scholarly journals (E)-2-Hexenal Can Stimulate Botrytis cinerea Growth in vitro and on Strawberries in vivo during Storage

1998 ◽  
Vol 123 (5) ◽  
pp. 875-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elazar Fallik ◽  
Douglas D. Archbold ◽  
Thomas R. Hamilton-Kemp ◽  
Ann M. Clements ◽  
Randy W. Collins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
High Concentration

Some plant-derived natural volatile compounds exhibit antifungal properties and may offer an opportunity to control the causes of postharvest spoilage without affecting quality of, or leaving a residue on, fresh produce. The natural wound volatile (E)-2-hexenal has exhibited significant antifungal activity in earlier studies, but effects on spore germination and mycelial growth have not been separated, nor has the inhibitory mode of action been determined. To determine the efficacy of (E)-2-hexenal for control of Botrytis cinerea Pers. ex Fr. spore germination and mycelial growth, and to examine the mode of action, in vitro and in vivo studies were performed. Under in vitro bioassay conditions, spore germination was more sensitive to the compound than was mycelial growth. Vapor from 10.3 μmol of (E)-2-hexenal in a 120-mL petri dish completely inhibited spore germination. However, 85.6 μmol of (E)-2-hexenal was required to completely inhibit mycelial growth. Lower concentrations of the compound (5.4 and 10.3 μmol) significantly stimulated mycelial growth, especially when the volatile was added 2 days following inoculation. Mycelial growth did not occur as long as the vapor-phase concentration was 0.48 μmol·L-1 or greater. Light microscopy analysis indicated that a high concentration of volatile compound dehydrated fungal hyphae and disrupted their cell walls and membranes. Exposure of B. cinerea-inoculated and non-inoculated strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duch.) fruit in 1.1-L low-density polyethylene film-wrapped containers to vapor of (E)-2-hexenal at 85.6 or 856 μmol (10 or 100 mL, respectively) per container for durations of 1, 4, or 7 days during 7 days of storage at 2 °C promoted the incidence of B. cinerea during subsequent shelf storage at 20 to 22 °C. Loss of fruit fresh mass and fruit firmness during storage at 22 °C was increased by (E)-2-hexenal treatment, but fruit total soluble solids, pH, titratable acidity, and color (L, C, and H values) were not affected. Thus, maintenance of a high vapor-phasel level of (E)-hexenal, perhaps >0.48 μmol·L-1, may be necessary to inhibit mycelial growth and avoid enhancing postharvest mold problems, while significantly higher levels may be necessary to completely eliminate the pathogen.

scholarly journals E-2-Hexenal Can Both Stimulate and Inhibit Botrytis Growth in Vitro and on Strawberry Fruit in Vivo

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 505E-506
Author(s):  
Elazar Fallik ◽  
Douglas D. Archbold ◽  
Thomas R. Hamilton-Kemp
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Vapor Phase ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Strawberry Fruit ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Fungal Cell

Some plant-derived natural volatile compounds exhibit antifungal properties and may offer a tremendous opportunity to control the causes of postharvest spoilage without affecting fresh produce quality or leaving a residue on the produce. E-2-hexenal has shown significant potential for use as a fumigant for controlling Botrytis cinerea in prior studies. In in vitro studies on the mode of action of E-2-hexenal, mycelial growth and percent spore germination were inversely proportional to concentrations of the compound. Spore germination was found to be more susceptible to the compound then mycelial growth. Much higher concentrations of E-2-hexenal were required to inhibit mycelial growth than spore germination. Lower concentrations of the compound significantly stimulated mycelial growth, especially when the volatile was added 2 days following inoculation. Light microscopy analysis revealed that a high concentration of the volatile damaged fungal cell wall and membranes. Treatment with a high vapor phase level of E-2-hexenal during postharvest storage of strawberry fruit at 2°C prevented botrytis development in a subsequent storage period at 15°C. However, treatment with a low vapor phase level enhanced botrytis development. The implications of these results with respect to the practical use of E-2-hexenal and other natural volatile compounds will be discussed.

