Assessing the homogeneity of Actimask® acetaminophen and N-acetyl glucosamine mixture to predict further steps in the development of orodispersible tablets

One of the main problems in the production of tablets, which has significant negative consequences, is the segregation of the tablet mixture leading to inhomogeneity of dosage units, material losses in the manufacturing process and improperness of the specified pharmaceutical technical characteristics of the mixture. The aim of the research. This work aims at the pharmaceutical technical study of the substances N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and Actimask® Acetaminophen and determination the uniformity of the powder mixture of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) to predict the optimal technology for obtaining a pharmaceutical formulation with the acceptable properties. Materials and methods. N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (Zhejiang Candorly Pharmaceutical, China) and Actimask® Acetaminophen (SpiPharma, USA) were used. Scanning probe microscope Solver P47N-PRO ("NT-MDT", Russia), optical microscope, flowability tester VP-12A, laser diffraction particle size analyzer SALD-2201 ("Shimadzu", Japan), liquid chromatograph Agilent 1260 Infinity II with Diode Array Detector (Agilent Technologies, USA), spectrophotometers Shimadzu UV-1800 ("Shimadzu", Japan) were used. The study of API pharmaceutical technical properties (microscopic characteristics, moisture absorption capacity, flowability, bulk volume and tapped volume, particle size distribution by sieve analysis and laser diffraction), as well as vibration simulation and following chromatographic study were carried out in this work. Results and discussion. The shape of the particles N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and Actimask® Acetaminophen, which was determined by microscopic analysis, demonstrated the possibility of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine particles to stick to Actimask® Acetaminophen ones. The experimental study allowed to reveal the hygroscopicity of both APIs; poor flowability, unsatisfactory Hausner ratio, and Carr index for N-acetyl-D-glucosamine; excellent flowability, Hausner ratio, and Carr index for Actimask®. Vibration caused segregation of the powder mixture. It was found that all layers do not meet the requirements and an excessive content of Actimask® is registered, which indicates the stratification of the powder mixture. Conclusions. The physical properties of the substances were determined and found to have significant differences in their particle size distribution. Segregation of the mixture after vibration was confirmed by laser diffraction and assay analysis. In order to solve the segregation problem, the granulation of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine may be proposed.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of Flour Particle Size Distribution by Laser Diffraction, Sieve Analysis and Near-infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy

Journal of Cereal Science ◽

10.1006/jcrs.1994.1058 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 183-190 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

G.A. Hareland

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Particle Size Distribution ◽

Size Distribution ◽

Near Infrared ◽

Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽

Laser Diffraction ◽

Sieve Analysis ◽

Infrared Reflectance ◽

Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy ◽

Near Infrared Reflectance

Download Full-text

Particle Size Distribution of Various Soil Materials Measured by Laser Diffraction—The Problem of Reproducibility

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min11050465 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 465

Author(s):

Cezary Polakowski ◽

Magdalena Ryżak ◽

Agata Sochan ◽

Michał Beczek ◽

Rafał Mazur ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Particle Size Distribution ◽

Normal Distribution ◽

Size Distribution ◽

Precise Measurement ◽

Soil Analysis ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

Diffraction Method ◽

Laser Diffraction ◽

Method Analysis

Particle size distribution is an important soil parameter—therefore precise measurement of this characteristic is essential. The application of the widely used laser diffraction method for soil analysis continues to be a subject of debate. The precision of this method, proven on homogeneous samples, has been implicitly extended to soil analyses, but this has not been sufficiently well confirmed in the literature thus far. The aim of this study is to supplement the information available on the precision of the method in terms of reproducibility of soil measurement and whether the reproducibility of soil measurement is characterized by a normal distribution. To estimate the reproducibility of the laser diffraction method, thirteen various soil samples were characterized, and results were analysed statistically. The coefficient of variation acquired was lowest (3.44%) for silt and highest for sand (23.28%). Five of the thirteen tested samples were characterized by a normal distribution. The fraction content of eight samples was not characterized by normal distribution, but the extent of this phenomenon varied between soils. Although the laser diffraction method is repeatable, the measurement of soil particle size distribution can have limited reproducibility. The main cause seems to be small amounts of sand particles. The error can be amplified by the construction of the dispersion unit. Non-parametric statistical tests should be used by default for soil laser diffraction method analysis.

Download Full-text

Factors Influencing the Particle Size Distribution in an Abrasive Waterjet

Journal of Engineering for Industry ◽

10.1115/1.2899714 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 113 (4) ◽

pp. 402-411 ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

T. J. Labus ◽

K. F. Neusen ◽

D. G. Alberts ◽

T. J. Gores

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Particle Size Distribution ◽

Size Distribution ◽

Cutting Speed ◽

Target Material ◽

Abrasive Waterjet ◽

Sieve Analysis ◽

Size Distributions ◽

Mixing Process ◽

Jet Mixing

A basic investigation of the factors which influence the abrasive jet mixing process was conducted. Particle size analysis was performed on abrasive samples for the “as-received” condition, at the exit of the mixing tube, and after cutting a target material. Grit size distributions were obtained through sieve analysis for both water and air collectors. Two different mixing chamber geometries were evaluated, as well as the effects of pressure, abrasive feed rate, cutting speed, and target material properties on particle size distributions. An analysis of the particle size distribution shows that the main particle breakdown is from 180 microns directly to 63 microns or less, for a nominal 80 grit garnet. This selective breakdown occurs during the cutting process, but not during the mixing process.

