scholarly journals Experimental Models of Glaucoma

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 164-171
Author(s):  
O. N. Onufriichuk ◽  
I. R. Gazizova ◽  
A. V. Kuroyedov ◽  
А. V. Seleznev ◽  
A. Yu. Brezhnev
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Optic Disc ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Trophic Factors ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Digital Scanning

Optic nerve pits are a mono- or bilateral congenital anomaly represented by optic disc depressions of various sizes. In half of the cases, the pits are complicated by edema, central retinal detachment and retinoschisis, and cause visual function decrease. Visual acuity losses can be either insignificant or pronounced. Optic discs pits have been investigated massively over the last century and a half, but their etiology is still underresearched. In recent years, however, due to the development of digital scanning and data processing technologies and the emergence of non-invasive highly informative diagnostic methods, it has become possible to reveal structural and functional changes of the optic disc in vivo, in addition to the traditional detection of histological changes in cadaveric eyes.Glaucomatous process modeling is one of the challenges in ophthalmology. And this is due primarily to the fact that, so far, the main reasons for the onset and progression of glaucoma. Numerous works on experimental research in its core model ocular. However, there are forms of glaucoma, which are independent of the level of intraocular pressure. Ideal model of glaucoma is considered a model with the development of the characteristic symptom in which a key symptom is a slowly progressive excavation of the optic nerve. But given the new knowledge in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative changes in glaucoma in this model should be added and the opportunity to study the brain, vascular factors of progression, the level of neurotransmitters, trophic factors, etc. Therefore, we tried to make the analysis of models of glaucoma in various experimental animals and determine the most appropriate model for studying the pathogenesis of glaucoma.

scholarly journals Historical aspects and current views of the etiopathogenesis and clinical manifestations of optic nerve pits

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 158-163
Author(s):  
E. V. Muskatina ◽  
D. Yu. Samsonov ◽  
S. I. Zhukova ◽  
А. G. Shchuko
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Optic Disc ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Processing Technologies ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Digital Scanning ◽  
Optic Discs

Optic nerve pits are a mono- or bilateral congenital anomaly represented by optic disc depressions of various sizes. In half of the cases, the pits are complicated by edema, central retinal detachment and retinoschisis, and cause visual function decrease. Visual acuity losses can be either insignificant or pronounced. Optic discs pits have been investigated massively over the last century and a half, but their etiology is still underresearched. In recent years, however, due to the development of digital scanning and data processing technologies and the emergence of non-invasive highly informative diagnostic methods, it has become possible to reveal structural and functional changes of the optic disc in vivo, in addition to the traditional detection of histological changes in cadaveric eyes.

scholarly journals Blocking LINGO-1 in vivo reduces degeneration and enhances regeneration of the optic nerve

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 205521731664170 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melissa M Gresle ◽  
Yaou Liu ◽  
Trevor J Kilpatrick ◽  
Dennis Kemper ◽  
Qi-Zhu Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optic Nerve ◽  
Axonal Regeneration ◽  
Antibody Therapy ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Axonal Loss ◽  
Nerve Crush ◽  
Acute Optic Neuritis ◽  
Injury Models

Background Two ongoing phase II clinical trials (RENEW and SYNERGY) have been developed to test the efficacy of anti-LINGO-1 antibodies in acute optic neuritis and relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis, respectively. Across a range of experimental models, LINGO-1 has been found to inhibit neuron and oligodendrocyte survival, axon regeneration, and (re)myelination. The therapeutic effects of anti-LINGO-1 antibodies on optic nerve axonal loss and regeneration have not yet been investigated. Objective In this series of studies we investigate if LINGO-1 antibodies can prevent acute inflammatory axonal loss, and promote axonal regeneration after injury in rodent optic nerves. Methods The effects of anti-LINGO-1 antibody on optic nerve axonal damage were assessed using rodent myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and its effects on axonal regeneration were assessed in optic nerve crush injury models. Results In the optic nerve, anti-LINGO-1 antibody therapy was associated with improved optic nerve parallel diffusivity measures on MRI in mice with EAE and reduced axonal loss in rat EAE. Both anti-LINGO-1 antibody therapy and the genetic deletion of LINGO-1 reduced nerve crush-induced axonal degeneration and enhanced axonal regeneration. Conclusion These data demonstrate that LINGO-1 blockade is associated with axonal protection and regeneration in the injured optic nerve.

scholarly journals Study of Osteocyte Behavior by High-Resolution Intravital Imaging Following Photo-Induced Ischemia

