scholarly journals Ethylene Biosynthesis during Peach Fruit Development

1991 ◽  
Vol 116 (2) ◽  
pp. 274-279 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Tonutti ◽  
P. Casson ◽  
A. Ramina
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Ethylene Evolution ◽  
Peach Fruit ◽  
Stages Of Growth ◽  
Acc Content

Ethylene evolution and ACC levels were determined throughout the growth and development of peach fruit (Prunus persica L. Batsch cv. Redhaven). In the four stages of growth (I, II, III, IV), as indicated by weekly monitoring of fresh (FW) and dry (DW) weight accumulation, ethylene biosynthesis in whole fruit decreased during FWI and remained almost undetectable during FWII and FWIII. In pericarp disks, ethylene evolution followed the same trend, although a peak at 78 days after full bloom and a slight increase before the onset of the climacteric were observed. The high rates of ethylene evolution were associated with a concurrent increase in ACC content. Enhancement of ACC synthase and ethylene-forming enzyme (EFE) activities was responsible for the peak of ethylene evolution detected before the beginning of FWIII and DWIII. At the climacteric, which occurred at the FWIII-FWIV transition, sequential events were observed in different fruit tissues. An increase of ethylene production in the mesocarp preceded the onset of the climacteric rise in whole fruit. The high amount of ethylene detected during the climacteric appeared to be related to increased EFE activity in the epicarp. Chemical name used: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).

scholarly journals Inhibition of Ethylene Biosynthesis and Action in Cut Carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) by Aminotriazole

1994 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 282-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven A. Altman ◽  
Theophanes Solomos
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Dianthus Caryophyllus ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Ethylene Evolution ◽  
Dependent Inhibition ◽  
Ethylene Action ◽  
Exogenous Ethylene ◽  
Acc Content

Treating `Elliott's White' cut carnations with 50 or 100 mm aminotriazole for 4 days inhibits the respiratory climacteric and significantly extends vase life. Aminotriazole induced time- and concentration-dependent inhibition of ethylene evolution and onset of the ethylene climacteric by inhibiting ACC synthase activity. Flowers treated with 50 or 100 mm aminotriazole for 2 days exhibited concentration-dependent increases in ethylene evolution, respiratory activity, ACC synthase activity, and petal ACC content in response to the application of exogenous ethylene at 10 μl·liter-1. Senescence-associated morphological changes, increased ACC synthase activity, ACC content, and ethylene evolution were completely inhibited in flowers treated for 4 days with 100 mm aminotriazole. Although treatment with 50 mm aminotriazole for 4 days did not completely inhibit components of the ethylene biosynthetic pathway, no morphological or respiratory responses to the application of exogenous ethylene at 10 μl·liter-1 were observed, a result indicating that prolonged aminotriazole treatment inhibited ethylene action. Chemical names used: 3-1H-amino-1,2,4-triazole-1-yl (aminotriazole), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).

scholarly journals Ethylene Evolution and 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate Oxidase Gene Expression during Early Development and Ripening of Peach Fruit

1997 ◽  
Vol 122 (5) ◽  
pp. 642-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pietro Tonutti ◽  
Claudio Bonghi ◽  
Benedetto Ruperti ◽  
Giovanni Battista Tornielli ◽  
Angelo Ramina
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Acid Oxidase ◽  
Ethylene Evolution ◽  
Peach Fruit ◽  
Oxidase Gene ◽  
Weak Accumulation

The rate of ethylene biosynthesis was monitored throughout the four stages (S1, S2, S3, and S4) of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch `Springcrest') fruit development. The highest values of ethylene production were detected during the early S1 and at ripening. During S1, the increase in the evolution of ethylene was accompanied by high activity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (ACO). A weak accumulation of ACO mRNA was detected in developing fruitlets, indicating that ACO may play a specific role in modulating the rate of ethylene biosynthesis during the early growth stage. When fruitlets harvested at S1 were flushed with propylene (500 mL·L-1) for 48 h, a two-fold increase of ethylene biosynthesis and a dramatic induction of ACO activity were observed. Treatment with the ethylene analogue greatly stimulated the expression of ACO gene(s). During ripening, the climacteric occurred when fruit had softened to ≈20 N. This process was preceded by an increase in ACC content and ACO activity in the mesocarp. ACO transcripts began to accumulate before the rise in whole-fruit ethylene biosynthesis with peak levels coincident with the climacteric when the highest values of ACO activity were detected. Propylene greatly enhanced ACO gene expression and stimulated the ripening-associated ethylene climacteric. ACO-related transcripts also accumulated in fruit treated with nitrogen for 72 hours.