scholarly journals Stability and Fitness of Anilinopyrimidine-Resistant Strains of Botrytis cinerea

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 443-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Bardas ◽  
C. K. Myresiotis ◽  
G. S. Karaoglanidis
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Spore Production ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Fitness Components ◽  
Development Of Resistance ◽  
Fitness Parameters

The fitness of anilinopyrimidine-resistant isolates of Botrytis cinerea compared with that of sensitive isolates, collected from vegetable crops in Greece during 2005, was investigated. Stability of resistance to anilinopyrimidine fungicides was determined after consecutive transfers of the fungal isolates on fungicide-free potato dextrose agar for 16 culture cycles or on fungicide-untreated cucumber seedlings for eight disease cycles. Results showed that after the consecutive transfers of the isolates either in vitro or in vivo sensitivity to cyprodinil was not changed significantly compared to the initial sensitivity in all the isolates tested, suggesting a stable genetically controlled trait. Fitness parameters measured were mycelial growth, spore production in vitro, osmotic sensitivity, virulence, spore production in vivo, percentage of spore germination, and competitive ability of the resistant isolates in four pairs with sensitive isolates both on artificial nutrient medium or on cucumber seedling plants. The measurements of the fitness components in individual isolates showed high variability within both sensitivity groups in all, except virulence, fitness components tested. As a group, resistant isolates showed significantly lower (P < 0.05) mycelial growth and virulence, while they were more osmotically sensitive than the sensitive isolates. In addition the resistant isolates showed higher (P < 0.05) spore production in vivo but there was no difference (P > 0.05) between the two sensitivity groups in spore production in vitro and in the percentage of spore germination. However, the correlation to test if there is any relationship between the values of each fitness component tested and the level of cyprodinil sensitivity of each isolate was for all, except the spore production in vivo, fitness components not significant (P > 0.05). This absence of significant correlation coefficient values suggests that the development of resistance to anilinopyrimidine fungicides did not affect the fitness of the resistant isolates. Competition of the resistant versus sensitive isolates was isolates-dependent, since in two of the isolate pairs the resistance frequency decreased significantly after five culture or disease cycles, while in the remaining two pairs resistance frequency increased significantly after five disease cycles or remained stable for one pair after five culture cycles on artificial nutrient media.

scholarly journals Acibenzolar-S-methyl against Botrytis mold on table grapes in vitro and in vivo

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khamis Youssef ◽  
Sergio Roberto ◽  
Ronan Colombo ◽  
Marcelo Canteri ◽  
Kamel Elsalam
Keyword(s):  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Table Grapes ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Randomized Experimental Design ◽  
Set Up

The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of the resistance inducer Acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), against Botrytis mold on table grapes in vitro and in vivo. To assess the effect of ASM on mycelial growth Botrytis cinerea, different concentrations (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3% w:v) were tested. Treatments were set up in triplicate, in a completely randomized experimental design, and replicated twice. Results were expressed in minimum inhibitory concentrations and effective dose per 50% response of mycelial growth. Healthy table grapes (cvs. Italia and Benitaka) were harvested at full ripe to evaluate the ASM 1% effect against gray mold under artificial conditions. Bunches were split into two groups in order to perform two types of experiments (spray or immersion). For both trials, treated bunches were arranged in carton boxes and stored at 2±1 °C, for one month, followed by one week of shelf-life at 22±2 °C. In order to evaluate the ASM effect against gray mold under field conditions, ASM 1% was sprayed on both cultivars one week before harvest. Grapes treated with iprodione 0.2% with three applications during the season were included as a standard chemical control. Bunches were harvested at full ripe, arranged in carton boxes and submitted to a cold storage process as described previously. Results for the in vitro experiments showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration of ASM was achieved by 3% and the ED50 was 0.04%. Under artificial conditions, for both cultivars, the efficacy of ASM was higher when the grapes were immersed than sprayed. A significant difference was observed for ASM as compared with control. Regarding the effect of ASM against gray mold in the field, the incidence of gray mold was recorded for both cultivars. For ‘Italia’ and ‘Benitaka’ grapes, ASM, iprodione and sulfur dioxide pad reduced the incidence of gray mold by 85, 79 and 77%, and by 80.5, 73 and 82%, respectively. As for the physico-chemical berry properties, none of the treatments were significantly different from the control for total soluble solids, titratable acidity and color index. A single ASM treatment applied one week before harvest is effective for controlling gray mold in ‘Italia’ and ‘Benitaka’ table grapes.

