points of 21, 23, 25, or 27 °C. PDLIs of 4 and 10 mol·m−2·d−1 (Expt. 1) or 8 and 16 mol·m−2·d−1 (Expt. 2) were provided. After 28 d, culm and root densities (number) increased as the RZT increased from 21 to 27 °C, regardless of PDLI during Expt. 1. Compared with 4 mol·m−2·d−1, a PDLI of 10 mol·m−2·d−1 generally resulted in the greatest root biomass accumulation. For example, as PDLI increased from 4 to 10 mol·m−2·d−1, root dry mass increased by 105%, 152%, and 183% at RZTs of 21, 25, and 27 °C, respectively. In Expt. 2, as the RZT increased from 21 to 23 °C, root dry mass increased by 70% under a PDLI of 8 mol·m−2·d−1. However, root dry mass was similar among all RZTs under a PDLI of 16 mol·m−2·d−1. Our results indicate that single-internode culm cuttings of purple fountain grass can be most efficiently propagated under PDLIs of 8–10 mol·m−2·d−1 together with RZT set points of 23 to 25 °C for quick liner production.

scholarly journals Photosynthetic Daily Light Integral during Propagation of Tecoma stans Influences Seedling Rooting and Growth

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 282-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ariana P. Torres ◽  
Roberto G. Lopez
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Node Number ◽  
Tropical Plants ◽  
Daily Light Integral ◽  
Tropical Plant ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Seed Propagation ◽  
Light Integral

Current market trends indicate an increasing demand for unique and exotic flowering crops, including tropical plants. Tecoma stans (L. Juss. Kunth) ‘Mayan Gold’ is a tropical plant that was selected as a potential new greenhouse crop for its physical appearance and drought and heat tolerance. However, in winter and early spring, when propagation occurs, outdoor photosynthetic daily light integral (DLI) can be relatively low. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of DLI during propagation of Tecoma and to determine optimum DLI levels for seed propagation. Seeds were propagated under 13 mean DLIs ranging from 0.75 to 25.2 mol·m−2·d−1 created by the combination of high-pressure sodium lamps (HPS) and fixed woven shadecloths of varying densities. Thirty-five days after sowing, height, stem diameter, node number, relative leaf chlorophyll content, leaf fresh weight, leaf number, total leaf area, individual leaf area, leaf area ratio, shoot and root dry mass increased as DLI increased. Average internode elongation and specific leaf area decreased at a quadratic and linear rate, respectively, as DLI increased from 0.75 to 25.2 mol·m−2·d−1. These experiments indicate that high-quality Tecoma seedlings were obtained when DLI was 14 to 16 mol·m−2·d−1 during propagation.

scholarly journals Modeling Growth and Development of Celosia and Impatiens in Response to Temperature and Photosynthetic Daily Light Integral

2005 ◽  
Vol 130 (6) ◽  
pp. 813-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Ann Pramuk ◽  
Erik S. Runkle
Keyword(s):  
Flowering Time ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Bedding Plants ◽  
Daily Light Integral ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Greenhouse Growers ◽  
Light Integral

Commercial greenhouse growers often produce bedding plants from midwinter to early summer, and thus crops are grown under a wide range of environmental conditions. Despite bedding plants' high economic value, the interactions of temperature and photosynthetic daily light integral (DLI) on growth and flowering have not been determined for many bedding plants. We grew celosia (Celosia argentea L. var. plumosa L.) and seed impatiens (Impatiens wallerana Hook.f.) in glass greenhouses in a range of temperature (15 to 27 °C) and DLI (8 to 26 mol·m-2·d-1) conditions to quantify effects on growth and flowering. Growth (e.g., plant dry mass at flowering) and flowering characteristics (e.g., time to flowering and flower bud number) were modeled in response to the average daily temperature and DLI by using multiple regression analysis. Rate of progress to flowering (1/days to flower) of celosia increased as temperature increased up to ≈25 °C and as the average DLI increased to 15 ·mol·m-2·d-1. Impatiens grown under a DLI <15 mol·m-2·d-1 flowered progressively earlier as temperature increased from 14 to 28 °C, whereas temperature had little effect on flowering time when plants were grown under the highest DLI treatments. Number of flowers and flower buds at first flowering increased in both species as temperature decreased or DLI increased. Shoot dry mass at first flowering followed a similar trend, except celosia dry mass decreased as temperature decreased. The models developed to predict flowering time and plant quality could be used by commercial growers to determine the impacts of changing growing temperature, growing plants at different times of the year, and providing supplemental lighting.

scholarly journals Nutrient Solution Strength Does Not Interact with the Daily Light Integral to Affect Hydroponic Cilantro, Dill, and Parsley Growth and Tissue Mineral Nutrient Concentrations

Agronomy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 389
Author(s):  
Christopher J. Currey ◽  
Kellie J. Walters ◽  
Nicholas J. Flax
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Mineral Nutrient ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Petroselinum Crispum ◽  
Anethum Graveolens ◽  
Daily Light Integral ◽  
Nutrient Film Technique ◽  
Growing Environment ◽  
Light Integral

