scholarly journals DISTRIBUTION OF BRYOZOANS IN VARIOUS FACIES OF EMSIAN SALAIR FORMATIONS

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (4) ◽  
pp. 38-42
Author(s):  
Ольга Мезенцева ◽  
Olga Mezentseva ◽  
Юрий Удодов ◽  
Yurii Udodov
Keyword(s):  
Large Time ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Gradual Change ◽  
Stratigraphic Unit ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
The Town

<p>The article analyzes the facial dissimilarity of bryozoans of the Emsian Stage near the town of Gyr’evsk. The bryozoans associations have been found in all types of facies, except the sand-mudstone one. In the littoral facies (bioclastic limestones with subordinate sand-mud-siltstones rock) the bryozoans are represented by the orders of <em>Trepostomida, Fenestellida, Cryptostomida, Cystoporida</em>, but treposomides predominate (63 % of the total number of species). After the littoral facies turn into the facies of the open lagoon (mudstones with subordinate limestones), only trepostomides are represented in the Emsian section, near the boundary, forming the Briozoan interbeds. Briozoan interbeds consist of the fragments of Neotrematopora salairiensis colonies. The restoration of species and genus diversity in new facies occurs relatively quickly. In comparison with trepostomides, representatives of other orders appear with a large time-lag. Under the conditions of an open lagoon, bryozoans are characterized mainly by branched bifoliate colonies. In the slope facies (bedded limestones), characterized by greater depths and low hydrodynamics, fennestellids dominate (58 % of the total number of species). Trepostomides and cystoporides in these facies are represented by species with thick-branched and massive branched colonies. When the facies of bedded limestones change to sandy-mudstones (the beginning of the regression), the fenestellids also form Briozoan interbeds near the boundary. In the lateral rows of the facies of a single stratigraphic unit, several facial associations of bryozoans are often found. The species of bryozoans characteristic of this stratigraphic level are present in all associations. The unity of the Emsian complex of bryozoans is expressed in the gradual change of their associations upwards the section (three Briozoanbiostratigraphic Zones have been <span>identified).</span></p>

Time-to-Build and the Inverse U-Shape Investment-Uncertainty Relationship

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yishay D. Maoz
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Solution ◽  
Large Time ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Time To Build ◽  
Small Uncertainty ◽  
Shape Uncertainty ◽  
Uncertainty Relationship

The effect that investment lags have on the uncertainty-investment relationship is studied by modifying the Bar-Ilan and Strange (1996) model to enable an analytical solution. The following results emerge: (i) If the time lag is sufficiently small, uncertainty affects investment negatively; (ii) A sufficiently large time lag gives rise to an inverse U-shape uncertainty-investment relationship; (iii) When such an inverse U-shape exists, the longer the time lag (or the larger the degree of profit convexity), the wider the range of a positive uncertainty-investment relationship.

scholarly journals Estimating time delays for constructing dynamical networks

2014 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 929-937 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. A. Martin ◽  
J. Davidsen
Keyword(s):  
Random Walk ◽  
Time Delays ◽  
Large Time ◽  
Multivariate Time Series ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Climate Data ◽  
Dynamical Networks ◽  
Frequency Space ◽  
Cross Correlations

Abstract. Dynamical networks – networks inferred from multivariate time series – have been widely applied to climate data and beyond, resulting in new insights into the underlying dynamics. However, these inferred networks can suffer from biases that need to be accounted for to properly interpret the results. Here, we report on a previously unrecognized bias in the estimate of time delays between nodes in dynamical networks inferred from cross-correlations, a method often used. This bias results in the maximum correlation occurring disproportionately often at large time lags. This is of particular concern in dynamical networks where the large number of possible links necessitates finding the correct time lag in an automated way. We show that this bias can arise due to the similarity of the estimator to a random walk, and are able to map them to each other explicitly for some cases. For the random walk there is an analytical solution for the bias that is closely related to the famous Lévy arcsine distribution, which provides an upper bound in many other cases. Finally, we show that estimating the cross-correlation in frequency space effectively eliminates this bias. Reanalysing large lag links (from a climate network) with this method results in a distribution peaked near zero instead, as well as additional peaks at the originally assigned lag. Links that are reassigned smaller time lags tend to have a smaller distance between them, which indicates that the new time delays are physically reasonable.

