scholarly journals Scree formation on nonmining flank of an opencast and its impact on vegetation restoration

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-332
Author(s):  
K. P. Galaida ◽  
B. I. Talgamer
Keyword(s):  
Formation Process ◽  
Building Stone ◽  
Vegetation Restoration ◽  
Adverse Impact ◽  
Bench Height ◽  
One Stage ◽  
Negative Factor ◽  
Natural Formation ◽  
Loose Sediments ◽  
The Cost

The purpose of the conducted research is to study the regularities of scree formation and assess their impact on self-vegetation of disturbed lands after mining of building stone deposits. The processes of natural formation of scree have been studied, their layering and gravitational alignment have been determined, the factors causing pit bench collapse have been identified. Simulation of the scree formation process allowed to establish the dependence of rock spreading distance on bench height, bench slope angles, as well as on the weight of individual pieces. The slope bench angles with the largest and smallest rock spread distance were found. The simulation showed the influence of the slope bench angles and parameters of the scree formed at the foot of pit benches on the range of debris spread. Three distinct formation stages of scree at the foot of the benches are identified. The angles of transition from one stage of scree formation to another are determined. Recommendations are given to improve the conditions of self-vegetation and minimize the negative factor of scree formation. To form a layer of loose sediments on horizontal bench sites it is proposed to use rocks from scree, which can dramatically reduce the cost of reclamation rather than imported man-made mixture or potentially fertile soils. In order to increase self-vegetation intensity on the flanks of opencasts, it is recommended to increase the bench height and berm width without changing the design angle of the opencast flank slope. To reduce the adverse impact of scree formation on vegetation restoration on the sides at the bench foot, it is proposed to form a trench collecting falling rocks or a rockprotecting wall.

scholarly journals Technological Indicators of Direct Dumping Zone as a Part of Combined Mining Method

2019 ◽  
Vol 105 ◽  
pp. 01050
Author(s):  
Andrey Sysoev ◽  
Elena Zlobina ◽  
Igor Katanov ◽  
Jurgen Kretschmann
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Mining Method ◽  
Transport Costs ◽  
Coal Face ◽  
Mining System ◽  
Bench Height ◽  
Transport Zone ◽  
Subsequent Calculation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Technical And Economic Indicators

Under the conditions of a combined mining system overburden is developed using a transport and non-transport technologies, specific costs for non-transport technology are lower than transport costs. The change in the non-transport bench height led to the redistribution of the volumes of transport and non-transport overburden. With an increase in the volume of non-transport overburden, the share of more expensive transport overburden is decreases, while the technical and economic indicators of the non-transport zone deteriorate due to an increase in re-excavation volumes. The change in the non-transport bench height affects the recasting ratio and the annual advance coal face line, which determine the cost of developing the overburden. This article presents the results of a study of the laws of change in the recasting ratio and the annual advance coal face line, depending on the non-transport bench height within a combined mining system of flat seam. The obtained patterns were established as a result of solving problems of substantiating typical excavation schemes of the direct dumping method and developing a mathematical model for identifying excavation schemes with the subsequent calculation of their technological indicators.

A Comparison of the Cost Effectiveness of One-Stage Versus Two-Stage Bilateral Total Hip Replacement

Orthopedics ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 1249-1252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Lorenze ◽  
Michael H Huo ◽  
Laurine E Zatorski ◽  
Kristaps J Keggi
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Total Hip Replacement ◽  
Hip Replacement ◽  
Stage Versus ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Total Hip ◽  
One Stage ◽  
The Cost

Thermoeconomic Analysis of Wheat Flour Agroindustrial Plant

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Fajardo ◽  
B. Sarria ◽  
L. Castellon ◽  
D. Barreto
Keyword(s):  
Production Process ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Wheat Bran ◽  
Formation Process ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Industrial Plant ◽  
Exergy Destruction ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Operation Cost ◽  
Smooth Roller

This paper presents the development of an exergy and thermoeconomic analysis of a wheat flour agro-industrial plant, which was aimed to evaluate the energy use and establish the operation cost of its components, and to understand the cost formation process and the cost flow. It was found that throughout the production process exists an exergy destruction ratio of 95,08 %. It identified improvement opportunities in relation to cost, has recommended alterations with regard matter flows or an economic investment for change some components with low exergoeconomic factors: 2% planer of wheat bran, 3% knurled roller grinding benches and 5% smooth roller grinding benches.

