scholarly journals Evaluation of Cardiopulmonary, Blood Gases and Clinical Effects of Dexmedetomidine-Ketamine and Midazolam-Ketamine Anesthesia in New Zealand White Rabbits

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (09) ◽  
pp. 6568-2021
Author(s):  
Ünal YAVUZ ◽  
Kerem YENER ◽  
Adem ŞAHAN ◽  
Pelin Fatoş POLAT DİNÇER ◽  
Ali HAYAT
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits ◽  
Ketamine Anesthesia ◽  
The Difference ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
End Tidal Co2

This study aimed to investigate the effects of dexmedetomidine-ketamine and midazolam-ketamine combinations on cardiopulmonary and clinical parameters in New Zealand white rabbits. The DXK group (n=8) received dexmedetomidine (50 µg/kg) and ketamine (20 mg/kg), and the MDK group (n=8) received midazolam (0.6 mg/kg) and ketamine (20 mg/kg) in the same syringe through the intramuscular (IM) route. Before anaesthesia and for 120 minutes, reflexes, haemodynamic values and blood gas changes were monitored. It was determined that anaesthesia was induced within a shorter time and lasted longer in DXK. The difference between the groups in terms of the time of loss of the pedal reflex (2.0 min in DXK, 7.5 min in MDK) was statistically significant (p<0.05). It was observed that, in both groups, the heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), respiratory rate (RR) and oxy-haemoglobin saturation (SpO2) values decreased, and the end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2) values increased, but these changes were greater in DXK. With regard to arterial blood gasses, a reduction in pH and pO2 and an increase in pCO2 were also more noticeable in DXK. Consequently, at the doses applied, dexmedetomidine-ketamine caused more noticeable changes in the haemodynamic values and blood gasses in comparison to midazolam-ketamine. High-dose dexmedetomidine (50 µg/kg) and low-dose ketamine (20 mg/kg) achieved induction in a shorter time but led to a significant reduction in RR. It was concluded that the combination of midazolam (0.6 mg/kg) and ketamine (20 mg/kg) could be regarded as appropriate for the anaesthesia of New Zealand white rabbits.

END TIDAL CO2 AND HIGH DOSE EPINEPHRINE DURING CARDIAC ARREST IN HUMANS

1990 ◽  
Vol 18 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norman A. Paradis ◽  
Gerard B. Martin ◽  
Emanuel P. Rivers ◽  
Mark G. Goetting ◽  
Timothy J. Appleton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiac Arrest ◽  
High Dose ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
End Tidal Co2

Role of tracheal and bronchial circulation in respiratory heat exchange

1985 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 217-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Baile ◽  
R. W. Dahlby ◽  
B. R. Wiggs ◽  
P. D. Pare
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Lung Parenchyma ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Respiratory Heat Loss ◽  
Reference Flow ◽  
Pulmonary Arterial ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
Humidified Air

Due to their anatomic configuration, the vessels supplying the central airways may be ideally suited for regulation of respiratory heat loss. We have measured blood flow to the trachea, bronchi, and lung parenchyma in 10 anesthetized supine open-chest dogs. They were hyperventilated (frequency, 40; tidal volume 30–35 ml/kg) for 30 min or 1) warm humidified air, 2) cold (-20 degrees C dry air, and 3) warm humidified air. End-tidal CO2 was kept constant by adding CO2 to the inspired ventilator line. Five minutes before the end of each period of hyperventilation, measurements of vascular pressures (pulmonary arterial, left atrial, and systemic), cardiac output (CO), arterial blood gases, and inspired, expired, and tracheal gas temperatures were made. Then, using a modification of the reference flow technique, 113Sn-, 153Gd-, and 103Ru-labeled microspheres were injected into the left atrium to make separate measurements of airway blood flow at each intervention. After the last measurements had been made, the dogs were killed and the lungs, including the trachea, were excised. Blood flow to the trachea, bronchi, and lung parenchyma was calculated. Results showed that there was no change in parenchymal blood flow, but there was an increase in tracheal and bronchial blood flow in all dogs (P less than 0.01) from 4.48 +/- 0.69 ml/min (0.22 +/- 0.01% CO) during warm air hyperventilation to 7.06 +/- 0.97 ml/min (0.37 +/- 0.05% CO) during cold air hyperventilation.

scholarly journals Measuring the human ventilatory and cerebral blood flow response to CO2: a technical consideration for the end-tidal-to-arterial gas gradient

2016 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 282-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael M. Tymko ◽  
Ryan L. Hoiland ◽  
Tomas Kuca ◽  
Lindsey M. Boulet ◽  
Joshua C. Tremblay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Prediction Equation ◽  
Flow Response ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Reactivity Test ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
Gas Gradients