Intelligence Predictive Control Study on Lime Rotary Kiln Temperature

2013 ◽  
Vol 385-386 ◽  
pp. 848-851 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Zhang ◽  
Song Wang ◽  
Guo Jun Su
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Model ◽  
Predictive Control ◽  
Rotary Kiln ◽  
Flow Measurement ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Large Time ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Kiln Temperature ◽  
Control Study

For the non-linearity, large time lag characters of rotary kiln, we use intelligent predictive control method to control it. The prediction model, scrolling optimization and feedback adjustment are ultimate constituted the predictive control system each part. Gas flow measurement is used to realize rotary kiln`s temperature predictive control,and took NN-Model as prediction model to realize the intelligent forecast. The results of simulation show that this method has better stability and robustness than the traditional control method.

Vergil, the Confiscations, and Caesar's Tenth Legion

1981 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lawrence Keppie
Keyword(s):  
Time Lag ◽  
Considerable Time ◽  
Land Settlement ◽  
Time Served ◽  
The Town

The relevance of the 1st and 9th Vergilian Eclogues to land settlement in Italy after Philippi has been discussed by many scholars. Questions such as the identity of Tityrus, Menalcas, and the youthfuldeusof Eclogue 1, and the eventual fate of the paternal farm, are the very stuff of Vergilian scholarship. It is possible to add an archaeological and epigraphic commentary on these events which may perhaps provide a more balanced framework for the continuing literary investigation of the poems.That Cremona was among the 18 prosperous cities selected before Philippi to be a reward for the time-served soldiery among the Triumviral legions is a clear and safe deduction from the Eclogues themselves. The decision to establish colonies was taken at Bononia in October 43, and colony commissioners were appointed at the same time (Dio 47. 14. 4). It is unlikely that they began work in earnest until the necessary victory had been won. These commissioners, sometimes and perhaps always with the titlepraefectus, acted as substitutes for the formaldeductores, the Triumvirs themselves. Thepraefectusfor Cremona is not directly attested.From the poems themselves and the scholiasts it might be thought that the arrival of the veterans to take possession was sudden and unannounced, adding to the shock felt by the owners (Ecl.9. 3–4; Serv.Proem.). In fact, the process of establishing a colony was carefully defined, and took considerable time. Firstly the commissioner, with a staff of surveyors and assistants, visited the town and set in motion the measurement of itsterritorium, the land on which the veterans would in due course be settled. Frequently the veterans expressed their dissatisfaction at the resulting time-lag (App. 3. 87; Plut.Ant.73; App. 5. 13 ff.).

scholarly journals Direct terrestrial–marine correlation demonstrates surprisingly late onset of the last interglacial in central Europe

2011 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 213-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark J. Sier ◽  
Wil Roebroeks ◽  
Corrie C. Bakels ◽  
Mark J. Dekkers ◽  
Enrico Brühl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Large Time ◽  
Sedimentary Basin ◽  
Late Onset ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Last Interglacial ◽  
Interdisciplinary Study ◽  
Mis 5E

AbstractAn interdisciplinary study of a small sedimentary basin at Neumark Nord 2 (NN2), Germany, has yielded a high-resolution record of the palaeomagnetic Blake Event, which we are able to place at the early part of the last interglacial pollen sequence documented from the same section. We use this data to calculate the duration of this stratigraphically important event at 3400 ± 350 yr. More importantly, the Neumark Nord 2 data enables precise terrestrial–marine correlation for the Eemian stage in central Europe. This shows a remarkably large time lag of ca. 5000 yr between the MIS 5e ‘peak’ in the marine record and the start of the last interglacial in this region.

Control of Magnesium Alloys Two-Roll Strip Cast Cooling System Based on the Fuzzy Model

2012 ◽  
Vol 614-615 ◽  
pp. 301-306
Author(s):  
Zhong Chu Wang ◽  
Ran Bi ◽  
Xin Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Large Time ◽  
Fuzzy Controller ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Cooling Water ◽  
Fuzzy Model ◽  
Multivariable System ◽  
Strip Cast ◽  
Synthesis Reasoning ◽  
Twin Roll

This paper describes the Fuzzy control of circular cooling water in a twin-roll strip cast, joins a feed-forward compensation to solve the time lag in conveying water. Because of the large time lag, multivariable system and hard modeling, this paper presents a Fuzzy controller for them. Based on the synthesis reasoning rules and Fuzzy logic, the Fuzzy model of circular cooling water is established. Then the simulation results show that the strip can effectively keep a constant temperature. And it has a good tracking performance, robust, strong anti-interference ability, and the cooling water can in time exchange heat with the liquid metal to get high quality strip.