An Attempt at Biological Control of Blossom Blight of Rose Caused by Botrytis cinerea Using some Local Trichoderma spp. Strains

2020 ◽  
Vol 55 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34
Author(s):  
G. Zadehdabagh ◽  
K. Karimi ◽  
M. Rezabaigi ◽  
F. Ajamgard
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Dual Culture ◽  
Trichoderma Spp ◽  
Khuzestan Province ◽  
Inhibitory Potential ◽  
Cut Rose

The northern of Khuzestan province in Iran is mainly considered as one of the major areas of miniature rose production. Blossom blight caused by Botrytis cinerea has recently become a serious limiting factor in rose production in pre and post-harvest. In current study, an attempt was made to evaluate the inhibitory potential of some local Trichoderma spp. strains against B. cinerea under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The in vitro results showed that all Trichoderma spp. strains were significantly able to reduce the mycelial growth of the pathogen in dual culture, volatile and non-volatile compounds tests compared with control, with superiority of T. atroviride Tsafi than others. Under in vivo condition, the selected strain of T. atroviride Tsafi had much better performance than T. harzianum IRAN 523C in reduction of disease severity compared with the untreated control. Overall, the findings of this study showed that the application of Trichoderma-based biocontrol agents such as T. atroviride Tsafi can be effective to protect cut rose flowers against blossom blight.

Novel Self-Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery System for safe intra muscular delivery with improved pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subheet Kumar Jain ◽  
Neha Panchal ◽  
Amrinder Singh ◽  
Shubham Thakur ◽  
Navid Reza Shahtaghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Diclofenac Sodium ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
High Concentration

Background: Diclofenac sodium (DS) injection is widely used in the management of acute or chronic pain and inflammatory diseases. It incorporates 20 % w/v Transcutol-P as a solubilizer to make the stable injectable formulation. However, the use of Transcutol-P in high concentration leads to adverse effects such as severe nephrotoxicity, etc. Some advancements resulted in the formulation of an aqueous based injectable but that too used benzyl alcohol reported to be toxic for human use. Objective: To develop an injectable self-micro emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) as a novel carrier of DS for prompt release with better safety and efficacy. Methods: A solubility study was performed with different surfactants and co-surfactants. The conventional stirring method was employed for the formulation of SMEDDS. Detailed in vitro characterization was done for different quality control parameters. In vivo studies were performed using Wistar rats for pharmacokinetic evaluation, toxicological analysis, and analgesic activity. Results: The optimized formulation exhibited good physical stability, ideal globule size (156±0.4 nm), quick release, better therapeutics, and safety, increase in LD50 (221.9 mg/kg) to that of the commercial counterpart (109.9 mg/kg). Further, pre-treatment with optimized formulation reduced the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema by 88±1.2 % after 4 h, compared to 77±1.6 % inhibition with commercial DS formulation. Moreover, optimized formulation significantly (p<0.05) inhibited the pain sensation in the acetic-acid induced writhing test in mice compared to its commercial equivalent with a better pharmacokinetic profile. Conclusion: The above findings confirmed that liquid SMEDDS could be a successful carrier for the safe and effective delivery of DS

scholarly journals Effects of Origanum vulgare essential oil and its two main components, carvacrol and thymol, on the plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9626
Author(s):  
Huiyu Hou ◽  
Xueying Zhang ◽  
Te Zhao ◽  
Lin Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Gray Mold ◽  
Origanum Vulgare ◽  
Mycelium Growth ◽  
Main Components

