scholarly journals Explaining Racial Disparities in Obesity Among Men

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 464-472 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roland J. Thorpe ◽  
Elizabeth Kelley ◽  
Janice V. Bowie ◽  
Derek M. Griffith ◽  
Marino Bruce ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Social Environment ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
White Men ◽  
National Data ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Race Disparities

National data indicate that Black men have higher rates of obesity than White men. Black men also experience earlier onset of many chronic conditions and premature mortality linked to obesity. Explanations for these disparities have been underexplored, and existing national-level studies may be limited in their ability to explicate these long-standing patterns. National data generally do not account for race differences in risk exposures resulting from racial segregation or the confounding between race and socioeconomic status. Therefore, these differences in obesity may be a function of social environment rather than race. This study examined disparities in obesity among Black and White men living in the same social and environmental conditions, who have similar education levels and incomes using data from the Exploring Health Disparities in Integrated Communities-SWB (EHDIC-SWB) study. The findings were compared with the 2003 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Logistic regression was used to examine the association between race and obesity adjusting for demographics, socioeconomic status, and health conditions. In the NHIS, Black men had a higher odds of obesity (odds ratio = 1.29, 95% confidence interval = 1.12-1.49) than White men. However in the EHDIC-SWB, which accounts for social and environmental conditions of where these men live, Black men had similar odds of obesity (odds ratio = 1.06, 95% confidence interval = 0.70-1.62) compared with White men. These data highlight the importance of the role that setting plays in understanding race disparities in obesity among men. Social environment may be a key determinant of health when seeking to understand race disparities in obesity among Black and White men.

Abstract 15642: Race Sex Disparities in Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Hospitalized Patients With Diabetes, 2005-2015 Potential Warning Signs for Future U.S. Public Health

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gursukhman Sidhu ◽  
Charisse J Ward ◽  
Keith Ferdinand
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Renal Failure ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
White Men ◽  
The United States ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Secondary Diagnosis ◽  
The U.S

Introduction: Despite a recent gradually slowing and perhaps recent increase in the burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) related hospitalization in the United States population with diabetes, it is unclear whether the prior downward trend was uniform or there was an unbalanced division amongst sex and race. Methods: Adults aged ≥40 years old with comorbid diabetes as a secondary diagnosis were identified using the U.S. 2005-2015 National (Nationwide) Inpatient Sample (NIS) data. The prevalence of other modifiable cardiovascular risk factors (hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking/substance abuse, obesity, and renal failure), procedures like major amputations in the secondary diagnosis field and their association with ASCVD (acute coronary syndrome (ACS), coronary artery disease (CAD), stroke, or peripheral arterial disease (PAD)) as the first-listed diagnosis were determined. Complex samples multivariate regression was used to determine the odds ratio (O.D.) with 95% confidence limits (C.L.s). Sex and race risk-adjusted ASCVD related in-hospital mortality rates were estimated. Results: The rate of total ASCVD hospitalizations adjusted to the U.S. census population increased by 5.7% for black men compared to 4% for black women cumulatively compared to a stable downtrend in white men and white women. There was a higher odd of an ASCVD hospitalizations if there was comorbid hypertension (Odds Ratio (OR 1.29; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 95% 1.28 - 1.31), dyslipidemia (OR 2.03; 95% CI 2.01 - 2.05), renal failure (OR 1.84; 95% CI 1.82 - 1.86), and smoking/substance use disorder (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.29 - 1.33). When compared to white men, black men (OR 1.43; 95% CI 1.3 - 1.57) and black women (OR 1.15; 95% CI 1.04 - 1.27) had a higher likelihood of undergoing a major limb amputation during an ASCVD hospitalization. Conclusions: Blacks with diabetes continue to have a higher hospitalizations burden with a concomitant disparity in procedures and outcomes.

The Employment Effects of Wage Discrimination against Black Men

ILR Review ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marjorie L. Baldwin ◽  
William G. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Black Men ◽  
Wage Differential ◽  
White Men ◽  
Wage Discrimination ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
Employment Effects ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Relative Employment ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Employment Rates

When labor supply curves are upward-sloping, wage discrimination against black men reduces not only their relative wages, but also their relative employment rates. Using data from the 1984 Survey of Income and Program Participation, the authors estimate wage discrimination against black men and, for the first time, quantify the effects of that discrimination on the employment of black and white men. They find that 62% of the difference in offer wages to black and white men, and 67% of the difference in their observed wages, cannot be attributed to differences in productivity. Assuming that the unexplained wage differential is attributable entirely to employer discrimination, then the disincentive effects of wage discrimination reduced the relative employment rate of black men from 89% to 82% of white men's employment rate. Thus, wage discrimination and its employment effects resulted in a substantial transfer of resources from blacks to whites in 1984.

