scholarly journals Rabies virus spread in central and north-eastern regions of Ukraine

2022 ◽  
Vol 78 (01) ◽  
pp. 6605-2022
Author(s):  
HANNA O. OMELCHENKO ◽  
NATALIA O. AVRAMENKO ◽  
SIERGIEJ M. KULYNYCH ◽  
ANATOLIJ A. POLISHCHUK ◽  
MAKSYM O. PETRENKO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Data ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Red Fox ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Oral Immunization ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Free Ranging

Annually, 30,000-45,000 cases of rabies in animals and humans are reported worldwide. The aim of the study was to present data on the incidence of rabies among humans and animals in central and north-eastern regions of Ukraine (Poltava and Sumy) between the years 2007 and 2020. The statistical data were obtained from the anti-epizootic measures division at the Department of Food Safety and Veterinary Medicine of the State Food and Consumer Service in the Poltava and Sumy regions of Ukraine. Between 2012 and 2020, the largest number of bite cases in the Poltava region were recorded in 2012 (4,234 cases), and the lowest in 2018 (1,951 cases). The vast majority of bites were caused by dogs and cats that had an owner. During the successive years, the number of rabies cases increased. Between 2017 and 2019, over 50% of rabies cases in the Sumy region occurred in domestic animals. Although combating rabies among dogs through vaccination, as well as extermination of homeless animals, may reduce the incidence of rabies in humans, rabies in dogs is still not uncommon in the Poltava and Sumy regions of Ukraine. Moreover, rabid dogs in these two regions still account for over 90% of rabies cases and 99% of deaths due to rabies among humans. The red fox was the leader in the incidence of rabies among wild animals between 2009 and 2019. In the Poltava region, the highest number of rabies cases occurred in 2017 (10 cases), whereas in the Sumy region the peak if infections was observed in 2010 (42 cases). Rabies in animals tended to decrease due to the oral immunization of free-ranging animals. It is difficult, however, to assess the overall global situation of rabies using data solely on human mortality. Rabies is not a purely human disease. It is rather a disease that occurs in wild and domestic animals, from which it may be transferred to humans. Therefore, a more accurate prediction of its impact should include an assessment of its prevalence in animal populations, especially pets, and the costs associated with preventing the spread of rabies from animals to humans. Effective measures for prevention and eradication of rabies, as well as better knowledge, are crucial to check further spread of the disease. Obligatory preventive measures should include vaccination of pets and oral immunization of red foxes.

scholarly journals Survey on viral pathogens in wild red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) in Germany with emphasis on parvoviruses and analysis of a DNA sequence from a red fox parvovirus

1998 ◽  
Vol 121 (2) ◽  
pp. 433-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
U. TRUYEN ◽  
T. MÜLLER ◽  
R. HEIDRICH ◽  
K. TACKMANN ◽  
L. E. CARMICHAEL
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequence ◽  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Vulpes Vulpes ◽  
Red Fox ◽  
Canine Parvovirus ◽  
Domestic Dog ◽  
Interspecies Transmission ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Feline Panleukopenia Virus ◽  
Free Ranging

The seroprevalence of canine parvovirus (CPV), canine distemper virus (CDV), canine adenovirus (CAV) and canine herpesvirus (CHV) infections in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) was determined in fox sera collected between 1991 and 1995. A total of 500 sera were selected and the seroprevalences were estimated to be 13% (65 of 500 sera) for CPV, 4·4% (17 of 383 sera) for CDV, 3·5% (17 of 485 sera) for CAV, and 0·4% (2 of 485 sera) for CHV, respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed between the two (rural and suburban) areas under study.Parvovirus DNA sequences were amplified from tissues of free-ranging foxes and compared to those of prototype viruses from dogs and cats. We report here a parvovirus sequence indicative of a true intermediate between the feline panleukopenia virus-like viruses and the canine parvovirus-like viruses. The red fox parvoviral sequence, therefore, appears to represent a link between those viral groups. The DNA sequence together with a significant seroprevalence of parvovirus infections in foxes supports the hypothesis that the sudden emergence of canine parvovirus in the domestic dog population may have involved the interspecies transmission between wild and domestic carnivores.