Our objectives were to quantify the growth and tissue mineral nutrient concentrations of cilantro (Coriandrum sativum ‘Santo’), dill (Anethum graveolens ‘Fernleaf’), and parsley (Petroselinum crispum ‘Giant of Italy’) in response to nutrient solution electrical conductivity (EC) under low and high photosynthetic daily light integrals (DLI). Three-week old seedlings of cilantro, dill, and parsley were transplanted into nutrient-film technique hydroponic systems with one of five nutrient solution EC treatments (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, or 4.0 dS·m−1) in greenhouses under a low (~7.0 mol·m−2·d−1) or high (~18.0 mol·m−2·d−1) DLI. The DLI, but not nutrient solution EC, affected culinary herb growth. For example, fresh mass increased by 21.0 (154%), 17.1 (241%), or 13.3 g (120%) for cilantro, dill, and parsley, respectively, for plants grown under high DLI compared to those grown under a low DLI; dry mass followed a similar trend. Tissue nutrient concentrations were generally affected by either DLI or EC. For those nutrients affected by DLI, concentrations increased with increasing DLI, except for potassium (K; all species) and manganese (Mn; dill). For those nutrients affected by EC, Ca and Mg decreased with increasing EC, while the remaining increased with increasing EC. When our tissue nutrient data are compared to recommended tissue concentrations, the vast majority of elements were either within or above recommended tissue ranges for cilantro, dill, and parsley. Our results demonstrate cilantro, dill, and parsley can be successfully grown across a range of EC, regardless of the light intensity of the growing environment.

Differential effects of enhanced UV-B radiation on reproductive effort in two chemotypes of Mentha spicata under field conditions

1998 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 345 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Grammatikopoulos ◽  
R. Karousou ◽  
S. Kokkini ◽  
Y. Manetas
Keyword(s):  
Ozone Depletion ◽  
Reproductive Effort ◽  
Photochemical Efficiency ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Mentha Spicata ◽  
Ps Ii ◽  
Relative Water ◽  
Aromatic Species ◽  
Below Ground

Seedlings of two chemotypes of mint (Mentha spicata L.), i.e. the piperitone and piperitenone oxide rich wild mint (chemotype I) and the carvone and dihydrocarvone rich spearmint (chemotype II), were grown to maturity in the field under ambient or ambient plus supplemental UV-B radiation, simulating a 15% ozone depletion over Patras (38.3°N, 29.1°E). Enhanced UV-B radiation had no effect on total stem length, photochemical efficiency of PS II, chlorophyll content, UV-B absorbing capacity of epicuticular and internal compounds, photosynthetic capacity at 5% CO2 and relative water content of both chemotypes. However, specific leaf mass in chemotype II, and leaf number in chemotype I were significantly increased under UV-B supplementation, while total leaf area remained unaffected. Dry mass accumulation measured at plant harvest showed a slight, non-significant trend for increased above- and below-ground biomass in both chemotypes, but a particularly significant increase in the biomass allocated to inflorescences in chemotype II was found. Seed yield was significantly improved by supplemental UV-B radiation in both chemotypes, but, again, chemotype II was particularly responsive, increasing the number of seeds by 100%. We conclude that the aromatic species M. spicata is not only resistant to enhanced UV-B radiation, but some chemotypes may be selectively benefited through increased reproductive effort.

scholarly journals Daily Light Integral Affects Flowering and Quality of Greenhouse-grown Achillea, Gaura, and Lavandula

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beth A. Fausey ◽  
Royal D. Heins ◽  
Arthur C. Cameron
Keyword(s):  
Growth And Development ◽  
Visual Quality ◽  
Light Level ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
Herbaceous Perennials ◽  
Daily Light Integral ◽  
Light Integral ◽  
Prostrate Growth

The growth and development of Achillea ×millefolium L. `Red Velvet', Gaura lindheimeri Engelm. & Gray `Siskiyou Pink' and Lavandula angustifolia Mill. `Hidcote Blue' were evaluated under average daily light integrals (DLIs) of 5 to 20 mol·m-2·d-1. Plants were grown in a 22 ± 2 °C glass greenhouse with a 16-h photoperiod under four light environments: 50% shading of ambient light plus PPF of 100 μmol·m-2·s-1 (L1); ambient light plus PPF of 20 μmol·m-2·s-1 (L2); ambient light plus PPF of 100 μmol·m-2·s-1 (L3); and ambient light plus PPF of 150 μmol·m-2·s-1 (L4). Between 5 to 20 mol·m-2·d-1, DLI did not limit flowering and had little effect on timing in these studies. Hence, the minimum DLI required for flowering of Achillea, Gaura and Lavandula must be <5 mol·m-2·d-1, the lowest light level tested. However, all species exhibited prostrate growth with weakened stems when grown at a DLI of about 10 mol·m-2·d-1. Visual quality and shoot dry mass of Achillea, Gaura and Lavandula linearly increased as DLI increased from 5 to 20 mol·m-2·d-1 and there was no evidence that these responses to light were beginning to decline. While 10 mol·m-2·d-1 has been suggested as an adequate DLI, these results suggest that 15 to 20 mol·m-2·d-1 should be considered a minimum for production of these herbaceous perennials when grown at about 22 °C.