Antagonism by Clopyralid of Picloram-Induced Ethylene Biosynthesis in Rapeseed Plants

1991 ◽  
Vol 46 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 957-962
Author(s):  
J. Christopher Hall ◽  
Mira Soni
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
De Novo Synthesis ◽  
Ethylene Evolution ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Acc Conversion ◽  
Stimulation Of

The effect of clopyralid pretreatment (500 g/ha) on picloram-induced ethylene, ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-l-carboxylic acid), and MACC [l-(malonylamino)-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid] was measured in rapeseed plants that were treated with 50 or 100 g/ha of picloram. In contrast to plants that did not receive a clopyralid pretreatment, ethylene biosynthesis was significantly reduced in plants pretreated with clopyralid prior to picloram. Picloram- induced levels of ACC also were significantly reduced in plants receiving pretreatment with clopyralid. In contrast, there was no difference between the levels of MACC in plants that were and were not pretreated with clopyralid. Therefore, the mechanism by which clopyralid pretreatment interferes with picloram-induced synthesis of both ACC and ethylene may be manifested through the blocking of de novo synthesis of ACC synthase normally stimulated by picloram. The lack of significant difference in MACC levels between plants that were and were not pretreated with clopyralid precludes the stimulation of enhanced ACC conversion to MACC as an exclusive mechanism of clopyralid’s antidoting activity. It is likely that the rate of picloram-induced ACC synthesis by plants receiving pretreatment is within their capacity to convert ACC to MACC, thereby limiting the substrate available for conversion to ethylene. In contrast, it appears that the extent of ACC synthesis by plants receiving no pretreatment supersedes their capacity for conversion to MACC. thereby resulting in greatly enhanced rates of ethylene evolution and subsequent development of injury symptoms.

Antagonism by Clopyralid of Picloram-Induced Ethylene Biosynthesis in Rapeseed Plants

1991 ◽  
Vol 46 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 957-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Christopher Hall ◽  
Mira Soni
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
De Novo Synthesis ◽  
Ethylene Evolution ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Acc Conversion ◽  
Stimulation Of

Abstract The effect of clopyralid pretreatment (500 g/ha) on picloram-induced ethylene, ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid), and MACC [1-(malonylamino)-cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid] was measured in rapeseed plants that were treated with 50 or 100 g/ha of picloram. In contrast to plants that did not receive a clopyralid pretreatment, ethylene biosynthesis was significantly reduced in plants pretreated with clopyralid prior to picloram. Piclo­ram-induced levels of ACC also were significantly reduced in plants receiving pretreatment with clopyralid. In contrast, there was no difference between the levels of MACC in plants that were and were not pretreated with clopyralid. Therefore, the mechanism by which clopyralid pretreatment interferes with picloram-induced synthesis of both ACC and ethylene may be manifested through the blocking of de novo synthesis of ACC synthase normally stimulated by picloram. The lack of significant difference in MACC levels between plants that were and were not pretreated with clopyralid precludes the stimulation of enhanced ACC conversion to MACC as an exclusive mechanism of clopyralid’s antidoting activity. It is likely that the rate of picloram-induced ACC synthesis by plants receiving pretreatment is within their capacity to convert ACC to MACC, thereby limiting the substrate available for conversion to ethylene. In contrast, it appears that the extent of ACC synthesis by plants receiving no pretreatment su­persedes their capacity for conversion to MACC, thereby resulting in greatly enhanced rates of ethylene evolution and subsequent development of injury symptoms.

scholarly journals ENHANCED SYNTHESIS AND ACCUMULATION OF ACC AND MACC DURING RELIEF OF THERMOINHIBITION WITH KINETIN IN LETTUCE SEED

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 596g-597
Author(s):  
Claudinei Andreoli ◽  
Anwar A. Khan
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Lactuca Sativa ◽  
Acc Synthase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Lettuce Seed ◽  
Zero Level ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The level of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) was 0.55 nmol.g-1 in dry lettuce (Lactuca sativa cv. Emperor) seeds. After 4h soak at 25°, 35° and 35°C+ KIN (kinetin, 50μM), the levels were 0, 0.2 and 1.14 nmol.g-1 seeds, respectively. The level of ACC was higher at 35°+KIN than at 35°C for up to 16h soak. No ACC was detectable at 25°C during 2 to 16h soak. In the presence of 50μM ABA, ACC level decreased to 0.2 nmol.g-1 at 4h soak and to zero level during 8 to 16h soak. The level of l-(malonylamino) cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (MACC), in dry seeds was 14 nmol.g-1. Exposure to 35°C in the presence or absence of KIN increased the level to 40-42 nmol.g-1 within 2h soaking, while at 25° only a slight increase (23 nmol.g-1) occurred. As in the case of ACC, the level of MACC was higher at 35°C+ KIN than at 35° or 25° for up to 16h soak.When seeds were soaked in ABA, the pattern of MACC produced was similar to that produced at 35°C. The results indicate that ACC synthase activity is enhanced by the addition of KIN at 35°C resulting in increased synthesis and/or accumulation of ACC and MACC. The relationship of ethylene biosynthesis to changes during stress imposition and alleviation by various factors will be discussed.

