Managing Bitter Pit in ‘Honeycrisp’ Apples Grown in the Mid-Atlantic United States with Foliar-applied Calcium Chloride and Some Alternatives

Three separate experiments were conducted to test standard calcium chloride salt (CaCl2) rates and several new formulations of calcium (Ca) for amelioration of bitter pit, a Ca-related physiological disorder that affects fruit of many apple (Malus ×domestica) cultivars, including the popular cultivar Honeycrisp. Even small amounts of bitter pit damage make apples unmarketable. We evaluated various formulations of Ca to compare their effectiveness in controlling bitter pit, including proprietary Ca products (InCa™, Sysstem-Cal™, Vigor-Cal™, XD10, and XD505) with and without antitranspirant. Calcium chloride is the most common Ca product used to reduce bitter pit incidence, but it has negative impacts, such as phytotoxicity and corrosiveness. Of the products that were tested in 2011, XD10 at the high rate and XD505 are candidates for future study. In 2012, both the CaCl2 and XD10 treatments had lower bitter pit severity than the nontreated control, but only the CaCl2 treatments had a lower total percentage of fruit with bitter pit compared with the control. The antitranspirant reduced bitter pit incidence in one of three treatments. Full season Ca treatments and higher rates (up to 23.5 lb/acre per season of elemental Ca) are needed to significantly reduce bitter pit incidence in ‘Honeycrisp’ apples in the mid-Atlantic United States.

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Responses of ‘Honeycrisp’ Apples to Short-term Controlled Atmosphere Storage Established During Temperature Conditioning

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci14182-19 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 54 (9) ◽

pp. 1532-1539 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Corina Serban ◽

Lee Kalcsits ◽

Jennifer DeEll ◽

James P. Mattheis

Keyword(s):

Chilling Injury ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Controlled Atmosphere ◽

Physiological Disorder ◽

Ethylene Concentration ◽

Bitter Pit ◽

Honeycrisp Apples ◽

Cavity Development ◽

Postharvest Management

‘Honeycrisp’ apples are susceptible to bitter pit, a physiological disorder that impacts peel and adjacent cortex tissue. ‘Honeycrisp’ is also susceptible to chilling injury (CI) that can be prevented by holding fruit at 10 to 20 °C after harvest for up to 7 days. This temperature conditioning period reduces CI risk but can enhance bitter pit development. Previous research demonstrated a controlled atmosphere (CA) established during conditioning can reduce ‘Honeycrisp’ bitter pit development without inducing other physiological disorders. The objective of this research was to evaluate the duration of CA needed to reduce bitter pit development. Experiments were conducted in 2014, 2016, and 2017 with fruit obtained from commercial orchards in Washington State and, in 2017 only, Ontario, Canada. Half the fruit were treated with 42 µmol·L−1 1-methycyclopropene (1-MCP) for 24 hours at 10 °C immediately following harvest. The untreated fruit were held at the same temperature (10 °C) in a different cold room. Following 1-MCP treatment, all fruit were conditioned at 10 °C for an additional 6 days, then fruit was cooled to 2.8 °C. During conditioning, fruit were held in air or CA (2.5 kPa O2, 0.5 kPa CO2) established 1 day after harvest, for 1 to 8 weeks, then in air. All fruit were removed from cold storage after 4 months and then held 7 days at 20 °C. Fruit from most orchards/years stored in CA developed less bitter pit compared with fruit stored continuously in air. CA during conditioning also reduced poststorage peel greasiness but CA for 2 weeks or longer enhanced cortex cavity development in some orchard lots. Treatment with 1-MCP did not reduce bitter pit but enhanced development of peel leather blotch and core browning for some orchards/years. 1-MCP–treated fruit slowed the loss of soluble solids content, titratable acidity, and reduced internal ethylene concentration. Results suggest the potential for postharvest management of bitter pit development in ‘Honeycrisp’ apples by CA established during conditioning with minimal development of other postharvest disorders.