The Use of Urine Marking in the Scavenging Behavior of the Red Fox (Vulpes v uLpes)

Behaviour ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 61 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 82-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. David Henry
Keyword(s):  
Social Life ◽  
Social Evolution ◽  
Red Fox ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Social Species ◽  
Urine Marking ◽  
The Social ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Solitary Species

AbstractThe eleven different functions for which mammals use urine marking are reviewed in this paper, and the urine marking behavior of the red fox (Vulpes vulpes) is described in detail. A new hypothesis is advanced that urine marking may serve as a "book keeping system" in the red fox's scavenging behavior. Foxes consistently investigate and urine mark inedible food remnants (e.g., bones, bird wings, and dried out pieces of hide). When a fox re-investigates a marked remnant, the urine mark signals "no food present," and the fox investigates this object for only a brief period of time. This use of urine marking may increase the efficiency of its scavenging behavior, i.e. more food-items found per hour of scavenging. This efficiency may be particularly important during periods of food shortage. The hypothesis is tested in three different experiments, using free-ranging red foxes as subjects. Experiment I establishes that fox do urine mark food remnants. Experiment II shows that foxes investigate for a significantly shorter period of time (P<0.001) food remnants exhibiting both the odor of food and the odor of urine as compared to remnants exhibiting just the odor of food. Experiment III suggests that there a hierarchy of stimuli which determines different responses in the fox's scavenging behavior. The experiments also suggest that there is a degree of social behavior in the scavenging activities of red foxes. Foxes appear to use each other's urine marks to increase the efficiency of their scavenging behavior. Thus this study definitely support LEYHAUSEN'S (1965) statement that the social life of solitary animals is frequently more complex than we realize. Solitary species probably show many ingeniously adapted mechanisms for occupying niches where highly social species could not be maintained. The social evolution and ecological advantages of solitary species deserve to be the focus of future research.

First report of Trichinella pseudospiralis in Poland, in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)

2013 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bożena Moskwa ◽  
Katarzyna Goździk ◽  
Justyna Bień ◽  
Anna Borecka ◽  
Jakub Gawor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Red Fox ◽  
Large Subunit ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Oral Vaccination ◽  
First Report ◽  
Infected Meat ◽  
Etiological Agents

AbstractNematode worms of the genus Trichinella are one of the most widespread zoonotic pathogens. Natural transmission between hosts can only occur through the ingestion of infected meat. To date, two Trichinella species are known to be etiological agents of disease among domestic animals and wildlife in Poland: T. spiralis and T. britovi. In the last decades, since the administration of an oral vaccination against rabies, the red fox population in Poland has increased exponentially. The study area covers the Nowy Targ region: a mountainous area (585–1138 m above the sea) in southern Poland. Of 24 red foxes examined in the study, four were infected with Trichinella isolates: three were identified as T. britovi and one as T. pseudospiralis. The muscle of red foxes infected with T. britovi harboured 2.75, 3.11, 4.4 LPG and with T. pseudospiralis 0.36 LPG. Trichinella larvae were identified at species level by genomic and mitochondrial multiplex PCR, the products of which were sequenced for comparison with other sequences available in GenBank. The sequences obtained from the Polish T. pseudospiralis isolate, deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers JQ809660.1 and JQ809661.1, matched sequences already published in GenBank. Sequence comparison showed a 100% match with the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene of T. pseudospiralis isolate ISS 013, and a 96–95% match with those of T. pseudospiralis isolates ISS 141 and ISS 470. This is the first report of the identification of T. pseudospiralis larvae from red fox in Poland.

scholarly journals Presence of tapeworms (Cestoda) in red fox (Vulpes vulpes) in north-western Poland, with particular emphasis on Echinococcus multilocularis

2019 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Tylkowska ◽  
Bogumiła Pilarczyk ◽  
Renata Pilarczyk ◽  
Michał Zyśko ◽  
Agnieszka Tomza-Marciniak
Keyword(s):  
Echinococcus Multilocularis ◽  
Red Fox ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Parasite Transmission ◽  
Host Organism ◽  
Risk Of Infection ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Dipylidium Caninum ◽  
Single Host ◽  
North Western

Abstract Introduction: Foxes are a reservoir of parasites that are dangerous to humans. The aim of the study was to determine the parameters associated with the occurrence of tapeworms in red foxes in north-western Poland. Material and Methods: Parasitological sections were taken from 620 red foxes using IST and SCT methods in 18 districts of West Pomerania Province. Results: The extensity of fox infection with tapeworms was 61%. Echinococcus multilocularis, Mesocestoides spp., Dipylidium caninum, and specimens of the genus Taenia were identified. E. multilocularis was found in 11 districts. Mesocestoides spp. demonstrated the highest prevalence (41.3%), while E. multilocularis demonstrated the lowest prevalence (2.9%); however, it infected foxes with the greatest mean intensity (235.6 tapeworms per fox). The most common co-occurrence in a single host organism was observed for Mesocestoides spp. and tapeworms of the genus Taenia; however, no examples were found of coinfection by E. multilocularis and D. caninum. Conclusion: The occurrence of tapeworms in foxes was high in West Pomerania Province and was often higher than observed in previous years. For this reason, the risk of parasite transmission to humans and domestic animals is mounting. The risk of infection is also amplifying due to the growth of the fox population.

