scholarly journals Obesity in Black and White: Accounting for 19th Century US BMI Differences by Socioeconomic Status and Biology

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott A. Carson
2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-102
Author(s):  
Robin Rehm

Kasimir Malewitschs suprematistische Hauptwerke ›Schwarzes Quadrat‹, ›Schwarzer Kreis‹ und ›Schwarzes Kreuz‹ von 1915 setzen sich aus schwarzen Formen auf weißem Grund zusammen. Der Typus des Schwarzweißbildes weist überraschende Parallelen zu den bildlichen Wahrnehmungsinstrumenten auf, die vom ausgehenden 18. bis Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts in den Experimenten der Farbenlehre, physiologischen Optik und Psychologie verwendet worden sind. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht diese Parallelen in drei Schritten: Zunächst erfolgt eine allgemeine Charakterisierung des Schwarzweißbildes mit Hilfe des Kontrastbegriffs von Edmund Husserl. Des weiteren wird die Entstehung und Funktion des schwarzweißen Kontrastbildes in den Wissenschaften des 19. Jahrhunderts typologisch herausgearbeitet. Unter Berücksichtigung des Wissensbegriffs von Max Scheler wird abschließend die Spezifik des Wissens eruiert, das die Schwarzweißbilder sowohl in der Malerei Malewitschs als auch in den genannten Wissenschaften generieren. Malevich’s main Suprematist works, such as ›Black Square‹, ›Black Circle‹, and ›Black Cross‹ from 1915, consist of black shapes on white ground. Surprisingly this series of shapes strongly resembles scientific black-and-white images used for research on colour theory, physiological optics, and psychology throughout the 19th century. This paper examines the parallels between Malevich’s paintings and the scientific drawings in three steps: It first characterizes black-and-white images in general, using Edmund Husserl’s definition of the term ›contrast‹. Secondly, the paper investigates the development and function of black-and-white images as tools of perception in the sciences. It finally discusses the specific knowledge generated through Malevich’s art and through scientific black-and-white images, following Max Scheler’s phenomenological identification of knowledge.


1994 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony N. Galanos ◽  
Ronald P. Strauss ◽  
Carl F. Pieper

This study examined the hypothesis that sociodemographic characteristics such as age, education, race, and gender would be predictive of Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Subscale scores in a population-based sample of 342 community dwelling elderly individuals. Bivariate analysis revealed associations between black race, lower socioeconomic status, and lower education on the Chance and Powerful Others Subscales. While the multivariate analysis revealed no predictors for the Internal Subscale, a higher socioeconomic status, white race, and a higher level of education continued to predict low scores on the Chance Subscale when controlling for all other variables. Scores on the Powerful Others Subscale appeared to be a function of socioeconomic status and gender. Of note, the higher the education level for both men and women, the lower the scores on the Chance and Powerful Others Subscales. This sex by education interaction term reached statistical significance for the Chance Subscale. The results demonstrate the measurable influence of sociodemographic variables on the health beliefs of community dwelling elderly individuals.


2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 497-508 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Morozink Boylan ◽  
Jenny M. Cundiff ◽  
Thomas E. Fuller-Rowell ◽  
Carol D. Ryff

1978 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 35-38
Author(s):  
Beth Houghton

An exhibition of ‘forgotten’ 19th century Dutch history paintings titled Het Vaderlansch Gevoel: vergeten negentiende-eeuwse schilderijen over onze geschiedenis, was shown at the RIJKSMUSEUM, AMSTERDAM (24 March – 25 June 1978). The substantial 302p. catalogue which accompanied it carries illustrations of all 134 exhibits (all b/w), plus notes and a bibliography for each work, brief biographies of the artists (many of them lesser known), and introductory essays.An exhibition organized as part of the celebrations of the 200th anniversary of Bartolini’s birth in 1977, titled Lorenzo Bartolini: mostra delle attività di tutela, was shown at the PALAZZO PRETORIO, PRATO (February – May 1978). The 303p. catalogue, published by Centro Di, has sections on the gallery of plaster casts, archival documentation and the drawings of Bartolini, plus black and white illustrations of sculptures and drawings.


1993 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 335-357 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Montgomery ◽  
Janet M. Fuller ◽  
Sharon DeMarse

ABSTRACTThe analysis of letters written by 19th-century African Americans shows constraints on verbal -s marking which parallel those found in the writing of Scotch-Irish immigrants in the same time period and region, specifically a subject type constraint and a proximity to subject constraint. This correlation is highly suggestive for the study of the development of African American Vernacular English (AAVE). This study finds no support for a basis from a creole or from Standard English for AAVE in verbal concord and concludes that some, perhaps many, African Americans used varieties of English with little or no creole influence. Earlier studies have assumed that standard dialects of English constituted the superstrate in colonial and antebellum America; this analysis makes it clear that we must examine the features of the local varieties, black and white, before making any claims about the influences of language contact on a given variety. Further, the consistent patterns of inflections found in this study show that written documents, in particular letters written by semiliterate African Americans, are a good source for further linguistic study of 19th-century language.


1992 ◽  
Vol 82 (8) ◽  
pp. 1133-1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
J E Keil ◽  
S E Sutherland ◽  
R G Knapp ◽  
H A Tyroler

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 464-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland J. Thorpe ◽  
Elizabeth Kelley ◽  
Janice V. Bowie ◽  
Derek M. Griffith ◽  
Marino Bruce ◽  
...  

National data indicate that Black men have higher rates of obesity than White men. Black men also experience earlier onset of many chronic conditions and premature mortality linked to obesity. Explanations for these disparities have been underexplored, and existing national-level studies may be limited in their ability to explicate these long-standing patterns. National data generally do not account for race differences in risk exposures resulting from racial segregation or the confounding between race and socioeconomic status. Therefore, these differences in obesity may be a function of social environment rather than race. This study examined disparities in obesity among Black and White men living in the same social and environmental conditions, who have similar education levels and incomes using data from the Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities-SWB (EHDIC-SWB) study. The findings were compared with the 2003 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Logistic regression was used to examine the association between race and obesity adjusting for demographics, socioeconomic status, and health conditions. In the NHIS, Black men had a higher odds of obesity (odds ratio = 1.29, 95% confidence interval = 1.12-1.49) than White men. However in the EHDIC-SWB, which accounts for social and environmental conditions of where these men live, Black men had similar odds of obesity (odds ratio = 1.06, 95% confidence interval = 0.70-1.62) compared with White men. These data highlight the importance of the role that setting plays in understanding race disparities in obesity among men. Social environment may be a key determinant of health when seeking to understand race disparities in obesity among Black and White men.


2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 455-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
SCOTT ALAN CARSON

Abstract:The use of height data to measure living standards is now a well-established method in economics, and a number of core findings in the literature are widely agreed upon. There are still some populations, places, and times, however, for which anthropometric evidence remains thin. This paper introduces a new dataset from the Tennessee State Prison to track the heights of comparable black and white males born between 1820 and 1906. Shorter statures were associated with close proximity to the Mississippi River, and the largest share of the white–black stature gap was associated with nativity. Black and white statures declined throughout the 19th century, and farmers were taller than non-farmers.


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