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (11) ◽  
pp. 2874
Author(s):  
Hengfeng Yuan ◽  
Wen Jiang ◽  
Yuanxin Chen ◽  
Betty Kim
Keyword(s):  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Avascular Osteonecrosis ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Behavioral Dynamics ◽  
Bony Anatomy ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Ischemic injuries and local hypoxia can result in osteocytes dysfunction and play a key role in the pathogenesis of avascular osteonecrosis. Conventional imaging techniques including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) can reveal structural and functional changes within bony anatomy; however, characterization of osteocyte behavioral dynamics in the setting of osteonecrosis at the single cell resolution is limited. Here, we demonstrate an optical approach to study real-time osteocyte functions in vivo. Using nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) as a biomarker for metabolic dynamics in osteocytes, we showed that NADH level within osteocytes transiently increase significantly after local ischemia through non-invasive photo-induced thrombosis of afferent arterioles followed by a steady decline. Our study presents a non-invasive optical approach to study osteocyte behavior through the modulation of local environmental conditions. Thus it provides a powerful toolkit to study cellular processes involved in bone pathologies in vivo.

scholarly journals Hyperspectral imaging of retinal microvascular anatomy

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir H. Kashani ◽  
Mark Wong ◽  
Nicole Koulisis ◽  
Chein-I Chang ◽  
Gabriel Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hyperspectral Image ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Tomographic Imaging ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Camera System ◽  
Computed Tomographic ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Computed Tomographic Imaging

Background: Hyperspectral image processing has been applied to many aspects of astronomical and earth science research. Furthermore, advances in computed tomographic imaging spectroscopy and diffraction grating design have allowed biological applications for non-invasive tissue analysis. Herein, we describe a hyperspectral computed tomographic imaging spectroscope (HCTIS) that provides high spatial, spectral and temporal resolution ideal for imaging biological tissue in vivo. Methods: We demonstrate proof-of-principle application of the HCTIS by imaging and mapping the microvascular anatomy of the retina of a model organism (rabbit) in vivo. The imaging procedure allows rapid and dense spectral sampling, is non-toxic, non-invasive, and easily adaptable to a commercially available fundus camera system. Results: HCTIS provides highly co-registered temporal, spatial and spectral data with resolution capable of reconstructing the fine vascular tree of the rabbit retina in vivo. Conclusions: We show that HCTIS allows for reliable and reproducible tissue classification and detection using signature discriminant analysis. Future applications of this system may provide promising diagnostic methods for diseases of many tissues. 

Extracranial Carotid Artery Disease Assessed By Indium-111 Labelled Platelets In Man

1981 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Goldman ◽  
D Simpson ◽  
R J Hawker ◽  
Z Drolc ◽  
C N McCollum
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Camera ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Carotid Artery Disease ◽  
Objective Assessment ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Platelet Activity ◽  
Transient Ischaemic Attacks ◽  
Non Invasive

Platelet microemboli have been implicated in the aetiology of transient ischaemic attacks and strokes. Current non-invasive diagnostic methods are restricted to assessing blood flow. Arteriography may demonstrate non-occluding atheromatous ulcers but carries a significant morbidity.111-In labelled platelets and gamma camera imaging of diseased carotid vessels have therefore been evaluated.Eight patients proceeding to unilateral carotid endarterectomy received an injection of autologous platelets labelled with 111-In-oxine 48 hours preoperatively. Gamma camera images were taken at 4 and 24 hours. Operative endarterectomy specimens were collected and gamma emissions were measured.The scintigraphic images were independently assessed by two observers. Nine abnormal vessels were identified by platelet accumulation. In 5 cases the observers combined assessment was in complete accord with previous bilateral angiography. Individually each observer identified the symptomatic side in 6 patients. Activity in the endarterectomy specimens measured ex vivo varied from 1.22-84.5 times greater than background activity. The ratio of specimen activity to 5 ml blood samples simultaneously taken varied from 0.017 to 0.360 (mean 0.089).This non-invasive technique allows localisation of platelet activity in the extracranial cerebral circulation. Objective assessment in vivo is hindered by the relatively small amount of activity on the diseased vessels by comparison with circulating blood activity.

scholarly journals Biomarkers of Chronic Renal Tubulointerstitial Injury

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (9) ◽  
pp. 633-641 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serena M. Bagnasco ◽  
Avi Z. Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Interstitial Fibrosis ◽  
Renal Tissue ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Renal Outcome ◽  
Tubulointerstitial Injury ◽  
Tubular Atrophy ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Diagnosis And Prognosis

Progression of renal parenchyma injury is characterized by increasing interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy, irrespective of the cause. Histopathologic assessment of renal tissue obtained by biopsy remains the gold standard for determining the presence and extent of tubulointerstitial scarring. Discovery of robust non-invasive means for capturing a snapshot and for longitudinal monitoring of parenchymal deterioration has been the focus of intense multimodal effort by investigators within the renal community and beyond. Research in this field has included the use of in vitro and in vivo experimental models and has fostered the development and evaluation of tissue and biofluid assays for novel analytes with potential translation to the diagnosis and prognosis of kidney disease. Here, we examine recent advances in the search of “biomarkers” for detection of renal tubulointerstitial scarring and prediction of renal outcome in human renal disease.