Our aim was to quantify the end-tidal-to-arterial gas gradients for O2 (PET-PaO2) and CO2 (Pa-PETCO2) during a CO2 reactivity test to determine their influence on the cerebrovascular (CVR) and ventilatory (HCVR) response in subjects with (PFO+, n = 8) and without (PFO−, n = 7) a patent foramen ovale (PFO). We hypothesized that 1) the Pa-PETCO2 would be greater in hypoxia compared with normoxia, 2) the Pa-PETCO2 would be similar, whereas the PET-PaO2 gradient would be greater in those with a PFO, 3) the HCVR and CVR would be underestimated when plotted against PETCO2 compared with PaCO2, and 4) previously derived prediction algorithms will accurately target PaCO2. PETCO2 was controlled by dynamic end-tidal forcing in steady-state steps of −8, −4, 0, +4, and +8 mmHg from baseline in normoxia and hypoxia. Minute ventilation (V̇E), internal carotid artery blood flow (Q̇ICA), middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv), and temperature corrected end-tidal and arterial blood gases were measured throughout experimentation. HCVR and CVR were calculated using linear regression analysis by indexing V̇E and relative changes in Q̇ICA, and MCAv against PETCO2, predicted PaCO2, and measured PaCO2. The Pa-PETCO2 was similar between hypoxia and normoxia and PFO+ and PFO−. The PET-PaO2 was greater in PFO+ by 2.1 mmHg during normoxia ( P = 0.003). HCVR and CVR plotted against PETCO2 underestimated HCVR and CVR indexed against PaCO2 in normoxia and hypoxia. Our PaCO2 prediction equation modestly improved estimates of HCVR and CVR. In summary, care must be taken when indexing reactivity measures to PETCO2 compared with PaCO2.

Pneumothorax in the Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Incidence and Effect on Vital Signs, Blood Gases, and pH

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1976 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 177-183
Author(s):  
Edward S. Ogata ◽  
George A. Gregory ◽  
Joseph A. Kitterman ◽  
Roderic H. Phibbs ◽  
William H. Tooley
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Distress Syndrome ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Statistical Technique ◽  
Assisted Ventilation ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Respiratory Assistance

We determined the incidence of pneumothorax in 295 infants (mean birthweight, 1,917 gm) with the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) treated according to the same protocol. Fifty-five infants (mean birthweight, 1,594 gm) developed pneumothorax (incidence, 19%); incidence varied with severity of RDS and intensity of respiratory assistance. Pneumothorax occurred in 3.5% (2 of 58) of infants who received no assisted ventilation and in 11% (14 of 124) of infants who received continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) as the only form of assisted ventilation; the difference between these two groups is not significant. Forty-nine infants initially treated with CPAP later required mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). Pneumothorax occurred in 12 of the 49 (24%) and in 21 of 64 (33%) of those infants initially treated with PEEP; the incidence of pneumothorax for both these groups was significantly higher than for those treated with no assisted ventilation or CPAP only. To assess the value of frequent measurement of vital signs, blood gas tensions, and pH in the recognition of pneumothorax, we analyzed these variables by the cumulative sum statistical technique. We noted the following significant changes associated with pneumothorax: arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate decreased in 77% of cases; pulse pressure narrowed in 51% of cases; Po2 decreased in 17 of 20 cases in which ventilatory settings were constant for at least three hours prior to pneumothorax. However, pH and PCO2 showed no consistent changes. Frequent measurements of vital signs and Po2 aid in the early diagnosis of pneumothorax.

Abstract 10355: Physiologic Effect of Repeated Epinephrine Doses During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Randomized Porcine Study

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 132 (suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bjarne Madsen Härdig ◽  
Michael Götberg ◽  
Malin Rundgren ◽  
Matthias Götberg ◽  
David Zughaft ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systolic Pressure ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Brain Perfusion ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Pressure Peak ◽  
Blood Pressures ◽  
Lactate Levels ◽  
End Tidal

Objectives and Method: This porcine study was designed to explore the effect of repetitive epinephrine (EPI) doses on physiologic parameters during CPR. Thirty-six adult pigs were randomized to four injections of: EPI 0.02 mg/kg/dose, EPI 0.03 mg/kg/dose or saline control, given during 15 minutes of CPR. The effect on systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures (ABP), cerebral perfusion pressure (CePP), end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), SpO2, cerebral tissue oximetry (SctO2), were analyzed immediately prior to each injection and at peak arterial systolic pressure. Arterial blood gases was analyzed after the baseline and after 15 min. Result: Prior to and following 4 minutes of baseline chest compressions without drug administration, there were no significant differences between the three groups. In the group given a 0.02 mg/kg/dose, there were increases in all ABP’s and CePP at the first 3 pressure peaks; at the 4th only mean ABP was increased. Decreased ETCO2 following peak 1 and beyond was seen. SctO2 and SpO2 were lowered following injection 2 and beyond. In the group given a 0.03 mg/kg/dose, all ABP’s and CePP increased at the first 3 pressure peaks. Lower ETCO2 was seen at peak 1 and beyond. SctO2 and SpO2 were lower following injection 2 and beyond. In the saline control group the systolic ABP was significantly lower at pressure peak 1 and beyond, no other parameter changed significantly compared to baseline. In the two EPI groups, pH and Base Excess were lower and lactate levels higher compared to baseline as well as compared to control. Conclusion: Repetitive EPI doses increased ABP’s and CePP, but this did not translate into better organ or brain perfusion.

