Effects of Water Delivery Volume, Rates and Concentrations of Metam Potassium on Purple Nutsedge Emergence in Mulched Beds

Over the years, efficacy of metam potassium (MK) on purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) control has been inconsistent, in many cases because of a lack of knowledge about application techniques. Therefore, field studies were conducted to determine the effect of water delivery volumes and flow rates on purple nutsedge control with MK, and the influence of MK rates and concentrations on purple nutsedge control. Three separate studies were established for 1) water application volumes and flow rates, 2) MK application rates and concentrations, and 3) MK concentration levels. For the water application volumes and flow rate trials, a single MK rate of 60 gal/acre was injected with either 1 or 2 acre-inch/acre (27,154 or 54,308 gal/acre) of water. The water flow rates were 0.30, 0.45, and 0.60 gal/100 ft of row per minute within each water volume. An nontreated control was included. In the application rate and concentrations studies, treatments were a nontreated control, 30 gal/acre applied with 0.5 acre-inch/acre of water (≈3000 ppm), 60 gal/acre applied with either 0.5 or 1 acre-inch/acre of water (≈6000 and 3000 ppm), 120 gal/acre applied with either 1 or 2 acre-inch/acre of water (≈6000 and 3000 ppm), and 240 gal/acre applied with 2 acre-inch/acre of water (≈6000 ppm). In the MK concentration trials, 0, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, and 6000 ppm were tested. Results indicated that neither water volumes nor flow rates used for MK application had a significant impact on purple nutsedge control at 10 weeks after treatment (WAT). However, there was a significant effect of the combinations of MK rates and water delivery volumes on purple nutsedge densities at 4 and 15 WAT. Similarly, MK concentrations obtained from a single application rate resulted in improved purple nutsedge control up to 10 WAT, reducing densities to less than 5 plants/ft2 with 6000 ppm of MK.

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Reducing Sprinkler Irrigation Volumes for Strawberry Transplant Establishment in Florida

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.22.2.224 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 22 (2) ◽

pp. 224-227 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Bielinski M. Santos ◽

Teresa P. Salame-Donoso ◽

Alicia J. Whidden

Keyword(s):

Foliar Application ◽

Sprinkler Irrigation ◽

Field Studies ◽

Early Morning ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Water Volume ◽

Kaolin Clay ◽

Irrigation Control ◽

Water Volumes

Two field studies were conducted to determine whether foliar kaolin clay applications would reduce water volumes during the establishment of bare-root strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa) transplants. Transplant establishment treatments resulted from combinations of duration of sprinkler irrigation and foliar application of kaolin clay were: a) 4 days of sprinkler irrigation, b) 4 days of sprinkler irrigation plus kaolin clay on day 5, c) 6 days of sprinkler irrigation, d) 6 days of sprinkler irrigation plus kaolin clay on day 7, e) 8 days of sprinkler irrigation, f) 8 days of sprinkler irrigation plus kaolin clay on day 9, and g) 10 days of sprinkler irrigation (control). One day of sprinkler irrigation was defined as the application of 8 hours per day of irrigation to ensure plant establishment, using ≈6000 gal/acre per hour of water. Kaolin clay treatments were applied using a rate of 25 lb/acre and on the early morning of the following day after sprinkler irrigation was suspended. Treatments influenced the number of established plants and diameter at 4 and 8 weeks after transplanting (WAT), leaf greenness at 8 WAT, and early and total fruit weight. There were no differences in the number of established plants among treatments that received 10 days of sprinkler irrigation (control), 8 days of sprinkler irrigation followed by kaolin clay on day 9, and 6 days of sprinkler irrigation followed by kaolin clay on day 7, ranged between 97% and 98% plant survival. The highest strawberry early and total fruit weights (3.6 and 15.7 tons/acre, respectively) occurred in plots transplanted with either 6 days of sprinkler irrigation plus kaolin clay on day 7, 8 days of sprinkler irrigation plus kaolin clay on day 9, or 10 days of sprinkler irrigation. These data indicated that the addition to kaolin clay after 6 or 8 days of sprinkler irrigation improved strawberry establishment, growth, and yields to the same levels as the control treatment, while saving at least 20% of the water volume needed for establishment.

