LYSIMETERS WITH RAINFALL AND SOIL WATER CONTROL

1971 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. KRISTENSEN ◽  
H. C. ASLYNG
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Radiation Equipment ◽  
Different Depths ◽  
Growth Experiments

The lysimeter installation described comprises 36 concrete tanks each with a soil surface of 4 m2. The installation is useful for plant growth experiments under natural conditions involving different treatment combined with various controlled water supplies. The ground installation is at least 20 cm below the soil surface and tillage can be done with field implements. The lysimeter tanks are provided with a drainage system which can drain the soil at the bottom (100 cm depth) to a tension of up to 100 cm. A constant ground-water table at less than 100 cm soil depth can also be maintained. The soil moisture content at different depths is determined from an underground tunnel by use of gamma radiation equipment in metal tubes horizontally installed in the soil. Rainfall is prevented by a movable glass roof automatically operated and controlled by a special rain sensor. Water is applied to the soil surface with a special trickle irrigation system consisting of a set of plastic tubes for each lysimeter tank and controlled from the tunnel. Fertilizers in controlled amount can be applied with the irrigation water.

COMBINED IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZATION IN ARID ZONES

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 301-320 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uzi Kafkafi
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Sand Dunes ◽  
Calcareous Soils ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Nutrient Supply ◽  
Ammonium Concentration ◽  
Arid Zones ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
High Calcium

Sand dunes and highly calcareous soils occupy vast areas in arid zones. The soils are characterized by low available nutrient content and low to medium water-holding capacity of the upper soil surface. These features result in low vegetation density under arid climate conditions. The introduction of trickle irrigation coupled with liquid fertilizers turned desert sand dunes and highly calcareous soils into productive agricultural soils for high cash crops. The intensity of daily nutrient supply dictates the farmer's consideration of the form of nitrogen supplied to the crop and to the variable sensitivity of plants to the different forms of N supplied by various fertilizers through the irrigation system. The combination of high root temperature and high ammonium concentration is of particular importance. Plants that have relatively low carbohydrate content in their roots might suffer from ammonia toxicity if a high daily supply of ammonium is available. High concentrations of urea and very high calcium carbonate content in the soil are also dangerous to ammonium- sensitive plants like tomatoes. Planning the irrigation system and nutrient supply to the crops according to their physiological stage of development, and consideration of the soil and climate characteristics, can give high yields and high quality crops with minimum pollution, but salt accumulation on the soil surface should be prevented, either by sprinkle irrigation, or by plastic mulch during the growing season.

scholarly journals Numerical simulation of bare soil water and heat flow under an automated irrigation system

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 336-348
Author(s):  
Mohamed H. Ahmed ◽  
Saud Gutub
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Time Lags ◽  
Irrigation Systems ◽  
Automated Irrigation System

Modern irrigation techniques use automated systems where irrigation schedules are controlled according to certain criteria. The objective of this study is to numerically estimate irrigation events, water content and temperature distributions, evaporation, drainage, and soil water under closed loop automated irrigation systems of a bare soil. The automated irrigation system is activated and deactivated according to the water content value. The governing equations for transient one-dimensional liquid water flow and heat transfer of unsaturated porous media are applied. The energy balance equation at the soil surface is used as an upper boundary condition based on measured meteorological data of Jeddah City. The results show that the current procedure can be applied to simulate different variables under automated irrigation systems. The water content shows periodic behavior, as well as time lags and decreases in amplitude with soil depth. The timing of applied irrigation has an important impact on evaporation and soil temperature. Applying irrigation water during the daytime leads to increased evaporation. The soil surface temperature decreases suddenly when water is supplied in the afternoon, while a slight increase is observed when irrigation is applied at midnight.

scholarly journals Comparison of nitrogen application via a trickle irrigation system with surface banding of granular fertilizer on red raspberry

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Kowalenko ◽  
J. C. W. Keng ◽  
J. A. Freeman
Keyword(s):  
Irrigation System ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Climatic Regions ◽  
Soil Inorganic N ◽  
Soil Inorganic