scholarly journals Mycobacterium bovis: A Model Pathogen at the Interface of Livestock, Wildlife, and Humans

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitchell V. Palmer ◽  
Tyler C. Thacker ◽  
W. Ray Waters ◽  
Christian Gortázar ◽  
Leigh A. L. Corner
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Bovis ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Brushtail Possum ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
New Host ◽  
Wildlife Reservoirs ◽  
Animal Populations ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Free Ranging

Complex and dynamic interactions involving domestic animals, wildlife, and humans create environments favorable to the emergence of new diseases, or reemergence of diseases in new host species. Today, reservoirs ofMycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of tuberculosis in animals, and sometimes humans, exist in a range of countries and wild animal populations. Free-ranging populations of white-tailed deer in the US, brushtail possum in New Zealand, badger in the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom, and wild boar in Spain exemplify established reservoirs ofM. bovis. Establishment of these reservoirs is the result of factors such as spillover from livestock, translocation of wildlife, supplemental feeding of wildlife, and wildlife population densities beyond normal habitat carrying capacities. As many countries attempt to eradicateM. bovisfrom livestock, efforts are impeded by spillback from wildlife reservoirs. It will not be possible to eradicate this important zoonosis from livestock unless transmission between wildlife and domestic animals is halted. Such an endeavor will require a collaborative effort between agricultural, wildlife, environmental, and political interests.

scholarly journals Influence of anthelmintic baits on the occurrence of causative agents of helminthozoonoses in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)

2006 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 226-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Antolová ◽  
M. Miterpáková ◽  
K. Reiterová ◽  
P. Dubinský
Keyword(s):  
Vulpes Vulpes ◽  
Parasite Species ◽  
Red Fox ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Significant Decline ◽  
Species Number ◽  
Intestinal Helminths ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
Wildlife Reservoir

AbstractRed fox (Vulpes vulpes) presents major wildlife reservoir of parasitozoonoses, transmissible to humans and domestic animals. The study was aimed to find out the effect of anthelmintic baits on the occurrence of Echinococcus multilocularis and other intestinal helminths in red foxes. In two bait areas (B1 and B2) 20 baits per km2 were distributed monthly between August 2004 and April 2005. Fox fecal samples were collected in both bait areas and two control areas (C1 and C2) between August 2004 and August 2005. In bait area B1 the decrease of parasite species number, decrease of their prevalence and prevalence of E. multilocularis was observed. No significant decline was observed in bait area B2, probably due to consumption of baits by wild boars. Bait distribution represents the possibility of reduction of environmental contamination with parasites and their propagation stages. Especially on the periphery of towns and villages and in recreational areas it seems to be suitable way of human health protection.

scholarly journals Down a hole: missing GPS positions reveal birth dates of an underground denning species, the red fox

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zea Walton ◽  
Jenny Mattisson
Keyword(s):  
Global Positioning System ◽  
Red Fox ◽  
Reproductive Status ◽  
Biological Information ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Global Positioning ◽  
Parturition Date ◽  
Using Data

AbstractGlobal positioning system (GPS) technology is increasingly used to study animal behavior. However, some animals exhibit behaviors that may result in the failure to acquire a GPS position, such as for species with underground denning behavior. This creates a challenge for researchers to identify the timing of important life-history events such as birth. Here, we tested if information gaps arising from unsuccessful GPS positions, in connection with intrinsic and extrinsic factors, can identify parturition events in an underground denning species, the red fox. Using data from 30 GPS collared female red foxes during the approximate parturition period of 1 March–31 May, we calculated the proportion of successful GPS positions per day. We then compared the patterns of successful GPS positions for females of known reproductive status to those known not to have reproduced and a subset of females for which reproductive status was unknown. Females confirmed to have pups (n = 11) and two females of unknown reproductive status showed a significant difference in the proportion of successful GPS positions compared to females without pups, illustrating that parturition and denning activity could be identified from GPS data. None of the 12 subadult females were identified as denning. Parturition date, identified as the day with the lowest GPS fix rate within the five-day period with the lowest proportion of successful GPS positions, ranged from 20 March–14 May, with a mean parturition date of 12 April. We, therefore, conclude that important biological information, such as reproductive status and parturition dates, can be identified from patterns of missing GPS positions for some underground denning species.

