Using performance indicators as a water loss management tool in developing countries

Abstract Methods for network leakage estimation include water balance, component analysis and minimum night flow (MNF) methods the latter of which involves subtracting the customer night use (QCNU) from night leakage and multiplying by the hour day factor (HDF). QCNU and HDF respectively depend on Active Night Population (ANP) and leakage exponent (N1). In most developing countries, these parameters are assumed in the MNF method thus introducing errors which makes setting realistic leakage reduction targets and key performance indicators (KPI) problematic. In this study, QCNU and HDF were evaluated by determining the relative error associated with ANP and N1 to establish localized rates for accurately estimating leakage in water networks. Between 7 and 11% relative error was associated with every 1% higher or lower ANP while up to 4% relative error was observed for every step considered. A linear relationship exists between the relative error associated with both and ANP although that of ANP is twice as high as This has technical implications on setting water loss reduction targets and investing in the water infrastructure. It is recommended that water utilities must establish localized ANP and values for accurate leakage estimation in water networks.

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Water loss management in developing countries: Challenges and prospec

American Water Works Association ◽

10.1002/j.1551-8833.2009.tb10010.x ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 101 (12) ◽

pp. 57-68 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

Harrison E. Mutikanga ◽

S. Sharma ◽

K. Vairavamoorthy

Keyword(s):

Developing Countries ◽

Water Loss ◽

Water Loss Management

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Key Performance Indicators Analysis for Quay Container Crane Performance Assessment (Case Study at Jakarta International Container Terminal)

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Technologies and Applications ◽

10.21776/mechta.2021.002.02.5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 115

Author(s):

Mufti Imam Pekih ◽

Adelina Sembiring ◽

Sugeng Santoso

Keyword(s):

Performance Indicators ◽

Performance Indicator ◽

Container Terminal ◽

Management Tool ◽

Container Port ◽

Key Performance Indicator ◽

Heavy Load ◽

Container Loading ◽

Container Crane ◽

Loading And Unloading

<p><span lang="PT-BR">PT Jakarta International Container Terminal (JICT) is the largest container port in Indonesia. Currently, JICT capacity is 2.5 million TEUs (Twenty-foot Equivalent Units) per year, it continues to strive to improve international services and is supported by adequate container loading and unloading equipment. The requirement to establish common standards in different types of container port equipment and identify performance indicators to assess the performance of container handling equipment has increased. Although the Quay Container Crane (QCC) operating system may be different at each container terminal, there are similarities in its main movements, namely: Main Hoist, Trolley, Gantry, and Boom. By knowing the clock metric for each movement, it is possible to determine the Key Performance Indicator (KPI) that has been adopted and assess the performance of the Quay Container Crane (QCC). The results of the study identified that the value of MMBF (Mean Move Between Failures) decreased due to the accumulation of long-lasting heavy load operations, while the number of maintenance activities for machine parts and working hours continued to increase. Key Performance Indicator (KPI) as a management tool can guide QCC inspections and the results can provide useful insights for improving the performance of equipment and container loading and unloading operations in the future.</span></p>

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Measuring Performance in Transportation Companies in Developing Countries: A Novel Rough ARAS Model

Symmetry ◽

10.3390/sym10100434 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (10) ◽

pp. 434 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Dunja Radović ◽

Željko Stević ◽

Dragan Pamučar ◽

Edmundas Zavadskas ◽

Ibrahim Badi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sensitivity Analysis ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Performance Indicators ◽