Socioeconomic disparities in psychological distress in a nationally representative sample of Japanese adolescents: A time trend study

2016 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 278-286 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Kachi ◽  
Aya Abe ◽  
Emiko Ando ◽  
Tomoyuki Kawada
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Psychological Distress ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Japanese Adolescents ◽  
Nationally Representative

Objective: Socioeconomic status as a determinant of mental health problems has received scant attention in Japan, which has long been considered an egalitarian society. This study examined the association between socioeconomic status and psychological distress and its trends over 6 years among Japanese adolescents. Methods: We used data from a nationally representative sample of 9491 adolescents aged 12–18 years who participated in three repeated cross-sectional surveys between 2007 and 2013. The K6 scale was used to assess psychological distress. Socioeconomic status indicators included household income, parental education, parental working status and household structure. Results: Psychological distress prevalence decreased significantly from 2007 (10.7%) to 2013 (7.6%). However, the socioeconomic status patterns of psychological distress were consistent through the study period. Adolescents living in both lower (odds ratio = 1.61; 95% confidence interval = [1.27, 2.05]) and higher income households (odds ratio = 1.30; 95% confidence interval = [1.03, 1.62]) were more likely to report psychological distress than their middle-income counterparts. Adolescents with low household income were more likely to feel stress from interpersonal relationships and less likely to have help-seeking behaviors, while those with high household income were more likely to feel stress about school achievement. Psychological distress was also associated with parental poor education and single parenthood. Conclusions: Socioeconomic status disparities in adolescent psychological distress were evident and consistent during the 6-year period. There is a unique U-shaped relationship between household income and psychological distress among adolescents in Japan, unlike those from other countries. However, the underlying mechanisms may differ by income status. Future prevention efforts should consider socioeconomic status as a determinant of adolescent mental health problems.

Abstract 15: Trends in Atrial Fibrillation-related Cardiovascular Mortality Rates in The United States: 1999-2017

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 141 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yoshihiro Tanaka ◽  
Nilay Shah ◽  
Rod Passman ◽  
Philip Greenland ◽  
Sadiya Khan
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Atrial Fibrillation ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
White Men ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Black And White

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained arrhythmia in adults and the prevalence is increasing due to the aging of the population and the growing burden of vascular risk factors. Although deaths due to cardiovascular disease (CVD) death have dramatically decreased in recent years, trends in AF-related CVD death has not been previously investigated. Purpose: We sought to quantify trends in AF-related CVD death rates in the United States. Methods: AF-related CVD death was ascertained using the CDC WONDER online database. AF-related CVD deaths were identified by listing CVD (I00-I78) as underlying cause of death and AF (I48) as contributing cause of death among persons aged 35 to 84 years. We calculated age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMR) per 100,000 population, and examined trends over time estimating average annual percent change (AAPC) using Joinpoint Regression Program (National Cancer Institute). Subgroup analyses were performed to compare AAMRs by sex-race (black and white men and women) and across two age groups (younger: 35-64 years, older 65-84 years). Results: A total of 522,104 AF-related CVD deaths were identified between 1999 and 2017. AAMR increased from 16.0 to 22.2 per 100,000 from 1999 to 2017 with an acceleration following an inflection point in 2009. AAPC before 2009 was significantly lower than that after 2009 [0.4% (95% CI, 0.0 - 0.7) vs 3.5% (95% CI, 3.1 - 3.9), p < 0.001). The increase of AAMR was observed across black and white men and women overall and in both age groups (FIGURE), with a more pronounced increase in black men and white men. Black men had the highest AAMR among the younger decedents, whereas white men had the highest AAMR among the older decedents. Conclusion: This study revealed that death rate for AF-related CVD has increased over the last two decades and that there are greater black-white disparities in younger decedents (<65 years). Targeting equitable risk factor reduction that predisposes to AF and CVD mortality is needed to reduce observed health inequities.

scholarly journals Dietary intake of Brazilian black and white men and its relationship to the bone mineral density of the femoral neck