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Survival and dormancy of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) tubers

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500088974 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 45 (6) ◽

pp. 784-790 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

Christophe Neeser ◽

Renan Aguero ◽

Clarence J. Swanton

Keyword(s):

Population Dynamics ◽

Field Studies ◽

Cyperus Rotundus ◽

Burial Depth ◽

Tuber Dormancy ◽

Purple Nutsedge ◽

Wide Range ◽

Noxious Weed ◽

First Time ◽

Effect Of Age

Survival and dormancy of purple nutsedge tubers has not been studied quantitatively. Yet this is fundamental to our understanding of the population dynamics of this highly noxious weed. Field studies were conducted to determine the effect of age on tuber survival and dormancy. A modified exponential decay function accurately described the age-dependent decline in tuber survival. This model is biologically meaningful, has good statistical properties, and can describe a wide range of responses. Tuber population half-life was 16 mo, and the predicted longevity (99% mortality) was 42 mo. Burial depth at 8 and 23 cm had no significant effect on survival or dormancy. Tuber dormancy increased with age. After 18 mo, the proportion of dormant tubers in the surviving population was two-and-one-half times higher than in the 3-mo-old population. We report for the first time that tubers were able to enter a state of secondary dormancy after sprouting. The finding that tubers persist after sprouting has important implications for population dynamics of this species. This is also the first report of tuber predation by the larvae of a billbug.

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Influence of purple nutsedge(Cyperus rotundus)density and nitrogen rate on radish(Raphanus sativus)yield

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500089682 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 46 (6) ◽

pp. 661-664 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Bielinski M. Santos ◽

Jose P. Morales-Payan ◽

William M. Stall ◽

Thomas A. Bewick

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Field Studies ◽

Cyperus Rotundus ◽

Shoot Biomass ◽

Purple Nutsedge ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Radish Root ◽

Negative Effect ◽

Nitrogen Rates

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to determine the effects of nitrogen (N) supply and purple nutsedge population densities on the yield of radish. In the greenhouse studies, additive series with purple nutsedge densities of 0, 50, 100, 200 or 350 plants m−2were established. Nitrogen rates of 0, 110, 220, or 330 kg ha−1were provided to the potting medium. A significant density by N interaction was found for radish fresh weight. Within a given nutsedge density, radish yield decreased as N rate increased. In field studies, additive series of 0, 50, 100, 150, or 200 nutsedge plants m−2were established the same day radish was sown. Nitrogen rates were 100 or 200 kg ha−1. Marketable radish yield losses and nutsedge shoot dry weight and height were determined 30 d after seeding the crop. Nutsedge densities and N rates interactively influenced radish root yield. Radish yield loss reached 100% at nutsedge densities of 75 and 125 plants m−2at 200 and 100 kg N ha−1, respectively. Purple nutsedge produced larger shoot biomass as N increased from 100 to 200 kg ha−1. Results of both greenhouse and field studies showed that as N increased, the negative effect of the weed on the crop was enhanced.

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Centre-pivot irrigation system design for uniform water application rate

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-2711 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Giorgio Baiamonte ◽

Mustafa Elfahl ◽

Giuseppe Provenzano

Keyword(s):