Three Phase ◽

Business Efficiency ◽

Success Indicators ◽

Product Assessment ◽

Simple Additive Weighting ◽

Five Phases ◽

Spearman’S Correlation

The success of any business depends fundamentally on the possibility of balancing (symmetry) needs and their satisfaction, that is, the ability to properly define a set of success indicators. It is necessary to continuously monitor and measure the indicators that have the greatest impact on the achievement of previously set goals. Regarding transportation companies, the rationalization of transportation activities and processes plays an important role in ensuring business efficiency. Therefore, in this paper, a model for evaluating performance indicators has been developed and implemented in three different countries: Bosnia and Herzegovina, Libya and Serbia. The model consists of five phases, of which the greatest contribution is the development of a novel rough additive ratio assessment (ARAS) approach for evaluating measured performance indicators in transportation companies. The evaluation was carried out in the territories of the aforementioned countries in a total of nine companies that were evaluated on the basis of 20 performance indicators. The results obtained were verified throughout a three-phase procedure of a sensitivity analysis. The significance of the performance indicators was simulated throughout the formation of 10 scenarios in the sensitivity analysis. In addition, the following approaches were applied: rough WASPAS (weighted aggregated sum product assessment), rough SAW (simple additive weighting), rough MABAC (multi-attributive border approximation area comparison) and rough EDAS (evaluation based on distance from average solution), which showed high correlation of ranks by applying Spearman's correlation coefficient (SCC).

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Foreign Aid and Family at Risk

Human Rights and Ethics ◽

10.4018/978-1-4666-6433-3.ch025 ◽

2015 ◽

pp. 425-439

Author(s):

Kana Takamatsu

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Risk Management ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Foreign Aid ◽

Migrant Workers ◽

Management Tool ◽

And Migration ◽

Aid Policy ◽

Policy Discussion

This chapter examines how the foreign aid policy should and should have supported families facing risks by using the case study of Myanmar. The chapter starts by addressing the issue of poverty, which continues to be the gravest risk in the developing countries, and how family could be the cause of poverty as well as the solution of poverty in foreign aid policy discussion. The situation of poverty and migration as a risk management tool are then examined in the second section of the chapter. Interviews with migrant workers in Thailand and Japan were conducted. Finally, there is a discussion about the developments of Myanmar and how the foreign aid and international community has inadequately responded to the democratization of Myanmar and to the needs of its people.

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Water Loss Management in Small Municipalities: The Situation in Tyrol

Water ◽

10.3390/w12123446 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 3446

Author(s):

Martin Oberascher ◽

Michael Möderl ◽

Robert Sitzenfrei

Keyword(s):

Low Income ◽

Water Loss ◽

Water Distribution ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Measurement Data ◽

Distribution Networks ◽

Support Network ◽

Federal State ◽

Water Losses ◽

Water Loss Management

Water losses in water distribution networks (WDNs) are unavoidable. Water losses are evaluated based on performance indicators (PIs) and used for future recommendations for network operators to take measures against water losses. However, these evaluations primarily focus on large and medium sized WDN and do not deal with the challenges of small WDNs (e.g., technical, and financial limitations, missing data). Therefore, an appropriate water loss management is a major challenge for operators in the federal state of Tyrol (Austria) due to the high number of small WDNs, e.g., low income in combination with long network lengths. In this regard, this work specifies and discusses state funding in Austria to support network operators to reduce water losses. To assess the impacts on management strategies, 40 WDNs, supplying 200 to 16,000 inhabitants, are investigated in detail. As the comparison of different PIs shows, a volume related PI (e.g., water loss volume divided by total water demand) is recommend as the decision criterion for local authorities due to minimal efforts and its easy calculation. Moreover, public funding helps to significantly reduce water losses in individual systems, but countermeasures should be different for small and larger WDNs. For example, leakage detection campaigns and rehabilitation planning based on pipe age should be established in future for larger WDNs in Tyrol. In contrast, an online flow metering system to monitor system inflows is suggested for small WDNs. Based on measurement data, leakages and burst can be detected and repaired swiftly.

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The impact of social media on the performance of microfinance institutions in developing countries: a quantitative approach

Information Technology and People ◽

10.1108/itp-03-2018-0135 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽

Author(s):

Ahmad Daowd ◽

Muhammad Mustafa Kamal ◽

Tillal Eldabi ◽

Ruaa Hasan ◽

Farouk Missi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Developing Countries ◽