2006 ◽  
Vol 124 (5) ◽  
pp. 267-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrícia Constante Jaime ◽  
Maria do Rosário Dias de Oliveira Latorre ◽  
Alex Antonio Florindo ◽  
Tomoe Tanaka ◽  
Cristiano Augusto de Freitas Zerbini
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Femoral Neck ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
White Men ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The Relationship

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Osteoporosis and fragility fractures are an important public health problem. Although bone loss occurs with age universally, the incidence of bone loss fractures varies greatly between racial groups. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between calcium, protein and energy intake and the bone mineral density of the femoral neck in Brazilian black and white men. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a cross-sectional study, carried out in a teaching hospital in São Paulo. METHODS: The participants were 277 volunteer men, aged 50 years or older. The bone mineral density of the femoral neck (FNBMD) was measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. The relationship between FNBMD and calcium, protein and energy intake, as assessed by a three-day food record, was analyzed using multiple linear regression models and was adjusted for age, height, physical activity and education level. The analysis was stratified by race (white and black). RESULTS: FNBMD presented similar means in the two racial groups (p = 0.538). Protein and energy intake did not show a significant correlation with FNBMD, either in the white or in the black population. Calcium intake showed a strong and independent correlation with FNBMD in the black men (partial r = 0.42). CONCLUSION: Calcium intake was a determinant of FNBMD for black men, aged 50 years or older, but not for the white ones.

scholarly journals Income and Marital Status Interact on Obesity Among Black and White Men

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 155798831982995 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caryn N. Bell ◽  
Roland J. Thorpe
Keyword(s):  
Marital Status ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
White Men ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
High Income ◽  
Never Married ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Increased Risk

Racial disparities in obesity among men are accompanied by positive associations between income and obesity among Black men only. Race also moderates the positive association between marital status and obesity. This study sought to determine how race, income, and marital status interact on obesity among men. Using data from the 2007 to 2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, obesity was measured as body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 among 6,145 Black and White men. Income was measured by percentage of the federal poverty line and marital status was categorized as currently, formerly, or never married. Using logistic regression and interaction terms, the associations between income and obesity were assessed by race and marital status categories adjusted for covariates. Black compared to White (OR = 1.19, 95% CI [1.03, 1.38]), currently married compared to never married (OR = 1.45, 95% CI [1.24, 1.69]), and high-income men compared to low income men (OR = 1.26, 95% CI [1.06, 1.50]) had higher odds of obesity. A three-way interaction was significant and analyses identified that income was positively associated with obesity among currently married Black men and never married White men with the highest and lowest probabilities of obesity, respectively. High-income, currently married Black men had higher obesity rates and may be at increased risk for obesity-related morbidities.

scholarly journals Overall Survival of Black and White Men With Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Treated With Docetaxel

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 403-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Halabi ◽  
Sandipan Dutta ◽  
Catherine M. Tangen ◽  
Mark Rosenthal ◽  
Daniel P. Petrylak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Overall Survival ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Performance Status ◽  
Specific Antigen ◽  
White Men ◽  
Phase Iii ◽  
Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Castration Resistant

Purpose Several studies have reported that among patients with localized prostate cancer, black men have a shorter overall survival (OS) time than white men, but few data exist for men with advanced prostate cancer. The primary goal of this analysis was to compare the OS in black and white men with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) who were treated in phase III clinical trials with docetaxel plus prednisone (DP) or a DP-containing regimen. Methods Individual participant data from 8,820 men with mCRPC randomly assigned in nine phase III trials to DP or a DP-containing regimen were combined. Race was based on self-report. The primary end point was OS. The Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to assess the prognostic importance of race (black v white) adjusted for established risk factors common across the trials (age, prostate-specific antigen, performance status, alkaline phosphatase, hemoglobin, and sites of metastases). Results Of 8,820 men, 7,528 (85%) were white, 500 (6%) were black, 424 (5%) were Asian, and 368 (4%) were of unknown race. Black men were younger and had worse performance status, higher testosterone and prostate-specific antigen, and lower hemoglobin than white men. Despite these differences, the median OS was 21.0 months (95% CI, 19.4 to 22.5 months) versus 21.2 months (95% CI, 20.8 to 21.7 months) in black and white men, respectively. The pooled multivariable hazard ratio of 0.81 (95% CI, 0.72 to 0.91) demonstrates that overall, black men have a statistically significant decreased risk of death compared with white men ( P < .001). Conclusion When adjusted for known prognostic factors, we observed a statistically significant increased OS in black versus white men with mCRPC who were enrolled in these clinical trials. The mechanism for these differences is not known.

scholarly journals Does equal socioeconomic status in black and white men mean equal risk of mortality?