System Design ◽

Irrigation System ◽

Design Procedure ◽

Application Rate ◽

Water Application ◽

Irrigation Systems ◽

Flow Rates ◽

Irrigated Area ◽

Application Rates ◽

Irrigation System Design

In the last few decades, the use of centre-pivot irrigation systems has significantly increased, since it makes farming easier, is more efficient and less time-consuming compared to the other irrigation systems. Several studies have been focused on the hydraulics of the centre-pivot systems. Standard high-pressure impact sprinklers or low-pressure spray sprinklers or Low Energy Precision Application (LEPA) systems are generally mounted on the pipeline.To ensure the uniformity of water application, the centre-pivot design requires increasing the flow rates along the lateral, because the sprinklers farther from the pivot move faster, and therefore their instantaneous application rates must be greater. Thus, the irrigated area under a centre-pivot system expands substantially with increasing system length. To irrigate the increased area by maintaining constant the application intensity, the manufacturers propose: i) to increase the flow rates of equally spaced sprinklers, ii) to gradually decrease the spacing of equal-flow sprinklers along the centre-pivot lateral, and iii) to use semi-uniform spacing, which is a combination of the first two methods.However, the most common centre-pivot systems have equally spaced sprinklers with increasing flow rates (nozzle sizes) along the lateral, which is probably the easiest method from a practical point of view. Although many definitions and design procedures can be found in the technical literature, a universally accepted design procedure has not yet been found. In fact, the issue of centre-pivot irrigation system design is widely debated and there is still a need for simple, yet adaptive designing guidelines for farmers using these systems, specifically to maximize water use efficiency.This study presents an alternative design procedure of centre-pivot irrigation system allowing to set favourable water application rates. First, the sprinklers&#8217; spacing distribution corresponding to a fixed irrigated area along the radial direction is derived. According to this outcome, the results showed that sprinkler characteristics and/or pipe diameter need to be varied along the lateral, based on the desired and uniform water application rate. Then, for a practical case, an application based on the proposed hydraulic design procedure was performed and discussed.

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Resurgence of Soilborne Pests in Doublecropped Cucumber after Application of Methyl Bromide Chemical Alternatives and Solarization in Tomato

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.15.4.0797 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 15 (4) ◽

pp. 797-801 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

James P. Gilreath ◽

Timothy N. Motis ◽

Bielinski M. Santos ◽

Joseph W. Noling ◽

Salvadore J. Locascio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Methyl Bromide ◽

Field Studies ◽

Cyperus Rotundus ◽

Residual Effects ◽

Marketable Yield ◽

Yield Data ◽

Purple Nutsedge ◽

Yellow Nutsedge ◽

Long Term Effect ◽

Cropping Seasons

Field studies were conducted during four consecutive tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) -cucumber (Cucumis sativus) rotations to examine the longterm residual effects of tomato methyl bromide (MBr) alternatives on soilborne pests in double-cropped cucumber. Four treatments were established in tomato fields: a) nontreated control; b) MBr + chloropicrin (Pic) (67:33 by weight) at a rate of 350 lb/acre; c) tank-mixed pebulate + napropamide at 4 and 2 lb/acre, respectively, followed by 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) + Pic (83:17 by volume) at 40 gal/acre; and d) napropamide at 2 lb/acre followed by soil solarization for 7 to 8 weeks. Each of the following seasons, cucumber was planted in the same tomato plots without removing mulch films. For nutsedge [purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) and yellow nutsedge (C. esculentus)] densities, napropamide followed by solarization plots had equal control (≤15 plants/m2) as MBr + Pic during all four cropping seasons. However, nematode control with solarization was inconsistent. Marketable yield data proved that fumigation in tomato fields with either MBr + Pic or pebulate + napropamide followed by 1,3-D + Pic had a long-term effect on double-cropped cucumber.

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Cover Crop and Herbicide Combinations for Weed Control in Polyethylene-mulched Bell Pepper

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/hortsci.19.2.405 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 405-410 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Sanjeev K. Bangarwa ◽