On the cost formation process of the residues

Energy ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 144-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Torres ◽  
A. Valero ◽  
V. Rangel ◽  
A. Zaleta
Keyword(s):  
Formation Process ◽  
The Cost

scholarly journals Alluvial lands of Vasilyevsky Island at the start of the urbanization of the third millennium

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-26
Author(s):  
L. P. Lavrov ◽  
◽  
F. V. Perov ◽  
E. G. Molotkova ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Land Reclamation ◽  
Residential Development ◽  
City Center ◽  
Negative Factor ◽  
Transport Connectivity ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The City ◽  
Further Development

The article analyzes some variants of assimilation of new territories and development of unbuilt sites on the example of alluvial lands of Vasilyevsky Island.The data on the functional load, architectural and artistic features and principles of investment are regarded. The exclusive role of transport connectivity and framework is emphasized. The authors are of the opinion that the idea of laying a high-speed highway through the city center on Vasilyevsky Island is really a breakthrough significantly increasing St. Petersburg urban development potential. It is underlined that the sale of economy-class apartments, which had been conceived as the main source of financing the work according to the plans of 2017, has failed to become a sufficient basis for the cost of land reclamation and creation of a representative coastal multifunctional complex. According to the authors, the negative factor in this aspect was the inertia of the design and construction system, which has developed in St. Petersburg for many decades and is focused on the mass residential development of vast peripheral territories, and does not envisage the development of a highly urbanized environment. Considerations about the prospects for further development of building on the alluvial lands of Vasilyevsky Island are offered.

scholarly journals A review of current bracken control and associated vegetation strategies in Great Britain

Web Ecology ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Pakeman ◽  
M. G. Le Duc ◽  
R. Marrs
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Calluna Vulgaris ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Programme ◽  
Vegetation Restoration ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Set Of Points

Abstract. Bracken is a major problem for livestock-based, extensive agriculture in many parts of the world. It also causes problems for conservation, recreation, game management and forestry and is hence subject to management in order to control it. This paper reviews current bracken control strategies in Great Britain to assess whether they can be improved, and reviews recent work on combining bracken control with vegetation restoration to derive guidelines for maximising the cost-effectiveness of these measures to increase biodiversity. Bracken control in Great Britain is currently, mainly undertaken by aerial spraying of herbicide. A large-scale survey showed that only a small proportion (25%) of sites were likely to show long-term control, the developing vegetation was not that desired by the instigator of control, and there was a large geographic variation in success. The major conclusion was that large-scale treatment often exceeded the area that could be adequately treated by follow-up measures. Experimental studies demonstrate that to obtain “desirable” vegetation (usually Calluna vulgaris-dominated heath in Great Britain) a number of steps usually have to be followed. However, the steps that have to be taken may differ between sites. Deep litter sites, where stock numbers are low, need the litter disturbed in some way and seed of suitable species added. On sites with higher stock numbers, litter disturbance has in effect already been carried out, so that management must involve seed addition and the exclusion/reduction of stock. It is not yet known how long or to what level stock must be removed before the vegetation is able to withstand grazing. It should be noted that management to reverse succession could prove less cost-effective than management that accelerates succession to woodland or forestry. A set of points which highlight the considerations necessary at the commencement of an “integrated” bracken control programme are outlined. Targeting sites in western Britain or sites with residual vegetation present would provide the greatest gains for biodiversity in the short term. However, in many situations management for vegetation restoration must be seen as a key part of this strategy, not as something that will proceed unaided after bracken control has taken place.

scholarly journals ON THE LOCALIZED PHYSICAL EXERGY DISAGGREGATION FOR DISSIPATIVE COMPONENT ISOLATION IN THERMOECONOMICS

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
R. G. Santos ◽  
P. R. Faria ◽  
I. C. Belisario ◽  
M. A. Barrone ◽  
J. J.C. Santos
Keyword(s):  
Formation Process ◽  
Cost Allocation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
External Resources ◽  
Thermal Plant ◽  
Unit Costs ◽  
Productive Structure ◽  
The Cost ◽  
S Model ◽  
Dissipative Components