Neuroimaging Advances in Stroke Rehabilitation

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Rüdiger J Seitz ◽  
Robert Lindenberg ◽  
Gottfried Schlaug ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Motor Impairment ◽  
Motor Recovery ◽  
Experimental Therapy ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Functional Potential ◽  
Recovery Mechanisms ◽  
Therapy Studies

Human ischaemic stroke is a multistage disorder with various routes of recovery. Neuroimaging allows researchers to explore the pathophysiology and recovery mechanismsin vivo. Based on these findings, motor recovery and chronic motor impairment after stroke have been linked to structural alterations of grey and white matter as well as functional changes in the perilesional tissue. Parameters derived from diffusion tensor imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging can be used as surrogate markers of chronic motor impairment and predictors of functional potential for motor recovery. These parameters have the potential to tailor individual rehabilitation and stratify patients for experimental therapy studies such as invasive and non-invasive brain stimulation alone or in combination with other facilitators.

Neuroimaging Advances in Stroke Rehabilitation

US Neurology ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 06 (02) ◽  
pp. 105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rüdiger J Seitz ◽  
Robert Lindenberg ◽  
Gottfried Schlaug ◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diffusion Tensor ◽  
Motor Impairment ◽  
Motor Recovery ◽  
Experimental Therapy ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Functional Potential ◽  
Recovery Mechanisms ◽  
Therapy Studies

Human ischemic stroke is a multistage disorder with various routes of recovery. Neuroimaging allows researchers to explore the pathophysiology and recovery mechanismsin vivo. Based on these findings, motor recovery and chronic motor impairment after stroke have been linked to structural alterations of grey and white matter as well as functional changes in the perilesional tissue. Parameters derived from diffusion tensor imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging can be used as surrogate markers of chronic motor impairment and predictors of functional potential for motor recovery. These parameters have the potential to tailor individual rehabilitation and stratify patients for experimental therapy studies such as invasive and non-invasive brain stimulation alone or in combination with other facilitators.

scholarly journals Reversible membrane reorganizations during photosynthesis in vivo: revealed by small-angle neutron scattering

2011 ◽  
Vol 436 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gergely Nagy ◽  
Dorthe Posselt ◽  
László Kovács ◽  
Jens K. Holm ◽  
Milán Szabó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neutron Scattering ◽  
Small Angle ◽  
Small Angle Neutron Scattering ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Thylakoid Membranes ◽  
Invasive Technique ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Non Invasive

In the present study, we determined characteristic repeat distances of the photosynthetic membranes in living cyanobacterial and eukaryotic algal cells, and in intact thylakoid membranes isolated from higher plants with time-resolved small-angle neutron scattering. This non-invasive technique reveals light-induced reversible reorganizations in the seconds-to-minutes time scale, which appear to be associated with functional changes in vivo.

scholarly journals Development of a non-invasive murine infection model for acute otitis media

Microbiology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 155 (12) ◽  
pp. 4135-4144 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Stol ◽  
S. van Selm ◽  
S. van den Berg ◽  
H. J. Bootsma ◽  
W. A. M. Blokx ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Acute Otitis Media ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Cytokine Analysis ◽  
Maturation Protein

Otitis media (OM) is one of the most frequent diseases in childhood, and Streptococcus pneumoniae is among the main causative bacterial agents. Since current experimental models used to study the bacterial pathogenesis of OM have several limitations, such as the invasiveness of the experimental procedures, we developed a non-invasive murine OM model. In our model, adapted from a previously developed rat OM model, a pressure cabin is used in which a 40 kPa pressure increase is applied to translocate pneumococci from the nasopharyngeal cavity into both mouse middle ears. Wild-type pneumococci were found to persist in the middle ear cavity for 144 h after infection, with a maximum bacterial load at 96 h. Inflammation was confirmed at 96 and 144 h post-infection by IL-1β and TNF-α cytokine analysis and histopathology. Subsequently, we investigated the contribution of two surface-associated pneumococcal proteins, the streptococcal lipoprotein rotamase A (SlrA) and the putative proteinase maturation protein A (PpmA), to experimental OM in our model. Pneumococci lacking the slrA gene, but not those lacking the ppmA gene, were significantly reduced in virulence in the OM model. Importantly, pneumococci lacking both genes were significantly more attenuated than the ΔslrA single mutant. This additive effect suggests that SlrA and PpmA exert complementary functions during experimental OM. In conclusion, we have developed a highly reproducible and non-invasive murine infection model for pneumococcal OM using a pressure cabin, which is very suitable to study pneumococcal pathogenesis and virulence in vivo.

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