Jason K. Norsworthy ◽

Edward E. Gbur

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Cover Crop ◽

Application Rate ◽

Palmer Amaranth ◽

Cyperus Rotundus ◽

Bell Pepper ◽

Purple Nutsedge ◽

Yellow Nutsedge ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

Large Crabgrass

Field trials were conducted in 2006 and 2007 to evaluate the performance of ‘Caliente’ mustard cover crop and herbicide combinations for weed control in polyethylene-mulched bell pepper (Capsicum annuum). ‘Caliente’ mustard is a blend of brown mustard (Brassica juncea) and white mustard (Sinapis alba). Herbicide treatments included 1/2× and 1× rates of two pre-emergence (PRE) and two postdirected (PD) herbicides. PRE herbicides were applied 1 week before transplanting, whereas PD herbicides were applied at 4 to 5 weeks after transplanting. ‘Caliente’ mustard did not supplement weed control or improve bell pepper yield in herbicide-treated plots. There was a significant herbicide selection by application rate interaction for large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) control and bell pepper yield, but only the main effect of herbicide selection and application rate affected the control of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus), yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus), and palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri). Bell pepper injury was not more than 9% from all herbicides and application rates. Except for large crabgrass, control of all weed species improved by increasing the application rate from 1/2× to 1×. S-metolachlor PRE provided more broad-spectrum weed control than other herbicides. Halosulfuron applied PRE or PD was selective to purple nutsedge and yellow nutsedge, whereas trifloxysulfuron performed better than halosulfuron on palmer amaranth and large crabgrass. Plots treated with the 1× rate of S-metolachlor or trifloxysulfuron produced the highest marketable bell pepper yield among the herbicide treatments, but no herbicide treatment allowed for marketable yield equivalent to the weed-free treatment.

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Response of Yellow (Cyperus esculentus) and Purple (Cyperus rotundus) Nutsedge to Metolachlor

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500061579 ◽

1980 ◽

Vol 28 (6) ◽

pp. 708-715 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

T. Obrigawitch ◽

J. R. Abernathy ◽

J. R. Gipson

Keyword(s):

Field Studies ◽

Cyperus Rotundus ◽

Cyperus Esculentus ◽

Purple Nutsedge ◽

Yellow Nutsedge ◽

Treatment Site

Two 1-yr field studies were conducted to evaluate preemergence and preplant incorporated treatments of alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6′-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl)acetanilide], EPTC (S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate), fluridone {1-methyl-3-phenyl-5-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-4(1H)-pyridinone}, and metolachlor [2-chloro-N-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-N-(2-methoxy-1-methylethyl)acetamide] for the control of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentusL.). Preemergence applications of metolachlor at 2.24, 3.36, and 4.48 kg/ha gave the best control with no significant differences observed among rates of metolachlor. Depth of herbicide incorporation did not result in any significant increase in control. Preplant incorporation of metolachlor at all rates, or fluridone at 0.56 and 0.84 kg/ha provided seasonal control of yellow nutsedge. Translocation of14C-metolachlor applied to the root or shoot of yellow nutsedge was primarily acropetal with some limited basipetal movement. Application of14C-metolachlor to the root or shoot of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundusL.) resulted in mostly acropetal translocation with little movement of14C from the treatment site.

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Methyl Iodide plus Chloropicrin Rates and Formulations for Nutsedge Management in Tomato

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech.21.1.51 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

pp. 51-55 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

James P. Gilreath ◽

Bielinski M. Santos

Keyword(s):

Methyl Iodide ◽

Field Studies ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Cyperus Rotundus ◽

Cyperus Esculentus ◽

Purple Nutsedge ◽

Yellow Nutsedge ◽

Independent Field ◽

Marketable Fruit ◽

Sampling Times

Two independent field studies were conducted to determine the efficacy of methyl iodide (MI) formulations and rates on mixed nutsedge [purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus)] stands and their effects on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) yields. In both studies, treatments were rates of two formulations of MI + chloropicrin (Pic) at the 98:2 (v/v) and 50:50 (v/v) proportions. In the MI + Pic 98:2 study, the fumigant rates were 0, 100, 125, 150, 175, and 200 lb/acre in Spring 2004 and 0, 125, 150, 175, and 200 lb/acre in Fall 2004. In the MI + Pic 50:50 study, the rates were 0, 200, 250, 300, 350, and 400 lb/acre during both seasons. Additionally, a grower standard was included in each study, which consisted of plots fumigated with methyl bromide (MBr) + Pic 67:33 (v/v) at a rate of 350 lb/acre. Higher rates of MI + Pic 98:2 and 50:50 significantly reduced mixed nutsedge densities and increased relative marketable fruit weight of tomato. Plots fumigated with MBr + Pic were weed-free at the sampling times during both studies. Data from both studies indicated that MI + Pic 98:2 and 50:50 rates of 125 and 200 lb/acre, respectively, consistently provided the highest marketable fruit weights and mixed nutsedge control, which were similar to those obtained in plots treated with MBr + Pic.