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Initial Short-term Storage at 33 °F Reduces Physiological Disorder Development in ‘Honeycrisp’ Apples

HortTechnology ◽

10.21273/horttech04102-18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 28 (4) ◽

pp. 481-484 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Yosef Al Shoffe ◽

Christopher B. Watkins

Keyword(s):

Low Temperature ◽

Specific Time ◽

Short Term ◽

Physiological Disorder ◽

Time Period ◽

Bitter Pit ◽

Short Term Storage ◽

Honeycrisp Apples ◽

Soft Scald ◽

Term Storage

Initial short-term storage is a treatment where fruit are cooled to 33 °F for a specific time period and then moved to 38 °F until the end of storage. Its effects on the development of physiological disorders in ‘Honeycrisp’ apples (Malus domestica) were investigated for two seasons. During the first season, fruit were harvested from two orchards and stored at 33 and 38 °F, with and without 1 week of conditioning at 50 °F, or stored for 4 weeks at 33 °F followed by 4 weeks at 38 °F. All fruit were stored for a total of 8 weeks. In the second season, fruit were harvested from one orchard and stored at 38 °F either with or without 1 week of conditioning at 50 °F, or stored for 1 week at 33 °F and moved to 38 °F for 15 weeks followed by 7 d at 68 °F. Short-term storage (1 to 4 weeks) at 33 °F decreased bitter pit for all orchards in the two seasons, except in comparison with the continuous 33 °F storage in the first season; soft scald was also reduced in the first season compared with continuous storage at 33 °F, with higher incidence of soft scald in orchard one compared with orchard two. Initial short-term storage at 33 °F resulted in lower soggy breakdown incidence compared with storage at 33 °F with 1 week of conditioning at 50 °F for fruit from orchard two in the first season, the only year when low-temperature injuries were observed. In conclusion, initial short-term storage at 33 °F followed by storage at 38 °F maintained the highest percentage of healthy fruit in the two seasons.

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Impacts of 1-Methylcyclopropene and Controlled Atmosphere Established during Conditioning on Development of Bitter Pit in ‘Honeycrisp’ Apples

HortScience ◽

10.21273/hortsci11368-16 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

pp. 132-137 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

James P. Mattheis ◽

David R. Rudell ◽

Ines Hanrahan

Keyword(s):

Storage Temperature ◽

Color Change ◽

Chilling Injury ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Controlled Atmosphere ◽

Physiological Disorder ◽

Commercial Harvest ◽

Bitter Pit ◽

Honeycrisp Apples

‘Honeycrisp’ apples are susceptible to develop the physiological disorder bitter pit. This disorder typically develops during storage, but preharvest lesion can also develop. ‘Honeycrisp’ is also chilling sensitive, and fruit is typically held at 10–20 °C after harvest for up to 7 days to reduce development of chilling injury (CI) during subsequent cold storage. This temperature conditioning period followed by a lower storage temperature (2–4 °C) reduces CI risk but can exacerbate bitter pit development. Bitter pit development can be impacted in other apple cultivars by the use of controlled atmosphere (CA) storage and/or 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP). Studies were conducted to evaluate efficacy of CA and/or 1-MCP to manage ‘Honeycrisp’ bitter pit development. Apples from multiple lots, obtained at commercial harvest, were held at 10 °C for 7 days and then cooled to 3 °C. Half the fruit was exposed to 42 μmol·L−1 1-MCP the day of receipt while held at 10 °C. Fruit were stored in air or CA (3 kPa O2, 0.5 kPa CO2 for 2 days, then 1.5 kPa O2, 0.5 kPa CO2) established after 1 day at 10 °C or after 7 days at 10 °C plus 2 days at 3 °C. Fruit treated with 1-MCP and/or stored in CA developed less bitter pit compared with untreated fruit stored in air, and bitter pit incidence was lowest for 1-MCP-treated fruit with CA established during conditioning. Development of diffuse flesh browning (DFB) and cavities, reported to occur during ‘Honeycrisp’ CA storage, was observed in some lots. Incidence of these disorders was not enhanced by establishing CA 2 days compared with 9 days after harvest. 1-MCP and CA slowed peel color change, loss of soluble solids content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA), and reduced ethylene production and respiration rate. The results indicate potential for the postharvest management of bitter pit development in ‘Honeycrisp’ apple through use of 1-MCP and/or CA storage.