scholarly journals Species composition of aquatic invertebrates of the Viliya River

2018 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 401-408 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. D. Moroz ◽  
V. M. Baichorov ◽  
Yu. G. Hihiniak
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Species Richness ◽  
Species Composition ◽  
Aquatic Invertebrates ◽  
High Water ◽  
Wastewater Discharge ◽  
Aquatic Animals ◽  
Number Of Species ◽  
The Town

The results of studies of macrozoobenthos and pleustonic aquatic invertebrates complexes  of the Viliya River have been considered in the article. 92 species and forms related to 3 types of aquatic animals which are Mollusca – 15 species and forms; Annelida – 2 and Arthropoda –75 have been detected. The analysis of the species composition has shown in all studied sites that the species richness was within the range of 29–30 species. At the place of wastewater discharge from the town of Vileika, a species richness decrease and the number of Diptera and Oligochaeta increase has been observed. The relatively high number of species with rheophilic and oxyphilic properties such as representatives of the Plecoptera, Ephemeroptera, and Trichoptera orders groups indicates a fairly high water quality in the investigated sites of the Viliya River. Rare and protected for Belarus and Europe.species have been found.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Dropsonde Humidity Sensor Using Data from DYCOMS-II and IHOP_2002

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junhong Wang
Keyword(s):  
Humidity Sensor ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Large Time ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Measured Temperature ◽  
Marine Stratocumulus ◽  
Stratocumulus Clouds ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Dry Bias

Abstract The dropsonde humidity data have not been fully utilized due to lack of knowledge on performance of the dropsonde humidity sensor. This study evaluates the performance of the dropsonde humidity sensor using data collected from two field experiments, the Dynamics and Chemistry of Marine Stratocumulus Phase II: Entrainment Studies (DYCOMS-II) and the International H2O Project (IHOP)_2002. During DYCOMS-II, 63 dropsondes were dropped above marine stratocumulus clouds. It provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the performance of the dropsonde humidity sensor within clouds. Relative humidity (RH) inside clouds did not reach 100% all the time, but the maximum RH reached 100% for 28% of soundings and was within the sensor accuracy range (94%–100%). This suggests that the dropsonde humidity sensor displays no systematic dry bias near saturation. The dropsonde humidity sensor experienced large time-lag errors when it descended from a dry environment above clouds into clouds. The mean estimated time constant of the sensor is 5 s at 15°C, which is much larger than 0.5 s at 20°C given by the manufacturer. The humidity sensor still reported near-saturation RH after it exited clouds because of water on the sensor. The approximately coincident dropsonde and aircraft temperature data during DYCOMS-II show that the dropsonde underestimates temperatures inside and below clouds by averages of 0.21° and 0.93°C, respectively. Seventy-one pairs of dropsonde and radiosonde soundings during IHOP_2002 were launched within a half hour and 50 km and sampled the same air mass based on the visual examination. The comparisons show that the dropsonde and radiosonde RH data agree with each other within ±2% RH, suggesting no systematic dry bias in dropsonde humidity data. However, dropsonde-measured temperature is consistently colder than that by radiosonde by ∼0.4°C.

JOINT IMPACTS OF THERAPY DURATION, DRUG EFFICACY AND TIME LAG IN IMMUNE EXPANSION ON IMMUNITY BOOSTING BY ANTIVIRAL THERAPY

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (01) ◽  
pp. 105-117
Author(s):  
HONGYING SHU ◽  
LIN WANG
Keyword(s):  
Immune Cells ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Large Time ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
Drug Efficacy ◽  
Infection Model ◽  
Rational Therapy ◽  
Therapy Strategies ◽  
Viral Infection Model

Antiviral drug therapy that targets on boosting virus-specific immune response has become very promising in controlling the virus, especially when completely eradicating the virus from the host turns out to be difficult. Using a concrete viral infection model that incorporates the time lag needed for the expansion of immune cells, we numerically explored the joint impacts of the duration of therapy, the efficacy of the drugs and the time lag in immune expansion on immunity boosting for a single phase of therapy. Our findings reveal that a single phase of therapy can establish sustained immunity if the therapy is stopped in a suitable range of timing and large time lag in the expansion of immune cells and too strong or too weak therapy would lead to a failure in immunity boosting. Our findings may provide some insights on designing efficient and rational therapy strategies in boosting sustained immunity.

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