scholarly journals SEMANTIC AND CONTEXTUAL KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION USING INTER - LINGUA FOR AUTOMATED ASSESSMENT OF STRUCTURED C++ PROGRAM

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 185-188
Author(s):  
Maxwell Christian ◽  
◽  
Bhushan Trivedi , PhD ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Representation ◽  
Automatic Evaluation ◽  
Patent Office ◽  
Contextual Knowledge ◽  
Automated Assessment ◽  
Standard Representation ◽  
Reference Number ◽  
The Subject ◽  
C Program ◽  
Contextual Binding

The process of automatic evaluation of a structured C++ program has the first and foremost requirement of specifying the developed structural C++ program in a standard, generalized and unified format. This generalized and standard representation of the program needs to incorporate the specification in terms of semantics as per the language features used and also the contextual binding in regards of the program definition as perceived and desired by the subject expert. Hence an inter - lingua which can represent the semantic and contextual knowledge of the developed structured C++ program will be the first and foremost requirement towards the process of automated assessment and grading of a structured C++ program.The work presented here is published for patent at Patent Office Branch, Mumbai, India with the reference number E-12/215/2021/MUM and application number 202121000796.

Distinguishing between Knowledge Visualization and Knowledge Rrpresentation in Legal Informatics

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vytautas Čyras
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Representation ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Semantic Networks ◽  
Knowledge Visualization ◽  
Management Processes ◽  
Object Based ◽  
Legal Informatics ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Legal Knowledge Representation ◽  
Legal Domain

Knowledge visualization (KV) and knowledge representation (KR) are distinguished, though both are knowledge management processes. Knowledge visualization is subject to humans, whereas knowledge representation – to computers. In computing, knowledge representation leverages reasoning of software agents. Thus, KR is a branch of artificial intelligence. The subject matter of KR is representation methods. They are classified into (1) knowledge level and symbol level representations; (2) procedural and declarative representations; (3) logic-based, rule-based, frame- or object-based representations (supporting inference by inheritance); and (4) semantic networks. In legal informatics, methods of legal knowledge representation (LKR) are dealt with. An essential feature of LKR is the representation of deep knowledge, which is mainly tacit. It is easily understood by professional jurists and hardly by amateurs from outside law. This knowledge comprises the teleology of law and a whole implicit framework of legal system. The paper focuses on (1) identifying key features of KV and KR in the legal domain; and (2) distinguishing between visualization, symbolization, formalisation and mind mapping.

scholarly journals Patent applications and neurotic concerns: further explorations in the Patent Office

1998 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 162-165
Author(s):  
David V. James ◽  
Paul L. Gilluley
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Conventional Medicine ◽  
Previous Article ◽  
Psychiatric Practice ◽  
Patent Office ◽  
Psychotic Illness ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Patent Applications ◽  
The Times

It is a commonplace of clinical practice that those with obsessional disorder, or with obsessional features to a psychotic illness, often develop concerns about cleanliness and contamination, some with a focus on everyday bodily processes. In a search of the Patent Office for psychotic ideas (James & Gilluley, 1997), it became apparent that patents reflecting concern about bodily functions were strongly represented in the patent collection. These stood out from patents concerning innovation in conventional medicine or medical appliances, and some of them had the flavour of the more bizarre ideas on the subject put forward by patients in our psychiatric practice. It was decided to explore the collection of the Patent Office further, with a view to surveying the range of such patents and examining their relation to the times in which they originated. The procedure used was the same as in our previous article.

scholarly journals Semantic-relations taxonomy for knowledge representation

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. e02123
Author(s):  
Lucinéia Souza Maia ◽  
Gercina Ângela de Lima
Keyword(s):  
Singular Point ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Knowledge Representation ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
The Subject

Semantic relations in knowledge representation characterizes the association between the concepts of a domain. Concepts are units of knowledge and the relationships that link these units, which gives meaning to the knowledge as represented. In this way, semantic relations allow users to assimilate the purpose of the association between concepts in the presentational context, avoiding misinterpretation of the information, mainly that presented in instruments of knowledge representation.The objective of this paper is to propose a taxonomy of semantic relations that compiles the different approaches on the subject. The methodology applied bibliographic research for theoretical foundation and literature review based on the main bibliographic references on semantic relations. As result, some classifications of semantic relations were found to have been raised by different authors, each offering a singular point of view, which has resulted in a range of discordant terms. To answer this need, a taxonomy was arrived at of sixty-three semantic relations, including a new relation discovered by this study, dubbed here ‘subordinate agent’.

