Dynamism in Resistance Pattern of Escherichia coli - A Drift from Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) - Antimicrobial Use Guidelines

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sathish V. D. ◽  
Guru Prasad Mohanta ◽  
Elizabeth Anna Mathew ◽  
J. Renga Ramanujam
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Medical Research ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Indian Council

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Use and Susceptibility of Indicator Escherichia coli in Finnish Integrated Pork Production

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virpi Sali ◽  
Suvi Nykäsenoja ◽  
Annamari Heikinheimo ◽  
Outi Hälli ◽  
Taneli Tirkkonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Herd Size ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Pork Production ◽  
Antimicrobial Substances ◽  
Oral Group ◽  
Suckling Piglets

In pigs, antimicrobial use (AMU) practices vary at different production phases between herds and between countries. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) development is linked to AMU but recognized as a multi-factorial issue, and thus, any information increasing knowledge of AMU and AMR relationships is valuable. We described AMU and screened the carriage of different AMR phenotypes of indicator Escherichia coli in 25 selected Finnish piglet-producing and finishing herds that formed nine birth-to-slaughter production lines. Moreover, we studied associations between AMU and AMR in both herd types and throughout the production line. Treatment records were obtained from the national Sikava register for 1year, and AMU was quantified as mg/PCU (population correction unit) and TIs (treatment incidences). For phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility testing, ten pen-level pooled feces samples (n=250) in each herd were collected from one room representing the oldest weaned piglets or the oldest finishing pigs. Majority of the medications (96.8%) was administered parenterally, and penicillin was the predominant antimicrobial in every herd. More different antimicrobial substances were used in piglet-producing than in finishing herds (median 5 and 1, respectively, p<0.001). As mg/PCU, sows had the highest AMU and suckling piglets had the highest TIs, whereas finishing pigs were the least treated age group. The proportion of susceptible indicator E. coli isolates of all studied isolates was 59.6%. Resistance was found most commonly against tetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and ampicillin, and multi-resistant (MR) isolates (46.5% of all resistant isolates) were resistant to a maximum of four different antimicrobials. Quinolone resistance was rare, and no resistance against 3rd-generation cephalosporins, meropenem, azithromycin, colistin, gentamicin, or tigecycline was detected. The main associations between AMU and AMR were found at antimicrobial group level when use was compared with the presence of AMR phenotypes. The proportion of resistant isolates was not associated with AMU, and herd size was not associated with either AMU or AMR. We suggest that the use of narrow-spectrum beta-lactams as a primary treatment option and lack of wide application of oral group medications potentially favors a good resistance pattern in integrated pork production.

The Current Outbreak of COVID-19 with reference to India

Coronaviruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 01 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harshita Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Highly Pathogenic ◽  
Indian Council ◽  
Current Outbreak ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Bat Coronavirus ◽  
Viral Outbreak

Abstract:: This review summarizes the outbreak of viruses causing the fatal disease which is highly pathogenic and human to human transmittable and it first emerges in Wuhan, China and now this epidemic situation becomes worldwide. A novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus(SARS-CoV)-2 belongs to β-coronavirus genera which were originated in bats due to highly identical genome with bat coronavirus. This review highlights the Indian Council of Medical Research, India study which determined the detection of pathogenic coronavirus in two species of Indian bats. Indian Council of Medical Research, India has successfully isolated the COVID-19 virus strain which was the first step towards diagnosis and the development of vaccines in the country. The outbreaks of coronavirus received worldwide attention for overcoming the challenges faced during this current pandemic as there is no clinically approved antiviral drug or vaccine available, however, preventive measures and different treatments were taken to cope with this viral outbreak. In response to this global outbreak, this review tries to explain the Virology, Epidemiology, pathogenesis, and discusses the Diagnosis, treatment strategies of COVID-19. This review emphasizes the current update of knowledge about COVID-19.

scholarly journals Validation of Indian Council of Medical Research Neurocognitive Tool Box in Diagnosis of Mild Cognitive Impairment in India: Lessons from a Harmonization Process in a Linguistically Diverse Society

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Ramshekhar N. Menon ◽  
Feba Varghese ◽  
Avanthi Paplikar ◽  
Shailaja Mekala ◽  
Suvarna Alladi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Medical Research ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Linguistically Diverse ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Indian Languages ◽  
Test Protocol ◽  
Indian Council ◽  
Multiple Domain