Download Full-text

Modeling the Production Technology of Fully-Pressed Bi-Metal Powder Materials and Products

Solid State Phenomena ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.316.570 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 316 ◽

pp. 570-575

Author(s):

Badrudin G. Gasanov ◽

Abakar B. Gasanov ◽

Artem A. Aganov

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Particle Size Distribution ◽

Bulk Density ◽

Size Distribution ◽

Metal Powder ◽

Production Technology ◽

Powder Mixture ◽

Geometric Parameters ◽

Powder Materials ◽

Loading Devices

The features of calculating the thickness of the layers of bimetallic powder products without holes and the type of bushings are shown. The effect of the particle size distribution of the powders, the kinematic and geometric parameters of the loading devices and molds on the mechanism of the expiration of the powder mixture and on the thickness of the layers of the molded product is studied. A technique has been developed for determining the dimensions of the feeder cassette and tooling, depending on the overall dimensions and thicknesses of the working layers, in the production of whole-pressed bimetallic products on press machines with a vertical arrangement of layers. It was found that the thickness of each layer of bimetallic products depends on the geometric parameters of the feeder cassette and tooling, bulk density, particle size distribution and other characteristics of the powders, as well as on the speed of lowering the lower punch ν1 .

Download Full-text

Digital microscopic image application (DMIA), an automatic method for particle size distribution analysis in waste activated sludge

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2021.102 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

S. Cazares ◽

J. A. Barrios ◽

C. Maya ◽

G. Velásquez ◽

M. Pérez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Particle Size Distribution ◽

Activated Sludge ◽

Size Distribution ◽

Particle Diameter ◽

Diffraction Method ◽

Laser Diffraction ◽

Waste Activated Sludge ◽

Equivalent Diameter ◽

Distribution Analysis

Abstract An important physical property in environmental samples is particle size distribution. Several processes exist to measure particle diameter, including change in electrical resistance, blocking of light, the fractionation of field flow and laser diffraction (these being the most commonly used). However, their use requires expensive and complex equipment. Therefore, a Digital Microscopic Imaging Application (DMIA) method was developed adapting the algorithms used in the Helminth Egg Automatic Detector (HEAD) software coupled with a Neural Network (NN) and Bayesian algorithms. This allowed the determination of particle size distribution in samples of waste activated sludge (WAS), recirculated sludge (RCS), and pretreated sludge (PTS). The recirculation and electro-oxidation pre-treatment processes showed an effect in increasing the degree of solubilization (DS), decreasing particle size and breakage factor with ranges between 44.29%, and 31.89%. Together with a final NN calibration process, it was possible to compare results. For example, the 90th percentile of Equivalent Diameter (ED) value obtained by the DMIA with the corresponding result for the laser diffraction method. DMIA values: 228.76 μm (WAS), 111.18 μm (RCS), and 84.45 μm (PTS). DMIA processing has advantages in terms of reducing complexity, cost and time, and offers an alternative to the laser diffraction method.

Download Full-text

Application of laser diffraction method for determination

Research in Agricultural Engineering ◽

10.17221/2133-rae ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 53 (No. 1) ◽

pp. 34-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

M. Ryzak ◽

A. Bieganowski ◽

R.T. Walczak

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Particle Size Distribution ◽

Size Distribution ◽

Podzolic Soil ◽

Diffraction Method ◽

Laser Diffraction ◽

Soil Material ◽

New Methods ◽

Particle Size Distribution Measurement ◽

Straight Lines

Particle size distribution affects many physical soil properties and processes taking place in soil. There are many methods to determine the particle size distribution. The most frequently used are the sieve, sieve-pipette and sedimentation methods. Technological progress in electronics permitted a wide use of new methods of particle size distribution measurement in soil, e.g. the laser diffraction method. A comparison of particle size distribution obtained with the universally used areometer method (Cassagrande, modified by Prószynski) with results from the laser diffraction method for soil material received from grey-brown podzolic soil is presented in this work. The largest differences between the results were obtained for the smallest fraction determined with the areometer and laser diffraction methods. In a majority of other cases the slopes of interpolated straight lines were contained within the range of 0.81 ÷ 1.09.

Download Full-text

Laser Diffraction as An Innovative Alternative to Standard Pipette Method for Determination of Soil Texture Classes in Central Europe

Water ◽

10.3390/w12051232 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (5) ◽

pp. 1232

Author(s):

Dušan Igaz ◽

Elena Aydin ◽

Miroslava Šinkovičová ◽

Vladimír Šimanský ◽

Andrej Tall ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Particle Size Distribution ◽

Size Distribution ◽

Soil Texture ◽

Polynomial Regression ◽

Texture Classification ◽

Size Fraction ◽

Laser Diffraction ◽

Classification Systems ◽

Particle Size Fraction

The paper presents the comparison of soil particle size distribution determined by standard pipette method and laser diffraction. Based on the obtained results (542 soil samples from 271 sites located in the Nitra, Váh and Hron River basins), regression models were calculated to convert the results of the particle size distribution by laser diffraction to pipette method. Considering one of the most common soil texture classification systems used in Slovakia (according to Novák), the emphasis was placed on the determination accuracy of particle size fraction <0.01 mm. Analysette22 MicroTec plus and Mastersizer2000 devices were used for laser diffraction. Polynomial regression model resulted in the best approximation of measurements by laser diffraction to values obtained by pipette method. In the case of particle size fraction <0.01 mm, the differences between the measured values by pipette method and both laser analyzers ranged in average from 3% up to 9% and from 2% up to 11% in the case of Analysette22 and Mastersizer2000, respectively. After correction, the differences decreased to average 3.28% (Analysette22) and 2.24% (Mastersizer2000) in comparison with pipette method. After recalculation of the data, laser diffraction can be used alongside the sedimentation methods.

Download Full-text