Thermoeconomics is a discipline that connects Thermodynamics and Economics concepts, usually used for rational cost allocation to the final products of a thermal plant, by means of a model that describes the cost formation process of the overall system. Generally, exergy or monetary costs of the external resources are distributed to the final products. Exergy is the thermodynamic magnitude used in thermoeconomics and the physical exergy disaggregation has been introduced in thermoeconomics as alternatives for the isolation of the dissipative components and residues allocation. For plants with dissipative equipment, such as condenser or valve, the productive diagram, based on total exergy (E Model), need to merge this dissipative equipment with other productive components. In order to isolate the condenser, the productive diagram must use, at least, the H&S Model and to isolate the valve, the UFS Model has to be considered.Both disaggregation models greatly increase the thermoeconomic modeling complexity. Bearing this in mind, this work aims to evaluate the advantages of combining the E Model with these other models in order to adequately isolate the dissipative equipment. The plants studied herein are two different steam turbine cogeneration systems, with dissipative components (condenser or valve). The different monetary and exergy unit costs obtained for the two final products of each plant are compared and analyzed.  The results show that localized physical exergy disaggregation for dissipative component isolation in thermoeconomics is feasible, since it reduces the complexity of the productive structure and is also consistent from the point of view of thermodynamics.

A COST EFFECTIVENESS APPROACH TO OIL SPILL RESPONSE

1981 ◽  
Vol 1981 (1) ◽  
pp. 495-500
Author(s):  
R. H. Schulze
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Adverse Impact ◽  
Response Effort ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Oil Spill Response ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The U.S

ABSTRACT Although large sums of money are spent on responding to oil spills, it is often difficult to assess the effectiveness of the spill response effort. This paper summarizes a portion of an analysis performed for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) that evaluates the response effort in terms of the change of spill impact and the cost of producing this change. Using this method of analysis, this paper shows that in a typical inland spill situation the minimum acceptable level of response may be the most cost effective and that an intensive effort to recover the last traces of oil may have an adverse impact on the environment. This method of analysis has the potential for showing the level of response effort that can be used most effectively in typical spill situations and identifying procedures that are likely to have a low level of effectiveness or may even have an adverse effect on the environment.

Intact bridge tympanomastoidectomy (I.B.M.)—combining essential features of open vs. closed procedures

1983 ◽  
Vol 97 (7) ◽  
pp. 579-585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael M. Paparella ◽  
Timothy T. K. Jung
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ear ◽  
Chronic Otitis Media ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Open Cavity ◽  
Mastoid Obliteration ◽  
Closed Cavity ◽  
One Stage ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Secondary Objective ◽  
The Cost

AbstractIn recent years, closed cavity intact wall tympanomastoidectomy or combined approached tympanoplasty—(CAT)—has been described and recommended by many. The pendulum now appears to be swinging back again to open cavity tympanomastoidectomy. Pertinent literature in this regard is reviewed. In all patients with chronic otitis media and mastoiditis with intractable tissue pathology, the primary objective is total eradication of disease with the achievement of a dry safe ear while a concomitant but secondary objective is hearing retention and restoration utilizing tympanoplasty techniques. Over a three-and-a-half year period we have utilized a one-stage procedure which provides the desirable objectives of both open and closed cavity tympanomastoidectomy called intact bridge tympanomastoidectomy (I.B.M.). The salient features include: (1) good exposure, as in open cavity tympanomastoidectomy; (2) maintaining and widening the middle-ear space by bony bridge retention and facial buttress sculpturing, to enhance grafting and ossiculoplasty such as TORP or PORP, as in canal up tympanomastoidectomy; (3) enhancement of mastoid obliteration for large cavities, by blocking the aditus with bone pate or cartilage and by providing a separation between middle ear and mastoid. Specific methods, techniques and results are presented and discussed. The results have been gratifying to date. In comparison to intact wall tympanomastoidectomy, this one-stage operation avoids the cost and discomfort of a second and sometimes third stage; surgery for recurrent pathology has been avoided and hearing results have been at least comparable if not improved.

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