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Augmenting the Moth(Bactra verutana)in Field Plots for Early-Season Suppression of Purple Nutsedge(Cyperus rotundus)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500064869 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 26 (6) ◽

pp. 703-710 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

K. E. Frick ◽

J. M. Chandler

Keyword(s):

Field Studies ◽

Cyperus Rotundus ◽

Cotton Yield ◽

Seed Cotton ◽

Larval Release ◽

Early Season ◽

Purple Nutsedge ◽

Seed Cotton Yield ◽

Field Plots ◽

Aboveground Growth

In six years of field studies, early-season releases of the native mothBactra verutanaZeller were evaluated as a biological control for purple nutsedge(Cyperus rotundusL.). Establishment from adult releases required at least 10 pairs of moths per release; establishment from larval release could be achieved with a single release of two or five newly-emerged larvae per shoot. When shoots averaged 4 or 7.5 cm high at the time of such releases, aboveground growth was reduced 32 to 62% after 30 days. Three to eight weekly releases of larvae reduced the topgrowth of nutsedge planted in rows of cotton(Gossypium hirsutumL. ‘Stoneville 213’) 30 to 68% 6 to 8 weeks after the last release. Weekly releases of about five larvae per shoot repeated three, four, or five times in 1976 and 1977 reduced nutsedge growth so that seed cotton yield equalled that of cotton in plots without nutsedge. MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate) applied at the rate of 2.2 kg/ha 5 and 7 weeks after cotton emergence gave greater control of purple nutsedge topgrowth and a yield of seed cotton equal to that resulting from three to five larval releases of about five larvae per shoot beginning when purple nutsedge averaged 7.5 cm high. When MSMA was applied at 7.5 and 8.5 weeks after cotton emergence, the addition of two early-season releases of larvae were also necessary to achieve nutsedge control and seed cotton yield equal to that produced by three to five releases of larvae.

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HOUSEHOLD WATER BALANCE AND ASSESSMENT OF WATER VOLUME FOR IRRIGATION IN AGRO LANDSCAPES OF THE KYZYLSU-YUZHNAYA BASIN

Prirodoobustrojstvo ◽

10.26897/1997-6011-2020-5-102-109 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 102-109

Author(s):

D.KH. DOMULLODZHANOV ◽

◽

R. RAHMATILLOEV

Keyword(s):

Water Balance ◽

River Basin ◽

Water Use ◽

Storage Systems ◽

Low Cost ◽

Field Studies ◽

Water Volume ◽

Land Productivity ◽

Household Water ◽

And Storage

The article presents the results of the field studies and observations that carried out on the territory of the hilly, low-mountain and foothill agro landscapes of the Kyzylsu-yuzhnaya (Kyzylsu-Southern) River Basin of Tajikistan. Taking into account the high-altitude location of households and the amount of precipitation in the river basin, the annual volumes of water accumulated with the use of low-cost systems of collection and storage of precipitation have been clarified. The amount of water accumulated in the precipitation collection and storage systems has been established, the volume of water used for communal and domestic needs,the watering of livestock and the amount of water that can be used to irrigate crops in the have been determined. Possible areas of irrigation of household plots depending on the different availability of precipitation have been determined. It has been established that in wet years (with precipitation of about 10%) the amount of water collected using drip irrigation will be sufficient for irrigation of 0.13 hectares, and in dry years (with 90% of precipitation) it will be possible to irrigate only 0.03 ha of the household plot. On the basis of the basin, the total area of irrigation in wet years can be 4497 ha, and in dry years only 1087 ha. Taking into account the forecasts of population growth by 2030 and an increase in the number of households, the total area of irrigation of farmlands in wet years may reach 5703 hectares,and in dry years – 1379 hectares. Growing crops on household plots under irrigation contributes to a significant increase in land productivity and increases the efficiency of water use of the Kyzylsu-yuzhnaya basin.

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