1992 ◽  
Vol 82 (8) ◽  
pp. 1133-1136 ◽  
Author(s):  
J E Keil ◽  
S E Sutherland ◽  
R G Knapp ◽  
H A Tyroler
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
White Men ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Risk Of Mortality

DOES EARLY AGE AT MARRIAGE INFLUENCE GYNAECOLOGICAL MORBIDITIES AMONG PAKISTANI WOMEN?

2002 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
FATIMA SAJAN ◽  
FARIYAL FATMA FIKREE
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Disease ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Adjusted Odds Ratio ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Uterine Prolapse ◽  
Early Age ◽  
Pakistani Women

This paper presents the prevalence of and investigates predictors for specific perceived gynaecological morbidities in Pakistani women. A total of 717 women were identified from eight squatter settlements in Karachi, Pakistan. Detailed information on demographics, contraceptive use and gynaecological morbidities was elicited. The perceived prevalence of uterine prolapse was 19·1% and that of pelvic inflammatory disease 12·8%. The prevalence of uterine prolapse (adjusted odds ratio 1·8; 95% confidence interval 1·0–3·0) was significantly higher among women who married at younger ages (≤16 years), independent of education, socioeconomic status and parity. That of pelvic inflammatory disease was significantly higher among those under 21 years of age (adjusted odds ratio 2·3; 95% confidence interval 1·1–4·8), independent of education, socioeconomic status and parity. Young Pakistani women report an immense burden of reproductive ill health, especially those who began sexual activity at an early age.

scholarly journals Racial differences in bone mineral density and fractures in men receiving androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer.

2011 ◽  
Vol 29 (7_suppl) ◽  
pp. 212-212
Author(s):  
A. K. Morgans ◽  
M. L. Hancock ◽  
G. Barnette ◽  
M. S. Steiner ◽  
R. A. Morton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Bone Mineral Density ◽  
Black Men ◽  
Androgen Deprivation Therapy ◽  
Bone Mineral ◽  
Vertebral Fractures ◽  
White Men ◽  
Percentage Change ◽  
Mineral Density ◽  
Black And White

212 Background: In the general population, black men have higher bone mineral density (BMD) and lower fracture rates than white men. Whether race influences bone loss and fracture risk during androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) for prostate cancer is unknown. Using data from a recently completed prospective, randomized, clinical trial we compared BMD and fracture rates of black and white men receiving ADT for prostate cancer. Methods: Subjects in these analyses (n=516) were members of the placebo group of a two-year randomized controlled trial of toremifene to prevent fractures in men receiving ADT for prostate cancer. All subjects resided in United States and reported their race as either black (n=68) or white (n=448). We compared baseline characteristics, including BMD and prevalent vertebral fractures, between black (n=68) and white men (n=448). We also compared changes in BMD and rates of new vertebral fractures over the two year study period. Results: Black men had higher baseline hip BMD than white men (0.98 ± 0.15 g/m2 and 0.91 ± 0.15 g/m2, respectively; p=0.001). Black men had similar BMD of the spine (1.09 ± 0.22 g/m2 and 1.11 ± 0.22 g/m2 in black and white men, respectively; p=0.51), but fewer prevalent vertebral fractures (7.4% versus 15.0%; p=0.13). Changes in BMD from baseline to 24 months were similar between black and white men (total hip percentage change −2.54 ± 0.26 in white men and −2.09 ± 0.60 in black men; p=0.55; lumbar spine percentage change −1.30 ± 0.33 in white men and −1.67 ± 0.71 in black men; p<0.71). Rates of new vertebral fractures trended towards being lower in black men (1.15% of black men versus 4.83% of white men; relative risk 0.24; p<0.12). Conclusions: Among men receiving ADT for prostate cancer, black men had higher baseline BMD at the hip and fewer prevalent vertebral fractures. Changes in BMD during ongoing ADT were similar for black and white men. Consistent with lower baseline risk for fracture, however, black men had fewer new vertebral fractures than white men. [Table: see text]

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