Terrorism and Cyber Attacks as Hybrid Threats: Defining a Comprehensive Approach for Countering 21st Century Threats to Global Risk and Security

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha-Dominik Oliver Vladimir Bachmann ◽  
Hakan Gunneriusson
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Comprehensive Approach ◽  
Global Risk ◽  
Hybrid Threats

scholarly journals Strengthening the EU’s resilience to hybrid threats

European View ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 178168582110046
Author(s):  
Sandra Kalniete ◽  
Tomass Pildegovičs
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Presidential Election ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Hybrid Methods ◽  
Cyber Attacks ◽  
Political Will ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Us Presidential Election ◽  
Hybrid Threats

Against the backdrop of the deterioration of EU–Russia relations in recent years, there has been a shift in the awareness of hybrid threats all across the Union. At the same time, there is evidence of a growing political will to strengthen resilience to these threats. While hostile foreign actors have long deployed hybrid methods to target Europe, Russia’s intervention in Ukraine in 2014, interference in the 2016 US presidential election, and repeated cyber-attacks and disinformation campaigns aimed at EU member states have marked a turning point, exposing Western countries’ unpreparedness and vulnerability to these threats. This article analyses the EU’s resilience to hybrid warfare from institutional, regulatory and societal perspectives, with a particular focus on the information space. By drawing on case studies from member states historically at the forefront of resisting and countering Russian-backed disinformation campaigns, this article outlines the case for a whole-of-society approach to countering hybrid threats and underscores the need for EU leadership in a standard-setting capacity.

Call for SI in Biologia Biological invasions in the 21st century: a global risk

IAVS Bulletin ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-23
Author(s):  
Katarína Hegedüšová ◽  
Eduardo Cires
Keyword(s):  
Biological Invasions ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Global Risk

scholarly journals Defining a New 21st Century Skill-Computational Thinking: Concepts and Trends

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halil Ibrahim Haseski ◽  
Ulas Ilic ◽  
Ufuk Tugtekin
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Computational Thinking ◽  
Comprehensive Approach ◽  
21St Century Skill

Computational Thinking is a skill that guides the 21th century individual in the problems experienced during daily life and it has an ever-increasing significance. Multifarious definitions were attempted to explain the concept of Computational Thinking. However, it was determined that there was no consensus on this matter in the literature and several different concepts were mentioned in the definitions found in the literature. It was considered that this fact made it difficult to understand the concept of Computational Thinking. To establish a more comprehensive approach, the present study aimed to identify the concepts that are included in the Computational Thinking definitions that were presented in previous studies. It also aimed to reveal trends in the identified concepts throughout the years. As a result of the search, a total of 59 definitions were identified and a content analysis was conducted on these definitions. Analysis results demonstrated that Computational Thinking was defined based on several concepts such as problem solving, technology, thinking, individual and social qualities. Furthermore, it was determined that statements on thinking were prominent before 2006, and today, emphasis on problem solving and technology became more significant. It was considered that the present study would contribute to a better understanding of the Computational Thinking concept. At the end of the study, certain suggestions were presented for further research.

Western humanism, African humanism and work organisations

2005 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
H J Pietersen
Keyword(s):  
Human Nature ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Human Behaviour ◽  
Comprehensive Approach ◽  
Extant Literature ◽  
Western Humanism

Comparison of Western (WH) and African humanism (AH) shows overlapping and complementary approaches to human nature in work organisations. The extant literature is conceptually, empirically and methodologically inadequate, and fails to consider 21st century employment realities. Shortcomings of WH and AH are presented. A dynamic and mutualistic approach to human nature, that includes both self-assertive (individualist) and self transcending (collectivist) tendencies, is briefly outlined. It provides a more comprehensive approach to humanism, for better understanding of human behaviour at work. There is currently too much rhetoric in the field. More research, especially the use of qualitative and narrative interpretive methodologies is required. Opsomming Vergelyking van Westerse (WH) met Afrika (AH) opvattings oor humanisme in werkorganisasies toon, verskille ten spyt, dat oorvleueling en aanvullende benaderingsmoontlikhede bestaan. Die betrokke literatuur is tans konseptueel, empiries en metodologies onvoldoende. Moderne indiensnemingsrealiteite word ook nie verreken nie. Tekortkominge in beide Westerse en Afrika humanisme word aangetoon. Navolging van ’n dinamiese en resiprokale benadering wat beide self-gelding (individualisties) en self-transendering (kollektiwisties) in menslike natuur insluit, word voorgehou as ’n meer omvattende beskouing wat ’n beter begrip van gedrag in werkorganisasies bied. Daar is heelwat retoriek in aansprake betreffende Afrika humanisme. Verdere navorsing, veral begronde en interpreterende studies, is noodsaaklik.

