Gastrointestinal Symptoms and Immune Response in COVID-19 - Review of a Cat and Mouse Game Theory.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abhilash Haridas ◽  
Payal Mukker
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Immune Response ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms

scholarly journals Gliadin Sequestration as a Novel Therapy for Celiac Disease: A Prospective Application for Polyphenols

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 595
Author(s):  
Charlene B. Van Buiten ◽  
Ryan J. Elias
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Autoimmune Disorder ◽  
Treatment Method ◽  
Mucosal Damage ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Novel Therapy ◽  
Gluten Proteins ◽  
Prospective Application

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by a heightened immune response to gluten proteins in the diet, leading to gastrointestinal symptoms and mucosal damage localized to the small intestine. Despite its prevalence, the only treatment currently available for celiac disease is complete avoidance of gluten proteins in the diet. Ongoing clinical trials have focused on targeting the immune response or gluten proteins through methods such as immunosuppression, enhanced protein degradation and protein sequestration. Recent studies suggest that polyphenols may elicit protective effects within the celiac disease milieu by disrupting the enzymatic hydrolysis of gluten proteins, sequestering gluten proteins from recognition by critical receptors in pathogenesis and exerting anti-inflammatory effects on the system as a whole. This review highlights mechanisms by which polyphenols can protect against celiac disease, takes a critical look at recent works and outlines future applications for this potential treatment method.

Nutritional Management of Celiac Disease

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciarán P Kelly ◽  
Satya Kurada ◽  
Mariana Urquiaga
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Tight Junction ◽  
Villous Atrophy ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Gluten Free Diet ◽  
Intestinal Biopsy ◽  
Nutritional Management ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Antigliadin Antibodies

Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by an immune response to gluten peptides in wheat, barley, and rye. The diagnosis of celiac disease is confirmed by three important characteristics: consistent symptoms, positive celiac-specific serology, and small intestinal biopsy findings of inflammation, crypt hyperplasia, and villous atrophy. CD may present with overt gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea (or constipation), weight loss, and abdominal bloating and discomfort, or covertly with micronutrient deficiencies such as iron deficiency with anemia. A gluten-free diet (GFD) remains the mainstay of treatment. The aim of this review is to highlight the pathogenesis of CD, concepts and challenges associated with a GFD, and nutritional management of CD applicable in clinical practice to internists, gastroenterologists, and dietitians. Patients should be referred to an expert celiac dietitian for education on adherence to a GFD to address gluten contamination in the diet, the psychosocial implications of following a GFD, and macro- and micronutrient disequilibria arising from celiac disease and the GFD. Several novel therapeutics are on the horizon in various stages of development, including glutenases, antigliadin antibodies, tight junction regulators, modulation of the immune response to gliadin, and efforts to engineer less toxic gluten-containing foodstuffs. This review contains 3 figures, 5 tables, and 61 references. Key words: celiac disease, genetic engineering, food engineering, gluten, glutenases, gluten-free diet, oats, IgY, nutrition, tight junction regulators, wheat

Nutritional Management of Celiac Disease

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciarán P Kelly ◽  
Satya Kurada ◽  
Mariana Urquiaga
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Tight Junction ◽  
Villous Atrophy ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Gluten Free Diet ◽  
Intestinal Biopsy ◽  
Nutritional Management ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Antigliadin Antibodies

Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by an immune response to gluten peptides in wheat, barley, and rye. The diagnosis of celiac disease is confirmed by three important characteristics: consistent symptoms, positive celiac-specific serology, and small intestinal biopsy findings of inflammation, crypt hyperplasia, and villous atrophy. CD may present with overt gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea (or constipation), weight loss, and abdominal bloating and discomfort, or covertly with micronutrient deficiencies such as iron deficiency with anemia. A gluten-free diet (GFD) remains the mainstay of treatment. The aim of this review is to highlight the pathogenesis of CD, concepts and challenges associated with a GFD, and nutritional management of CD applicable in clinical practice to internists, gastroenterologists, and dietitians. Patients should be referred to an expert celiac dietitian for education on adherence to a GFD to address gluten contamination in the diet, the psychosocial implications of following a GFD, and macro- and micronutrient disequilibria arising from celiac disease and the GFD. Several novel therapeutics are on the horizon in various stages of development, including glutenases, antigliadin antibodies, tight junction regulators, modulation of the immune response to gliadin, and efforts to engineer less toxic gluten-containing foodstuffs. This review contains 3 figures, 5 tables, and 61 references. Key words: celiac disease, genetic engineering, food engineering, gluten, glutenases, gluten-free diet, oats, IgY, nutrition, tight junction regulators, wheat