Study on intelligent construction of English-Chinese bilingual context model based on CBR

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Yan Shi
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Knowledge Representation ◽  
Implementation Process ◽  
Case Based Reasoning ◽  
Contextual Knowledge ◽  
Context Model ◽  
New Research ◽  
Reasoning Mechanism

The article briefly reviews the context-based view of the case-based reasoning mechanism and second language acquisition theories, and analyzes the feasibility of the application of CBR in bilingual context knowledge representation. Based on this, it proposes bilingualism. The computational model, algorithm and general implementation process of the system for contextual knowledge representation CBR system is a preliminary exploration of the application of machine learning and artificial intelligence theory in the study of second language acquisition theory. It is intended to provide a second language acquisition study to the new research methods and perspectives.

An Overview of Intelligent Decision Systems

1989 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-135
Author(s):  
Daniel T. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Representation ◽  
System Integration ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Decision Systems ◽  
Intelligent Decision ◽  
Hybrid Knowledge ◽  
Modelling Techniques ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Intelligent Decision Systems ◽  
Major Emphasis

System integration has been the goal for both academicians and practitioners for more than two decades. Tremendous efforts have been made toward the achievement of a unifying theory or at least a framework in system integration. Unfortunately, the goal has not been achieved because of the dynamic nature of the subject. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a systematic analysis of the related subjects in system integration and to develop a framework which can be used to guide researchers and practitioners in system integration development. Traditional data modelling techniques and knowledge representation methodologies will be reviewed first. Major emphasis will be placed on object-oriented system integration and hybrid knowledge representation methods for developing an integrated intelligent decision system for next generation decision making.

scholarly journals ІНТЕЛЕКТУАЛЬНІ СИСТЕМИ: ПОСТ-ДЕКАРТОВЕ ПРЕДСТАВЛЕННЯ МЕТАЗНАНЬ

2020 ◽  
pp. 4-19
Author(s):  
Серій Ілліч Доценко
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Representation ◽  
Human Activity ◽  
Graphical Representation ◽  
Subject Area ◽  
The Other ◽  
Logical Model ◽  
Automatic Data ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Knowledge Measure ◽  
The Subject

The main problem in the general problem of knowledge manipulation is the problem of determining the composition and content of the subject area for which this problem is being solved. It has been established that there are two fundamentally different approaches to solving knowledge manipulation problems. The first approach consists in the application of methods of automatic data processing using computers and corresponding algorithms based on the rules of formal logic to obtain new knowledge about objects in the subject area. For the first approach, the objects of the domain are precisely the physical objects of animate and inanimate nature in their existence, which have their characteristics and between which the corresponding relations are established. The second approach is to use the ability of the human intellect to measure things and their properties based on the laws of dialectical logic. The second approach is characterized by the cognition of knowledge about the activity of objects of living nature, primarily humans. In this case, computers are used, as a rule, to represent already established knowledge in an appropriate form. One such form of knowledge representation is a logical model of a Cartesian coordinate system. The analysis of this model has shown that the logical principle of its formation is the principle of the dialectical unity of the concepts of “general” and “unit”, which is used to form the composition and content of diametrically opposite coordinate axes from numerical sets. On the other hand, there are a significant number of logical models in which the composition and content of the elements of the sets that form the coordinate axes correspond to certain knowledge about human activity. These models also implement the principle of their formation in the form of a dialectical unity of the concepts of “general” “unit”, which is used to form the composition and content of diametrically opposite coordinate axes from the sets of which certain knowledge is. It should be noted that in each of the studied approaches to knowledge manipulation, the concept of “measure” is not applied. On the other hand, this concept is decisive in the formation of knowledge about human activities and their manipulation. The research of the properties of the logical model of the meta-knowledge measure has been carried out. For this model, the content of the concepts “measure of meta-knowledge”, “unit of measure of meta-knowledge” and “unit of measure of knowledge” is established. The graphical representation of the logical model of knowledge representation about human activity in the logical model of the meta-knowledge measure is the architecture of the matrix representation. The main advantage of this view is that it implements a many-to-many (M: N) relationship, which is prohibited in relational databases. The analysis of the level of compliance of the proposed logical model of the meta-knowledge measure with certain requirements for knowledge manipulation models is carried out. A high level of compliance with these requirements has been established. Taking into account the established properties of the architecture of the logical model of meta-knowledge, it is proposed to define this model in the form of a post-Descartes representation of meta-knowledge about the activity.