Background Botrytis cinerea causes serious gray mold disease in many plants. This pathogen has developed resistance to many fungicides. Thus, it has become necessary to look for new safe yet effective compounds against B. cinerea. Methods Essential oils (EOs) from 17 plant species were assayed against B. cinerea, of which Origanum vulgare essential oil (OVEO) showed strong antifungal activity, and accordingly its main components were detected by GC/MS. Further study was conducted on the effects of OVEO, carvacrol and thymol in vitro on mycelium growth and spore germination, mycelium morphology, leakages of cytoplasmic contents, mitochondrial injury and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) of B. cinerea. The control efficacies of OVEO, carvacrol and thymol on tomato gray mold were evaluated in vivo. Results Of all the 17 plant EOs tested, Cinnamomum cassia, Litsea cubeba var. formosana and O. vulgare EOs had the best inhibitory effect on B. cinerea, with 0.5 mg/mL completely inhibiting the mycelium growth of B. cinerea. Twenty-one different compounds of OVEO were identified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, and the main chemical components were carvacrol (89.98%), β-caryophyllene (3.34%), thymol (2.39%), α-humulene (1.38%) and 1-methyl-2-propan-2-ylbenzene isopropyl benzene (1.36%). In vitro experiment showed EC50 values of OVEO, carvacrol and thymol were 140.04, 9.09 and 21.32 μg/mL, respectively. Carvacrol and thymol completely inhibited the spore germination of B. cinerea at the concentration of 300 μg/mL while the inhibition rate of OVEO was 80.03%. EC50 of carvacrol and thymol have significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the fresh and dry weight of mycelia. The collapse and damage on B. cinerea mycelia treated with 40 μg/mL of carvacrol and thymol was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Through extracellular conductivity test and fluorescence microscope observation, it was found that carvacrol and thymol led to increase the permeability of target cells, the destruction of mitochondrial membrane and ROS accumulation. In vivo conditions, 1000 μg/mL carvacrol had the best protective and therapeutic effects on tomato gray mold (77.98% and 28.04%, respectively), and the protective effect was significantly higher than that of 400 μg/mL pyrimethanil (43.15%). While the therapeutic and protective effects of 1,000 μg/mL OVEO and thymol were comparable to chemical control. Conclusions OVEO showed moderate antifungal activity, whereas its main components carvacrol and thymol have great application potential as natural fungicides or lead compounds for commercial fungicides in preventing and controlling plant diseases caused by B. cinerea.

scholarly journals Use of sodium metasilicate for management of peach brown rot

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizandra Pivotto Pavanello ◽  
Auri Brackmann ◽  
Ivan Francisco Dressler da Costa ◽  
Vanderlei Both ◽  
Vagner Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
Spore Germination ◽  
Ethylene Production ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Sodium Metasilicate ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Total Polyphenol ◽  
Flesh Firmness

ABSTRACT Peach brown rot, caused by the Monilinia fructicola fungus, is the main disease affecting peach crops, and it is mainly controlled via frequent fungicide applications. This study aimed at searching for alternatives to the intensive use of chemicals, evaluating silicon doses to control pre and postharvest peach brown rot and their influence on maturation parameters and fruit quality. Treatments consisted of control (water) and sodium metasilicate doses (2 g L-1, 4 g L-1, 6 g L-1, 8 g L-1 and 10 g L-1 of water). The following assessments were made: spore germination and in vitro mycelial growth, brown rot incidence, soluble solids, titratable acidity, flesh firmness, total polyphenol content and fruit ethylene production and respiration rate. The 2 g L-1 dose reduced spore germination by 95 %. Doses of 6 g L-1 and 8 g L-1 satisfactorily reduced the disease incidence in the field, with 77 % and 89.2 % control, respectively. Sodium metasilicate resulted in the maintenance of great fruit firmness, reduced respiration and ethylene production and increased total polyphenol synthesis, but it did not influence the titratable acidity or soluble solids. Applying 6 g L-1 may potentially control pre and postharvest peach brown rot, besides increasing the total polyphenol synthesis and maintaining a higher flesh firmness.

scholarly journals Biomineralogical investigation of late-harvest grapes colonised by Botrytis cinerea Pers.