scholarly journals Immune Response, Viral Shedding Time, and Clinical Characterization in COVID-19 Patients With Gastrointestinal Symptoms

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan Yang ◽  
Xiangyu Xi ◽  
Weimin Wang ◽  
Bing Gu
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Clinical Characteristics ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Kidney Injury ◽  
Percentage Increase ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Gi Symptoms ◽  
Ig G

Background and Aims: Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are frequently observed in coronavirus disease (COVID-19) symptoms. Previous studies have mainly focused on epidemiology and characteristics in patients with GI symptoms, little is known about the roles of the immune response in susceptibility to and severity of infection. Here, we analyzed COVID-19 cases to determine immune response and clinical characteristics in COVID-19 patients with GI symptoms.Methods: Based on the presence of GI symptoms, 79 patients in Xuzhou were divided into GI and non-GI groups. A retrospective study investigating the clinical characteristics, selected laboratory abnormalities, immune response, treatment, and clinical outcome was performed to compare patients with or without GI symptoms.Results: Approximately 25% of patients reported at least one GI symptom. Our results showed significantly higher rates of fatigue, increased LDH, increased CK, higher percentage increase neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), lymphopenia, and bilateral pneumonia in patients with GI symptoms. No significant changes in serum amylase (SAA), immunoglobulin (Ig) G, IgM, C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT), interleukin-6 (IL-6), viral shedding time, liver injury, and kidney injury between the two groups were observed. The clinical type on admission of patients with GI symptoms reported significantly higher rates of critical disease type (20 vs. 3.3%; p = 0.033). However, the survival rate did not differ between the two groups.Conclusions: Increase in total lymphocytes and NLR as well as the elevation of CRP, SAA, PCT, IL-6, CK, and LDH were closely associated with COVID-19 with GI symptoms, implying reliable indicators COVID-19 patients with GI symptoms were more likely to develop into a severe disease.

Nutritional Management of Celiac Disease

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ciarán P Kelly ◽  
Satya Kurada ◽  
Mariana Urquiaga
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Tight Junction ◽  
Villous Atrophy ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Gluten Free Diet ◽  
Intestinal Biopsy ◽  
Nutritional Management ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Antigliadin Antibodies

Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by an immune response to gluten peptides in wheat, barley, and rye. The diagnosis of celiac disease is confirmed by three important characteristics: consistent symptoms, positive celiac-specific serology, and small intestinal biopsy findings of inflammation, crypt hyperplasia, and villous atrophy. CD may present with overt gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea (or constipation), weight loss, and abdominal bloating and discomfort, or covertly with micronutrient deficiencies such as iron deficiency with anemia. A gluten-free diet (GFD) remains the mainstay of treatment. The aim of this review is to highlight the pathogenesis of CD, concepts and challenges associated with a GFD, and nutritional management of CD applicable in clinical practice to internists, gastroenterologists, and dietitians. Patients should be referred to an expert celiac dietitian for education on adherence to a GFD to address gluten contamination in the diet, the psychosocial implications of following a GFD, and macro- and micronutrient disequilibria arising from celiac disease and the GFD. Several novel therapeutics are on the horizon in various stages of development, including glutenases, antigliadin antibodies, tight junction regulators, modulation of the immune response to gliadin, and efforts to engineer less toxic gluten-containing foodstuffs. This review contains 3 figures, 5 tables, and 61 references. Key words: celiac disease, genetic engineering, food engineering, gluten, glutenases, gluten-free diet, oats, IgY, nutrition, tight junction regulators, wheat

Enhanced local immune response in children with prolonged gastrointestinal symptoms