Simple contrivance “clamps” end-tidal P CO 2 and P O 2 despite rapid changes in ventilation

2000 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 1597-1600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert B. Banzett ◽  
Ronald T. Garcia ◽  
Shakeeb H. Moosavi
Keyword(s):  
Gas Flow ◽  
Blood Gases ◽  
Alveolar Ventilation ◽  
Functional Brain Imaging ◽  
Feedback Systems ◽  
Significant Delay ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Rapid Changes ◽  
The Face ◽  
End Tidal

The device described in this study uses functionally variable dead space to keep effective alveolar ventilation constant. It is capable of maintaining end-tidal[Formula: see text] and[Formula: see text] within ±1 Torr of the set value in the face of increases in breathing above the baseline level. The set level of end-tidal [Formula: see text] or[Formula: see text] can be independently varied by altering the concentration in fresh gas flow. The device comprises a tee at the mouthpiece, with one inlet providing a limited supply of fresh gas flow and the other providing reinspired alveolar gas when ventilation exceeds fresh gas flow. Because the device does not depend on measurement and correction of end-tidal or arterial gas levels, the response of the device is essentially instantaneous, avoiding the instability of negative feedback systems having significant delay. This contrivance provides a simple means of holding arterial blood gases constant in the face of spontaneous changes in breathing (above a minimum alveolar ventilation), which is useful in respiratory experiments, as well as in functional brain imaging where blood gas changes can confound interpretation by influencing cerebral blood flow.

scholarly journals Anaesthetic and Perioperative Management of 14 Male New Zealand White Rabbits for Calvarial Bone Surgery

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathieu Raillard ◽  
Carlotta Detotto ◽  
Sandro Grepper ◽  
Olgica Beslac ◽  
Masako Fujioka-Kobayashi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Postoperative Analgesia ◽  
Perioperative Management ◽  
Pain Scale ◽  
Supraglottic Airway ◽  
Calvarial Bone ◽  
Rescue Analgesia ◽  
Bone Surgery ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits

Calvarial bone surgery on rabbits is frequently performed. This report aims to document a simple and practical anaesthetic and perioperative management for this procedure. Fourteen male New Zealand white rabbits were included in the study. Subcutaneous (SC) dexmedetomidine, ketamine and buprenorphine ± isoflurane vaporized in oxygen administered through a supraglottic airway device (V-gel®) provided clinically suitable anaesthesia. Supplemental oxygen was administered throughout recovery. Monitoring was clinical and instrumental (pulse-oximetry, capnography, invasive blood pressure, temperature, arterial blood gas analysis). Lidocaine was infiltrated at the surgical site and meloxicam was injected subcutaneously as perioperative analgesia. After surgery, pain was assessed five times daily (composite behavioural pain scale and grimace scale). Postoperative analgesia included SC meloxicam once daily for four days and buprenorphine every 8 h for three days (unless both pain scores were at the lowest possible levels). Rescue analgesia (buprenorphine) was administered in case of the score > 3/8 in the composite pain scale, >4/10 on the grimace scale or if determined necessary by the caregivers. Airway management with a V-gel® was possible but resulted in respiratory obstruction during the surgery in two cases. Hypoventilation was observed in all rabbits. All rabbits experienced pain after the procedure. Monitoring, pain assessments and administration of postoperative analgesia were recommended for 48 h.

Mass spectrometry for monitoring respiratory and anesthetic gas waveforms in rats

1988 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 955-963 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Larach ◽  
H. G. Schuler ◽  
T. M. Skeehan ◽  
J. A. Derr
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometric ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Arterial Pco2 ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats ◽  
Reflex Movement ◽  
The Difference ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
Respiratory Gases ◽  
End Tidal Co2

A method is presented for real-time monitoring of airway gas concentration waveforms in rats and other small animals. Gas is drawn from the tracheal tube, analyzed by a mass spectrometer, and presented as concentration vs. time waveforms simultaneously for CO2, halothane, and other respiratory gases and anesthetics. By use of a respiratory simulation device, the accuracy of mass spectrometric end-tidal CO2 analysis was compared with both the actual gas composition and infrared spectrophotometry. The effects of various ventilator rates and inspiration-to-expiration ratios on sampling accuracy were also examined. The technique was validated in male Sprague-Dawley rats being ventilated mechanically. The difference between the arterial PCO2 (PaCO2) and the end-tidal PCO2 (PETCO2) was not significantly different from zero, and the correlation between PETCO2 and PaCO2 was strong (r = 0.97, P less than 0.0001). Continuous gas sampling for periods up to 5 min did not affect PaCO2, PETCO2, or airway pressures. By use of this new method for measuring end-tidal halothane concentrations in rats approximately 6.5 mo of age, the minimum alveolar concentration of halothane that prevented reflex movement in response to tail clamping was 0.97 +/- 0.04% atmospheric (n = 14). This mass spectrometric technique can be used in small laboratory animals, such as rats, weighing as little as 250 g. Gas monitoring did not distort either PETCO2 or PaCO2. Under the defined conditions of this study, accurate and simultaneous measurements of phasic respiratory concentrations of anesthetic and respiratory gases can be achieved.

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