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Start-Timing for Calcium Chloride Spray Programs Influences Fruit Calcium and Bitter Pit in ‘Braeburn’ and ‘Honeycrisp’ Apples

Journal of Plant Nutrition ◽

10.1080/01904160701555077 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 30 (8) ◽

pp. 1213-1227 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Frank J. Peryea ◽

Gerry H. Neilsen ◽

Dana Faubion

Keyword(s):

Calcium Chloride ◽

Bitter Pit ◽

Honeycrisp Apples

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Multiple season-long sprays of ethephon or NAA combined with calcium chloride on ‘Honeycrisp’ apples: I. Effect on bloom and fruit quality attributes

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.1139/cjps-2018-0196 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 99 (4) ◽

pp. 444-459

Author(s):

John A. Cline

Keyword(s):

Calcium Chloride ◽

Fruit Quality ◽

Quality Attributes ◽

Naphthaleneacetic Acid ◽

Fruit Firmness ◽

Biennial Bearing ◽

Fruit Drop ◽

Fruit Maturity ◽

Return Bloom ◽

Honeycrisp Apples

‘Honeycrisp’ apple trees are highly prone to biennial bearing and predisposed to bitter pit. The hypothesis that tank mix sprays of ethephon (ETH), naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC) combined with calcium chloride (CaCl2) can mitigate these production problems was tested in a 3-yr study. Mature ‘Honeycrisp’ trees were treated with either three or six summer applications of 150 mg L−1 ETH or 5 mg L−1 NAA, all tank-mixed with and without CaCl2, or two or five applications of 150 mg L−1 ACC (without CaCl2). Treatments were applied at 10-d intervals and initiated between 21 and 26 June. All treatments had little effect on enhancing return bloom of ‘Honeycrisp’. NAA, ETH, and CaCl2 all influenced fruit maturity and quality at harvest to varying degrees and across years. Fruit treated with NAA were firmer compared with untreated fruit in 2 out of 3 yr, whereas overall, fruit treated with six sprays of ETH had lower fruit firmness and were more mature. NAA had less influence on fruit quality attributes at harvest than did ETH, and decreased pre-harvest fruit drop (PFD). PFD increased with ETH in 1 out of 2 yr, whereas ACC and NAA both decreased PFD in 1 out of 2 yr. Overall, ETH and NAA, with or without CaCl2, had significant but inconsistent effects on fruit quality and maturity, all dependent on the year and number of applications. Adding CaCl2 decreased fruit firmness in 2 out of 3 yr.

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Stand against anti-Asian racial discrimination during COVID-19: A call for action

International Social Work ◽

10.1177/0020872820970610 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 002087282097061

Author(s):

Qin Gao ◽

Xiaofang Liu

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Social Media ◽

Racial Discrimination ◽

Asian Americans ◽

Well Being ◽

Political Rhetoric ◽

The United States ◽

Psychological Well Being ◽

Negative Impacts

Racial discrimination against people of Chinese and other Asian ethnicities has risen sharply in number and severity globally amid the COVID-19 pandemic. This rise has been especially rapid and severe in the United States, fueled by xenophobic political rhetoric and racist language on social media. It has endangered the lives of many Asian Americans and is likely to have long-term negative impacts on the economic, social, physical, and psychological well-being of Asian Americans. This essay reviews the prevalence and consequences of anti-Asian racial discrimination during COVID-19 and calls for actions in practice, policy, and research to stand against it.