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marek Grabowski ◽  
Maciej Pawlikowski
Keyword(s):  
Botrytis Cinerea ◽  
Mycelial Growth ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Soluble Solids Content ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Ripening Process ◽  
Harvest Dates ◽  
Solids Content ◽  
Grape Varieties

AbstractThe ripening process of two grape varieties in the vineyard located in the Sandomierz region was examined. In 2015, the ‘Regent’ and the ‘Sibera’ varieties reached physiological ripeness on 30th September and 3rd October, respectively. On both harvest dates, in addition to soluble solids content, titratable acidity, and pH, the macronutrient content was also determined. In the phase of physiological ripeness, the ‘Sibera’ variety showed higher acidity (1.02 g · 100 mL−1) compared with the ‘Regent’ (0.87 g · 100 mL−1). A higher soluble solids content was found in the ‘Regent’ (20.4°Brix), and slightly lower in the ‘Sibera’ (18.1°Brix). The must of the ‘Regent’ had a higher pH (3.5). This variety also had higher macronutrient contents (K, Ca and Mg). Grapes harvested after 3 weeks (late harvest) showed higher values of sugars, pH, K, and P for both varieties. However, their titratable acidity content, and Ca and Mg contents decreased. Microscopic examination showed differences in mycelial growth of Botrytis cinerea on grape bunches for both of the varieties left for the late harvest. The mycelial growth promoted faster dehydration of the ‘Sibera’ berries. Spot chemical analyses of ‘Sibera’ berry peel performed using EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy) showed the occurrence of elevated contents of potassium, phosphorus, sulphur, magnesium and silicon. Around skin cracks, sugar crystals as well as hard-to-identify microcrystals were formed containing potassium. On the surface of the ‘Regent’ berries, potassium, and traces of phosphorus, silicon, magnesium, sulphur and calcium were found.

scholarly journals Effect of Alcoholic Extracts of Cymbopogon citratus upon the Control of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in vitro and upon the Post-harvest Quality of Guavas

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Ana P. F. A. Santos ◽  
Amanda P. Mattos ◽  
Adriana T. Itako ◽  
João B. Tolentino Júnior ◽  
Gabriela S. Moura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colletotrichum Gloeosporioides ◽  
Titratable Acidity ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Post Harvest ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Dose Dependent

Aims: This work aimed at evaluating the effects of ethanolic and methanolic extracts of lemongrass upon the control in vitro of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and upon the post-harvest quality of guavas “Paluma”. Methodology: We analyzed the inhibition of mycelial growth and sporulation of the pathogen at different concentrations of the extracts (8%; 5%; 3%; 1.5% and 0.5%). In the post-harvest assay, the guavas were treated by immersion in distilled water, ethanolic and methanolic extracts (1%; 0.5% and 0.25%) and stored at 25ºC ± 2ºC for eight days. We evaluated mass loss, total soluble solids, total titratable acidity, ratio, reducing and non-reducing sugars, ascorbic acid and pH and the incidence of anthracnose. Results: In the test in vitro, the pathogen growth inhibition was dose-dependent and the sporulation was completely inhibited upon higher concentrations of extract. At post-harvest, the fruits maintained their physicochemical characteristics, and the treatments were not efficient at retarding fruit ripening. Although the tested treatments inhibited the plant pathogen C. gloesporioides in vitro, they were not efficient at controlling the disease in vivo. Conclusion: The extracts showed control in vitro of C. gloeosporioides at 8%. However, the extracts were not effective at controlling the disease after harvest.

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