THE STRATEGY OF WAGING HYBRID WARFARE IN THE 21ST CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol XIV ◽  
pp. 0-1
Author(s):  
Adrian Mitręga
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Global Community ◽  
Hybrid Warfare ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Hybrid Threats ◽  
Hybrid War

Over the last decade, the concept of hybrid warfare has aroused great in-terest among the global community dealing with security issues, both military, and non-military. The specificity of hybrid warfare is that the fight is not for territories, but for the minds, and attitudes of citizens of other countries, and the means of combat are very sophisticated. Any hybrid war is based on a strategy that involves achievement victory by setting goals, overall plan and systematic impact on ene-my's vulnerabilities using a hybrid threat complex. In connection with the above, the aim of the article is to present the role of the strategy in waging hybrid war-fare, as well as in developing mechanisms to counteract hybrid threats.

scholarly journals From ‘total’ to ‘comprehensive’ national defence: the development of the concept in Europe

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ieva Berzina
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
Entire Society ◽  
Hybrid Threats ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
National Defence

AbstractThe article discusses the idea of comprehensive national defence from a wide historical and geographical perspective. Countries facing different security challenges have used the concept of involving the entire society in state defence. From a historical perspective, ‘total defence’, with an emphasis on military components, was used primarily by non-aligned states during the Cold War; the breakdown of the Soviet Union reduced the importance of ‘total defence’; however, the emergence of hybrid threats in the 21st century has contributed to the rebirth of the concept in the form of ‘comprehensive national defence’, for application in circumstances wherein potential adversaries use military and non-military means in an integrated manner.

Hybrid Threats In 21st Century – Theory and Research of The Term In Bosnia And Herzegovina

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 85-112
Author(s):  
Robert Kolobara
Keyword(s):  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Human Interaction ◽  
Public Knowledge ◽  
Security Issue ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Resources Distribution ◽  
Hybrid Threats

We live in the era of mass technology and global society bombarded by information and now more than ever we need to understand and assess the nature of communication and what it relays. Basis for the use of power and resources distribution has thus changed and it became quite obvious that the new methods of dissemination of messages to great distances, at considerably greater speed, will fundamentally change the nature of human interaction. In the contemporary world, interest and care for manipulation of public opinion, forming of attitudes and influence on behaviour reached unprecedented levels. Hybrid threats and wars became a first-class security issue of 21st century, and a sign and an indication of the security in the future. This work deals with theory and research of the term hybrid warfare and threats in Bosnia and Herzegovina through a sociological field survey of the population aiming to inductively establish the level of public knowledge on it.

scholarly journals The Hybrid Warfare in the 21St Century: An Old Concept with a New Face

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 74-78
Author(s):  
Ionut Alin Cîrdei
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Medium Term ◽  
Hybrid Warfare ◽  
Hybrid Type ◽  
Main Challenge ◽  
New Type ◽  
Hybrid Threats ◽  
The Military

Abstract In the last years the focus of the military specialists changed from the asymmetrical threats to the hybrid threats, seen as one of the main challenge for the security in the 21st century. The increased attention paid to hybrid threats is due to the events that took place in Ukraine, Syria and other confrontation areas and which highlighted the vulnerability of the modern societies and modern armies toward this type of actions. The use of hybrid type tactics can ensure the achievement of the main objectives of an international actor, with a low effort, usually without using the force, and can deny to the target/victim the possibility to take any defensive actions. The hybrid warfare can represent the war of the 21st century, a new type of direct or indirect confrontation, with effects on short and medium term, impossible to be anticipated.

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