scholarly journals Pathogen screening in the red fox (Vulpes Vulpes) from Lithuania

Biologija ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Povilas Sakalauskas ◽  
Indrė Lipatova ◽  
Jana Radzijevskaja ◽  
Algimantas Paulauskas
Keyword(s):  
Vulpes Vulpes ◽  
Red Fox ◽  
Red Foxes ◽  
Pathogen Screening ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
Free Ranging ◽  
Babesia Spp ◽  
Mycoplasma Spp

The aim of this study was to screen free-ranging red foxes from Lithuania for the presence of different vector-borne pathogens. A total of 31 red foxes from three districts of Lithuania were molecularly tested for the presence of pathogens. Five different pathogens were detected in 83.9% of red foxes: Anaplasma spp., Bartonella spp., Rickettsia spp., Borrellia spp. and Babesia spp. The presence of Mycoplasma spp. and Dirofilaria spp. was not detected in our study.

scholarly journals Effectiveness of oral immunization of free-living foxes in the reduction of rabies in Poland in 2011-2015

2018 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 5966-2018
Author(s):  
MARIAN FLIS ◽  
EUGENIUSZ R. GRELA ◽  
DARIUSZ GUGAŁA
Keyword(s):  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Oral Immunization ◽  
Ecological Assessment ◽  
Small Animals ◽  
Negative Aspect ◽  
Free Living ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Epidemiological Situation

The paper presents the epidemiological situation of rabies in Poland in the period 2011-2015 in the con-text of the ongoing since 2002, a national campaign of oral immunization of free-living foxes and its efficiency and costs. Additionally, the impact of preventive measures on the dynamics of the number of foxes, was evalu-ated. During the study period, a decrease in the amount of ascertained rabies cases in wild and domestic animals was recorded, but still the primary reservoir of the virus were free-living foxes. The high effectiveness of vaccina-tion, evaluated applying detailed laboratory tests, contributed significantly to the level of foxes immunization, which was also confirmed by the ecological assessment. However, in some provinces and years of the research, the level of immunization should be considered as average, which was confirmed by the results of 2015, when only every second fox examined in the framework of monitoring acquired the resistance as a result of preven-tive vaccination. Despite the relatively high cost of the described preventive measures, which include the costs of purchasing the vaccine and its distribution in the field, it seems necessary to continue the oral immunization of foxes initiated in 1993 and expanded in 2002 throughout the country. The dramatic drop in the incidence of rabies in animals affects directly the reduction in the epidemiological risks. Undoubtedly, the negative aspect of the aforementioned actions is growth and persistent large population of foxes and their adverse impact on the functioning of the main small animals species, as well as the possibility of increased epizootic risk in respect of other diseases affecting the species. In this situation, it seems necessary, already begun intensifying acquisition of foxes by culling..

scholarly journals Crise Económica em Portugal: Evolução da Incidência de Depressão e Correlação com o Desemprego

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (13) ◽  
Author(s):  
Inês Laplanche Coelho ◽  
Mafalda Sousa-Uva ◽  
Nuno Pina ◽  
Sara Marques ◽  
Carlos Matias-Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Vulnerability ◽  
Ecological Study ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Portuguese Population ◽  
Sentinel Network ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
National Statistics ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Impact

Introduction: Previous studies have found an increase in the incidence rate of depression between 2007 – 2013 in Portugal, with a positive correlation with the unemployment rate, namely, in men. So, it was hypothesized that this increase is related with the situation of economic crisis. This study aimed to investigate if the correlation between unemployment rates and the incidence of depression is maintained in the post-crisis period of economic recovery in Portugal (2016 – 2018).Material and Methods: An ecological study was carried out, using data from the General Practitioners Sentinel Network concerning depression incidence (first episodes and relapses) and data from the National Statistics Institute on unemployment rates in the Portuguese population. The correlation coefficient was estimated using linear regression and the results were disaggregated by sex.Results: Between 2016 and 2018, there was a consistent decrease in the incidence of depression in both sexes. During the 1995 – 2018 period, a positive correlation was observed between unemployment and depression, with a coefficient of 0.833 (p = 0.005) in males and of 0.742 (p = 0.022) in females.Discussion: The reduction in the incidence of depression in both sexes observed between 2016 – 2018 corroborates a positive correlation between unemployment and depression in the Portuguese population, previously observed between 2007 – 2013.Conclusion: This study highlights the need to monitor the occurrence of mental illness in the Portuguese population, especially in moments of greatest social vulnerability in order to establish preventive measures, as a way to mitigate the impact of future economic crises.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document