2007 ◽  
Vol 93 (12) ◽  
pp. 1601-1607 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Kokkonen ◽  
K Holm ◽  
TJ Karttunen ◽  
M Mäki
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Local Immune Response

scholarly journals Oral Consumption of Bread from an RNAi Wheat Line with Strongly Silenced Gliadins Elicits No Immunogenic Response in a Pilot Study with Celiac Disease Patients

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 4548
Author(s):  
María H. Guzmán-López ◽  
Susana Sánchez-León ◽  
Miriam Marín-Sanz ◽  
Isabel Comino ◽  
Verónica Segura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Celiac Disease ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Storage Proteins ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Wheat Line ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Peripheral Blood Mononuclear ◽  
Stool Samples

Celiac disease (CD) is a genetically predisposed, T cell-mediated and autoimmune-like disorder caused by dietary exposure to the storage proteins of wheat and related cereals. A gluten-free diet (GFD) is the only treatment available for CD. The celiac immune response mediated by CD4+ T-cells can be assessed with a short-term oral gluten challenge. This study aimed to determine whether the consumption of bread made using flour from a low-gluten RNAi wheat line (named E82) can activate the immune response in DQ2.5-positive patients with CD after a blind crossover challenge. The experimental protocol included assessing IFN-γ production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), evaluating gastrointestinal symptoms, and measuring gluten immunogenic peptides (GIP) in stool samples. The response of PBMCs was not significant to gliadin and the 33-mer peptide after E82 bread consumption. In contrast, PBMCs reacted significantly to Standard bread. This lack of immune response is correlated with the fact that, after E82 bread consumption, stool samples from patients with CD showed very low levels of GIP, and the symptoms were comparable to those of the GFD. This pilot study provides evidence that bread from RNAi E82 flour does not elicit an immune response after a short-term oral challenge and could help manage GFD in patients with CD.

scholarly journals Hyperinflammation evokes different antiviral TMPRSS2 and ADAM17 expression responses in human gut xenograft versus host mouse gut although overall genomic responses are similar

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorna Morris ◽  
Einat Nissim-Eliraz ◽  
Iftach Schouten ◽  
Francois Bergey ◽  
Nigel Dyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Orthologous Gene ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Gene Set Enrichment Analysis ◽  
Laboratory Mice ◽  
Human Gut ◽  
Host Mouse

The global spread of the newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV2) has led to the pandemic outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19), an inflammatory disease that is primarily affecting the respiratory system. However, gastrointestinal symptoms in COVID19 patients suggests that the gut may present another viral target organ. Disease development and severity is dependent on viral interaction with two cell surface human proteins, ACE2 and TMPRSS2, and on antiviral response which may lead to systemic hyperinflammatory syndrome and multiorgan dysfunction. Understanding the host response to SARSCoV2 infection and the pathology of the disease will be greatly enhanced by the development of appropriate animal models. Laboratory mice have been the mainstay of therapeutic and vaccine development, however, the virus does not grow in wild type mice and only induced mild disease in transgenic animals expressing human ACE2. As there are known differences between immune response in laboratory mice and humans we evaluated the response of human gut developed as xenografts and host mouse gut following systemic LPS injections as a hyperinflammation model system. The orthologous gene expression levels in the mouse and human gut were highly correlated (Spearmans rank correlation coefficient: 0.28 to 0.76) and gene set enrichment analysis of significantly upregulated human and mouse genes revealed that a number of inflammatory and immune response pathways are commonly regulated in the two species. However, species differences were also observed, most importantly, in the inflamed human gut but not in the mouse gut, there was clear upregulation of mRNAs coding for TMPRSS2, ADAM17 and for RIG I like receptors, which are involved in the recognition of viruses and in antiviral innate immune response. Moreover, using species-specific immunofluorescence microscopy, we demonstrated the expression and localization of human ACE2 and TMPRSS2 proteins, which are essential elements of the molecular machinery that enables SARSCoV2 to infect and replicate in human gut cells. Our findings demonstrate that the intestinal immune response to inflammation in humans and mice are generally very similar. However, certain human-specific diseases, such as COVID19, can only be successfully studied in an experimental model of human tissue, such as the gut xenograft.

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