scholarly journals 1-Methylcyclopropene Application and Modified Atmosphere Packaging Affect Ethylene Biosynthesis, Fruit Softening, and Quality of ‘Tegan Blue’ Japanese Plum During Cold Storage

2008 ◽  
Vol 133 (2) ◽  
pp. 290-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmad Sattar Khan ◽  
Zora Singh
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Cold Storage ◽  
Modified Atmosphere Packaging ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Modified Atmosphere ◽  
Fruit Softening ◽  
Ripe Fruit ◽  
Japanese Plum ◽  
Acc Content

This research was carried out to extend the postharvest storage of japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl. cv. Tegan Blue), which has a short shelf life limiting its export potential. The effects of 1.0 μL·L−1 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), alone or in combination, on quality of mature japanese plum fruit during storage (0 ± 1 °C and 90% ± 5% relative humidity) were investigated. The activities of enzymes of ethylene biosynthesis [1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACS), 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase (ACO), and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) content] and those of cell wall-associated enzymes [exo-polygalacturonase (exo-PG), endo-polygalacturonase (endo-PG), pectin esterase (PE), and endo-1,4-β-D-glucanase (EGase)] were also measured. 1-MCP-treated fruit stored in normal atmosphere or in MAP had lower ACC content and inhibited ethylene production with reduced ACS and ACO activities compared with fruit stored in MAP and in normal atmosphere. Similarly, 1-MCP-treated fruit, stored either in normal atmosphere or in MAP, were firmer with reduced exo-PG, endo-PG, PE, and EGase activities compared with fruit stored in MAP and in normal atmosphere. During storage as well as during ripening, fruit stored in MAP exhibited a higher rate of respiration compared with other treatments. MAP exacerbated the effect of 1-MCP in reduction of ethylene production and fruit softening. 1-MCP application in combination with MAP after 5 and 7 weeks of storage delayed the fruit ripening by 10 and 8 days in contrast with control fruit, respectively. During storage, and as well as in ripe fruit, weight loss was reduced in fruit stored in MAP either with or without 1-MCP application. Control fruit and 1-MCP-treated fruit, stored in a normal atmosphere or in MAP, had the same values for the following parameters: chromaticity value L*, C*, and hue angle, titratable acidity, and concentrations of soluble solids, ascorbic acid, and total antioxidants. In conclusion, 1-MCP application in combination with MAP can be used effectively to reduce the ethylene biosynthesis and fruit softening during cold storage and to extend the storage life up to 7 weeks followed by 8 d of ripening without any adverse effects on the quality of ripe fruit.

scholarly journals Peach and Nectarine Fruit Softening Following Aminoethoxyvinylglycine Sprays and Dips

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross E. Byers
Keyword(s):  
Cold Storage ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Harvest Date ◽  
Fruit Softening ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Ethylene Evolution ◽  
Commercial Harvest ◽  
Final Harvest

AVG sprays applied to `Redhaven' peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) trees 53, 72, 80, 87, or 94 days after full bloom (AFB) slightly delayed the first harvest date. Applications at 53 or 94 days AFB slightly delayed cumulative second and third harvests. The fourth (final) harvest was not delayed by any AVG spray. Firm commercial-harvest peach and nectarine fruit submerged for 60 s in AVG solutions softened more slowly than the controls when kept at room temperature (≈24 °C) for 3 to 12 days. AVG-treated fruit dipped in ethephon after 4 days showed an increased rate of softening compared to fruits treated only with AVG. Fruit submerged in AVG solutions and stored at 1.5 or 4.5 °C for 12 to 18 days did not differ in firmness from the controls upon removal from cold storage but sometimes softened more slowly after storage. Ethylene evolution from AVG-dipped fruit was not measureable even after it was kept at room temperature for 12 days. Chemicals used: Aminoethoxyvinylglycine hydrochloride (AVG); 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon).

scholarly journals Influence of Short-term Treatment with High CO2 and N2 on Ethylene Biosynthesis in Tomato Fruit

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-104
Author(s):  
Hirofumi Terai ◽  
Hironobu Tsuchida ◽  
Masashi Mizuno ◽  
Noriyoshi Matsui
Keyword(s):  
Carboxylic Acid ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Acc Oxidase ◽  
Ethylene Biosynthesis ◽  
Term Treatment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Short Term Treatment ◽  
High Co2 ◽  
Acc Content

Tomato fruit were given a short-term (24 h) high CO2 (80%) or N2 (100%) treatment and then transferred to air storage at 20 °C. The CO2 treatment stimulated ACC oxidase activity and ethylene production, whereas the N2 treatment increased ACC content but did not increase ethylene production. Both CO2, and N2 treatments delayed ripening for one day, but fruit ripened normally. Although short-term 80% CO2, had a stimulating effect, and 100 % N2 had no effect on ethylene production, ripening was delayed slightly by both treatments. Chemical name used: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC).

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