scholarly journals Longer Photoperiods with the Same Daily Light Integral Improve Growth of Rudbeckia Seedlings in a Greenhouse

HortScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1676-1682 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Elkins ◽  
Marc W. van Iersel
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Specific Leaf Area ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Light Emitting Diode ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Photon Flux ◽  
Shade Avoidance ◽  
Daily Light Integral ◽  
Content Index ◽  
Light Integral

Supplemental light can increase growth and accelerate production of greenhouse crops, but it can be expensive if not provided in a way that promotes efficient use of the light. Dimmable light-emitting diode (LED) fixtures have the potential to reduce lighting costs because the output can be precisely controlled to meet crop needs. Because light is used more efficiently to drive photosynthesis at lower photosynthetic photon flux densities (PPFDs), we hypothesized that providing Rudbeckia fulgida var. sullivantii ‘Goldsturm’ seedlings with the same daily light integral (DLI), spread out over a longer photoperiod and at lower PPFDs, should improve growth. A DLI of 12 mol·m−2·d−1 was provided in a greenhouse over 12, 15, 18, or 21-hour photoperiods from a combination of sunlight and supplemental light from LEDs, using adaptive lighting control. Plants grown without supplemental light had an ≈12-hour photoperiod and received an average DLI of 5 mol·m−2·d−1, ≈58% less light than the four lighting treatments. Lengthening the photoperiod from 12 to 21 hours increased shoot dry mass (30%), root dry mass (24%), plant height (14%), leaf area (16%), and chlorophyll content index (48%), and decreased specific leaf area (26%). There was no significant effect of photoperiod on root mass fraction or compactness. Growth parameters of plants without supplemental light were 26% to 90% smaller compared with those in the 12-hour photoperiod treatment. Treatment effects on canopy size, seen as early as 2 weeks into the study, were correlated with final shoot dry mass. Longer photoperiods did not induce a shade-avoidance response, based on specific leaf area and compactness data. The 24% increase in root dry mass for the plants in the 21-hour photoperiod suggests that cropping cycles can be shortened by 1 to 2 weeks compared with the 12-hour photoperiod. This could result in more crop turns per year and increased profits. In addition, fewer lights would be needed for adequate growth, reducing the capital cost of the lighting system.

scholarly journals Effect of Irradiance and Temperature on Composition of Spinach

HortScience ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin P.N. Gent
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Oxalic Acid ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Binary Response ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Daily Light Integral ◽  
Spinacea Oleracea ◽  
Light Integral

The composition of spinach (Spinacea oleracea L.) was studied in response to daily light integral (DLI) and diurnal variation in a greenhouse. Values for plantings with different irradiance were compared using normalized daily light integral (NDLI), which was DLI divided by leaf area index. The dry mass as a ratio of fresh mass increased with NDLI as it increased from 3 to 27 mol·m−2·d−1. Reduced nitrogen (N) changed with time of day under high but not under low NDLI. Nitrate and amino acids were affected by temperature more than NDLI. Starch increased with NDLI to 27 mol·m−2·d−1 in morning or afternoon. However, sugars decreased with temperature more than with NDLI, due to a decrease in petioles up to 20 °C. Oxalic acid increased with NDLI or temperature. Over a diurnal cycle, starch had minimum value at 0800 hr and maximum at 1800 hr in all parts. The sugars, sucrose, glucose, and fructose, had a binary response with high values in the day and low values in the night. Oxalic acid increased at the end of the day. Other metabolites had no response to time of day. The growth of spinach may be slow in fall compared with summer due to the effect of low temperature on metabolism of sugars and nitrate.

scholarly journals Daily Light Integral: A Research Review and High-resolution Maps of the United States

HortScience ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (9) ◽  
pp. 1250-1257 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Faust ◽  
Joanne Logan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Research Review ◽  
Potential Growth ◽  
Weather Patterns ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Daily Light Integral ◽  
Radiation Data ◽  
Light Integral

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory developed the National Solar Radiation Database to provide accessible solar radiation data to the research community for various uses. Previously, we created a series of monthly daily light integral (DLI) maps to provide a tool for horticulturists to estimate the potential growth and flowering responses for various plants throughout the year. The original DLI maps were based on solar radiation data from 239 sites recorded from 1961 to 1990. The DLI maps presented in this article were created from an updated database that included data from 1998 to 2009. This database provides higher resolution data modeled from satellite images of cloud cover. The data are presented in pixels with each pixel representing 100 km2 of land across the lower 48 United States and Hawaii, whereas the Alaska data are 1600 km2 pixels. The database provided global horizontal irradiance data that were converted to DLI (mol·m−2·d−1) using the conversion factor of 0.007265 mol (400–700 nm)·Wh−1 (400–2700 nm), which assumes that 45% of the solar radiation is in the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR, 400–700 nm) region and 4.48 μmol·J−1 is the conversion from radiometric to quantum units. The updated DLI maps provide more geographically precise data reflecting recent weather patterns. We present a comprehensive review of recent research exploring the growth and flowering responses of horticultural crops to DLI.

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