scholarly journals Działalność Urzędu Patentowego w zakresie ochrony znaków towarowych na podstawie rozporządzenia o ochronie wynalazków, wzorów i znaków towarowych z 1928 roku — zarys problematyki

Prawo ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 325 ◽  
pp. 163-173
Author(s):  
Tomasz Dolata
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Patent Office ◽  
Trade Marks ◽  
Long Period ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Reliable Basis

The Patent Office and the protection of trade marks under the 1928 Regulation on the Protection of Inventions, Designs and Trademarks — an outlineThe aim of the paper is to discuss the work of the Patent Office with regard to the protection of trademarks under the 1928 Regulation on the Protection of Inventions, Designs and Trademarks. Given the long period it remained in force, the Regulation is the most reliable basis for investigating the matter. What remains outside the scope of the paper is a detailed discussion of the theoretical constructs used by the legislator to protect trademarks. Although these questions are obviously connected with the subject matter in question, they constitute a separate research problem.Die Tätigkeit des Patentamtes im Bereich des Schutzes der Warenzeichen auf Grund der Verordnung über den Schutz von Erfindungen, der Muster und Warenzeichen aus dem Jahre 1928 — Umriss der ProblematikZiel dieser Bearbeitung ist die Besprechung der Tätigkeit des Patentamtes im Bereich des Schutzes der Warenzeichen unter der Verordnung betreffend den Schutz von Erfindungen, der Muster und Warenzeichen aus dem Jahre 1928. Diese Verordnung in Anbetracht der längsten Geltungszeit stellt die maßgebliche Grundlage für die Untersuchung dieser Problematik. Außerhalb dieser Bearbeitung bleibt die detaillierte Besprechung der Angelegenheiten betreffend die theoretischen Konstruktionen, die vom Gesetzgeber für den Schutz der Warenzeichen genutzt werden. Zwar verbinden sich diese Angelegenheiten offensichtlich mit der besprochenen Problematik, sie stellen jedoch ein abgetrenntes Forschungsthema dar.

The impact of simultaneous-interpreting prosody on comprehension

Interpreting ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-34
Author(s):  
Cédric Lenglet ◽  
Christine Michaux
Keyword(s):  
Speech Rate ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
Contextual Knowledge ◽  
Prosodic Features ◽  
Significant Extent ◽  
Simultaneous Interpreting ◽  
Professional Norms ◽  
Medium Length ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Does the particular prosody of simultaneous interpreting have an impact on comprehensibility? This paper presents an experiment that sought to answer this question. Two groups of listeners (47 with relevant contextual knowledge about the subject-matter of the speech and 40 with less contextual knowledge) listened to the interpretation into French of a 20-minute lecture in German under two conditions (the actual interpretation and a read-aloud rendition of the transcript of the interpretation by the same interpreter) and answered comprehension questions. The prosodic features of the two conditions were analysed, and differences regarding the temporal organisation of speech, disfluencies, pitch register and the interface between prosody and syntax emerged. Simultaneous interpreting was found to be more monotonous, to contain a larger number of short and long silent pauses, more hesitations (“euh”) and more non-syntactic pauses as well as to have a more irregular speech rate. The read-aloud version was livelier, with more medium-length silent pauses and almost no hesitation. Results of the comprehension questionnaire do not demonstrate that interpreting-specific prosodic features affect comprehensibility to a significant extent. This is consistent with professional norms of interpreting in specialised conferences, where verbal aspects have priority over non-verbal ones.

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