<b><i>Background/Aims:</i></b> In a linguistically diverse country such as India, challenges remain with regard to diagnosis of early cognitive decline among the elderly, with no prior attempts made to simultaneously validate a comprehensive battery of tests across domains in multiple languages. This study aimed to determine the utility of the Indian Council of Medical Research-Neurocognitive Tool Box (ICMR-NCTB) in the diagnosis of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and its vascular subtype (VaMCI) in 5 Indian languages. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Literate subjects from 5 centers across the country were recruited using a uniform process, and all subjects were classified based on clinical evaluations and a gold standard test protocol into normal cognition, MCI, and VaMCI. Following adaptation and harmonization of the ICMR-NCTB across 5 different Indian languages into a composite Z score, its test performance against standards, including sensitivity and specificity of the instrument as well as of its subcomponents in diagnosis of MCI, was evaluated in age and education unmatched and matched groups. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Variability in sensitivity-specificity estimates was noted between languages when a total of 991 controls and 205 patients with MCI (157 MCI and 48 VaMCI) were compared due to a significant impact of age, education, and language. Data from a total of 506 controls, 144 patients with MCI, and 46 patients with VaMCI who were age- and education-matched were compared. Post hoc analysis after correction for multiple comparisons revealed better performance in controls relative to all-cause MCI. An optimum composite Z-score of −0.541 achieved a sensitivity of 81.1% and a specificity of 88.8% for diagnosis of all-cause MCI, with a high specificity for diagnosis of VaMCI. Using combinations of multiple-domain 2 test subcomponents retained a sensitivity and specificity of &#x3e;80% for diagnosis of MCI. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> The ICMR-NCTB is a “first of its kind” approach at harmonizing neuropsychological tests across 5 Indian languages for the diagnosis of MCI due to vascular and other etiologies. Utilizing multiple-domain subcomponents also retains the validity of this instrument, making it a valuable tool in MCI research in multilingual settings.

CAN HOMOEOPATHY COMBAT COVID-19? A REPERTORIAL VIEW.

2021 ◽  
pp. 27-30
Author(s):  
Suresh Ramalingam ◽  
Maanasa Rajagopalan ◽  
Karthikeyan Pandiyambakkam Rajendran ◽  
Srinivas Govindarajulu ◽  
Antony Rozario
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Standard Of Care ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
Conclusive Evidence ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Security ◽  
Indian Council ◽  
Traditional Medicines

Corona virus disease 2019, COVID-19, the ongoing pandemic had resulted in greater loss and had been challenging to the global health security and Health care system. With no curative medicines, repurposing of existing allopathic medicines was widely carried out. Besides Allopathy, traditional medicines and complimentary alternative system of medicines are also being tried and tested everywhere. Management of COVID-19 patients in India is being done according to the guidelines of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR). Under its directives, the Ministry of AYUSH has recommended using Homeopathy drugs as Prophylactic medicines in the name of Immune boosters and also as a Therapeutic agent along with the existing standard of care in the Management of COVID-19 disease. During many previous epidemics Homeopathic medical system has registered its success in both treatment and preventive aspects, which has been recorded in various literatures. Adapting the principles of individualization in an epidemic situation, two major concepts - Genus epidemicus and Similimum through Repertorisation have proved to be viable in embracing homeopathic approach for Prophylactic and Therapeutic measures against COVID-19 respectively. We in this study have used Repertorisation to derive similar remedies for the clinical picture in each concept, to combat COVID-19.The results from the review and repertory have shown Arsenicum album and Phosphorus to have the most similarity with COVID-19 clinical picture of various stages as listed in the World health organisation (WHO) and Indian council of Medical Research (ICMR), based on the two concepts respectively. These remedies prove to have signicant effect as a prophylactic and therapeutic against the COVID-19 disease based on the Genus epidemicus concept, yet it needs scientic clinical trials for stronger and conclusive evidence which have been started and is being done by various homoeopathic hospitals across India

Indian Council of Medical Research ICMR Task Force Study on hormonal contraceptives

Contraception ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 403-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zehra K. Shikary ◽  
Shrikant S. Betrabet ◽  
Villi S. Toddywala ◽  
Dina M. Patel ◽  
S. Datey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Hormonal Contraceptives ◽  
Indian Council

scholarly journals Investigation of Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern Among Escherichia coli Strains Isolated from Patients Referred to Amir Al-Momenin Hospital, Gerash, Iran

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliyar Pirouzi ◽  
Hossain Foruozandeh ◽  
Abbas Farahani ◽  
Jebreil Shamseddin ◽  
Hamideh Mohseni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Pattern

scholarly journals Multidrug resistance in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolated from broiler chickens at slaughter

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (6supl2) ◽  
pp. 3813-3824
Author(s):  
Rodrigo Pacheco Ornellas ◽  
◽  
Hugo Peralva Lopes ◽  
Daniela de Queiroz Baptista ◽  
Thomas Salles Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Systemic Complications

Broiler chickens and derived products are a key source of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in humans. This pathotype is responsible for causing severe episodes of diarrhea, which can progress to systemic complications. A rapid and accurate diagnosis of the disease, and early treatment of the infection with antimicrobials, can prevent it worsening. However, multidrug-resistant strains have potentially negative implications for treatment success. In this context, the aim of the present study was to isolate and identify multidrug-resistant STEC strains from broiler chickens and carcasses. Of 171 E. coli strains, isolated by conventional microbiological techniques and submitted to Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), for detection of stx1 and stx2 genes, 21.05% (36/171) were STEC pathotype, and most of them (66.67% - 24/36) carried both stx1 and eae genes. The multidrug resistance pattern was observed in 75% (27/36) of STEC strains. The presence of STEC in broiler chickens and carcasses reinforces that these sources may act as reservoirs for this pathotype. Multidrug-resistant bacteria contaminating animal products represent a public health issue because of the possibility of spread of multidrug-resistant determinants in the food chain and a higher risk of failure in human treatment when antimicrobials are needed.

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