Performance Indicators ◽

Financial Services ◽

Microfinance Institutions ◽

Poverty Level ◽

Content Type ◽

Media Platform ◽

Media Applications ◽

The Impact

PurposeOver the last few decades, microfinance industry is argued to have played a constructive role in alleviating poverty level and providing the underprivileged with access to financial services. Statistics from the World Bank reveal that, currently, only 4% of the underprivileged have been served out of the 3 billion+ potential clients. Such results are due to several claims, particularly the operational and financial challenges faced by microfinance institutions (MFIs) in the constant flux inviting more attentions towards its performance. While explicit attention is given by many researchers towards mobile banking and information and communication technology (ICT) in improving the MFIs’ performance, the study on how social media, as a rapidly growing online phenomenon, can impact on the MFIs’ performance remains scarce. As such, this study aims to investigate this impact based on four dimensional performance indicators: efficiency, financial sustainability, portfolio quality and outreach.Design/methodology/approachA model is proposed and tested to ascertain the relationship between social media applications and organisational performance. In so doing, web-based questionnaires have been used to collect data from MFI employees in developing countries. Results reveal a significant influence of the social media over the MFIs’ performance, offering valuable insights into both researchers and practitioners in the domain of microfinance, as well as social media—conforming that the adoption of social media as marketing, advertising and communication tools may significantly improve the MFIs’ performance.FindingsThe results demonstrate that there is a positive and significant impact of social media use within microfinance on the key indicators of MFIs. They also show that the highest impact of social media usage within the microfinance is on the portfolio quality. In addition, it was found that marketing and advertising; communication and sales and distribution are the main areas where social media is able to support while social networking websites are the most popular platforms employed in MFIs.Originality/valueThis study adds to the existing literature few theoretical and practical aspects. First, this study developed a model for assessing the value of social media as a new phenomenon within this type of organisation. Second, it offers microfinance sponsors, managers and policy makers with a frame of reference to understand what social media platform can be deployed for each purpose. Third, with the identification of the main MFIs’ performance indicators, this research provided a reference of performance measurement guide for microfinance industry when assessing different technological employment.

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q-Rung Orthopair Fuzzy Geometric Aggregation Operators Based on Generalized and Group-Generalized Parameters with Application to Water Loss Management

Symmetry ◽

10.3390/sym12081236 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 1236

Author(s):

Muhammad Riaz ◽

Ayesha Razzaq ◽

Humaira Kalsoom ◽

Dragan Pamučar ◽

Hafiz Muhammad Athar Farid ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Decision Making ◽

Fuzzy Set ◽

Water Loss ◽

Intuitionistic Fuzzy Set ◽

Aggregation Operator ◽

Aggregation Operators ◽

Water Supply Systems ◽

Pythagorean Fuzzy Set ◽

Water Losses ◽

Water Loss Management

The notions of fuzzy set (FS) and intuitionistic fuzzy set (IFS) make a major contribution to dealing with practical situations in an indeterminate and imprecise framework, but there are some limitations. Pythagorean fuzzy set (PFS) is an extended form of the IFS, in which degree of truthness and degree of falsity meet the condition 0≤Θ˘2(x)+K2(x)≤1. Another extension of PFS is a q´-rung orthopair fuzzy set (q´-ROFS), in which truthness degree and falsity degree meet the condition 0≤Θ˘q´(x)+Kq´(x)≤1,(q´≥1), so they can characterize the scope of imprecise information in more comprehensive way. q´-ROFS theory is superior to FS, IFS, and PFS theory with distinguished characteristics. This study develops a few aggregation operators (AOs) for the fusion of q´-ROF information and introduces a new approach to decision-making based on the proposed operators. In the framework of this investigation, the idea of a generalized parameter is integrated into the q´-ROFS theory and different generalized q´-ROF geometric aggregation operators are presented. Subsequently, the AOs are extended to a “group-based generalized parameter”, with the perception of different specialists/decision makers. We developed q´-ROF geometric aggregation operator under generalized parameter and q´-ROF geometric aggregation operator under group-based generalized parameter. Increased water requirements, in parallel with water scarcity, force water utilities in developing countries to follow complex operating techniques for the distribution of the available amounts of water. Reducing water losses from water supply systems can help to bridge the gap between supply and demand. Finally, a decision-making approach based on the proposed operator is being built to solve the problems under the q´-ROF environment. An illustrative example related to water loss management has been given to show the validity of the developed method. Comparison analysis between the proposed and the existing operators have been performed in term of counter-intuitive cases for showing the liability and dominance of proposed techniques to the existing one is also considered.

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