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Selective herbicides for control of hen’s eyes (Ardisia crenata) in forests and natural areas

Invasive Plant Science and Management ◽

10.1017/inp.2019.29 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 229-235

Author(s):

Richard Cristan ◽

Patrick J. Minogue ◽

Stephen F. Enloe ◽

Brent Sellers ◽

Anna Osiecka

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Coastal Plain ◽

Southeastern United States ◽

High Rate ◽

Natural Areas ◽

Invasive Shrub ◽

Herbicide Treatments

AbstractHen’s eyes (Ardisia crenata Sims) is a shade-tolerant invasive shrub displacing native understory in forests of the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States. Few studies have explored herbicide effectiveness on A. crenata, with foliar applications of triclopyr amine or triclopyr ester typically referenced as the standard treatments. This study evaluated efficacy of eight foliar herbicide treatments and a nontreated check at three locations at 12 mo after the first treatment (12MAT1) and 12 mo after the second treatment (12MAT2) on established (greater than 8-cm high) and seedling (less than 8-cm high) A. crenata. Treatments were four triclopyr formulations: amine, ester, choline, and acid (all at 4.04 kg ae ha−1); imazamox (1.12 and 2.24 kg ae ha−1); flumioxazin (0.43 kg ai ha−1); and triclopyr amine plus flumioxazin (4.04 + 0.43 kg ae ha−1). At 12MAT1, triclopyr ester, the high rate of imazamox, and triclopyr acid resulted in greater control of established A. crenata than any other herbicide (68%, 66%, and 64%, respectively). At 12MAT2, all herbicides except flumioxazin resulted in some control of A. crenata. Triclopyr ester, triclopyr acid, and the high rate of imazamox provided 95%, 93%, and 92% control, respectively. Triclopyr choline did not perform as well as the acid or ester formulations, and the tank mix of flumioxazin and triclopyr amine did not improve control over triclopyr amine alone. This study identified triclopyr acid and imazamox (2.24 kg ae ha−1) as new options for A. crenata control and indicated variation in the performance among the four triclopyr formulations.

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Effects from Early Planting of Late-Maturing Sunflowers on Damage from Primary Insect Pests in the United States

Helia ◽

10.1515/helia-2015-0016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 39 (64) ◽

pp. 45-56 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. R. Prasifka ◽

L. F. Marek ◽

D. K. Lee ◽

S. B. Thapa ◽

V. Hahn ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

North Dakota ◽

Sunflower Seed ◽

Insect Pests ◽

The United States ◽

Total Percentage ◽

History Of ◽

Smicronyx Fulvus ◽

Sunflower Moth ◽

Homoeosoma Electellum

AbstractDelayed planting is recommended to reduce damage from sunflower insect pests in the United States, including the sunflower moth, Homoeosoma electellum (Hulst) and banded sunflower moth, Cochylis hospes Walsingham. However, in some locations, planting earlier or growing later-maturing hybrids could improve yield or oil content of sunflowers which would partially offset any added costs from insect pests or their management. Because the abundance and distribution of some sunflower insects have changed since recommendations for delayed planting were developed, experimental plots were grown in 2012 and 2013 at sites in North Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, and Illinois. Sunflowers were planted two to four weeks earlier than normal, including hybrids that flower two to three weeks later than elite commercial hybrids. The sum of seed damaged by sunflower moth, banded sunflower moth, and red sunflower seed weevil, Smicronyx fulvus LeConte, (i. e., total percentage) was influenced by location, but not the relative maturity of tested entries. However, when damage attributed solely to the red sunflower seed weevil was analyzed, more damaged seed were found for late-maturing entries in North Dakota and Nebraska. In addition to the trial data, current pest populations are lower than when delayed planting was first recommended and insecticide use during sunflower bloom is both common and effective. Together, these observations suggest factoring insect pests into planting time decisions may be unnecessary, except for areas with a history of problems with severe pests that cannot be managed using insecticides (e. g., sunflower midge, Contarinia schulzi Gagné).

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