A field trial compared applications of ammonium nitrate N as soil-surface bands of granular fertilizer with applications as a solution through a trickle irrigation system (i.e., fertigation) on yield, plant growth and end-of-season extractable soil inorganic nitrogen of red raspberries (Rubus idaeous L.). The granular application was made once in early spring, and the fertigation was scheduled as eight weekly applications from early to late spring in each of 4 successive years. Three rates of N (33, 67 and 134 kg N ha−1) were applied by both methods and a zero N control was also included. The N treatments had relatively small effects on berry yields, being significant in the last 2 years (1988 and 1989) only. Applications of granular N resulted in equal or greater yields than the control, whereas the fertigation method resulted in equal or lower yields than the control. Granular applications tended to enhance cane growth and N concentrations in the fruiting cluster, laterals and leaves of fruiting canes. Leaching of N during the growing season was greater with the fertigation than with the granular method of application. The poorer performance of fertigation relative to granular application of N was due to the timing of application in relation to crop requirement. Raspberries require a majority of their N early in the growing season. The utility of applying fertilizer N via irrigation systems on crops such as raspberry in climatic regions where water deficits do not usually occur early in the growing season, as in coastal British Columbia, is limited. Key words: Fertigation, soil N, yield, soil inorganic N, leaching, Rubus idaeous L.

Use of a trickle irrigation system to distribute entomopathogenic nematodes (Nematoda: Heterorhabditidae) for the control of weevil pests (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) of strawberries

1988 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 639 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Curran ◽  
V Patel
Keyword(s):  
Entomopathogenic Nematodes ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Infective Stage ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Treatment Area ◽  
Otiorhynchus Sulcatus

An established trickle irrigation system was used to distribute entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of Otiorhynchus sulcatus and Phlyctinus callosus in a commercial strawberry planting. This technique facilitated the rapid distribution of the nematodes to strawberry plants grown under plastic mulch. Variation in the distribution of nematodes was observed, both within the treatment area and on the soil surface immediately after application. Four weeks after the application of 48 000 and 80 000 infective stage Heterorhabditis heliothidis per plant, weevil survival (mean number of live larvae and pupae) was reduced by 59% and 25% compared with untreated plants.

Distribution of moisture and salinity under deficit irrigation and irrigation water salinity in an alternative trickle irrigation system of tape

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 394-402
Author(s):  
Jahangir Abedi-Koupai ◽  
Mojtaba Khoshravesh ◽  
Mohammad Ebrahim Zanganeh
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Crop Yield ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
High Salinity ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Water Requirement ◽  
Plant Water ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Salinity Levels

This study was performed to investigate the horizontal and vertical distribution of soil moisture and salinity using an alternative trickle irrigation system of drip tape. Four main treatments consisting of 100, 80, 70, and 60% of the plants’ water requirements and three sub-treatments of 2.1, 4.6, and 10.2 dS/m, were conducted. Following irrigation, the soil moisture and salinity distribution around the emitters were measured every 24 h. The results showed that the accumulation of salts in the soil reduced the evaporation from the soil surface in treatments with high salinity. Therefore, in treatments with a low plant water requirement and high salinity levels, the volume of water in the soil is greater than in treatments with a high plant water requirement and low salinity levels. Although the crop yield is reduced with deficit irrigation, the saved water can be used to increase the area under cultivation, leading to increases in the overall crop yield.

scholarly journals Water Resource Issue and Solution in Helmand – Afghanistan

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 4338-4341
Keyword(s):  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Root Zone ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Sprinkler Irrigation ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Network Process

Water is flattering more and more scares and precious resources as population and utilization hike. Elevation of those elements as well as technology and action to support fine water supplies is obligatory to get control of the condition. Agriculture usage of water consumption is almost 70 % of the water used throughout the world and more than half of this water is used for irrigation purpose.For solving the problem of water scarcity in agriculture, it is important to expand water saving irrigation which has become the need of the time. Currently there are varying types of water saving methods include drip irrigation, sprinkler irrigation. Between these irrigation system drip irrigation system is the most successful way in arid and semi-arid areas and its make use of rate can get up to 90 %. Drip irrigation also known as trickle irrigation is a method which minimizes the use of water and filterers by admitting water to drip at a slow and steady pace to the plant root, rather onto the soil surface or openly onto the root zone, a network process of pipes, valves, emitters and tubing.Water is one of the most precocious assets that we have . The level to which water is abundant or hard to get, polluted or clean, advantageous or devastating, deeply effect the size and standard of human life. The relentless elevation in population and the resulting spurt in the request for water and the need to be cautious in organizing and the management of the restricted water resources.

scholarly journals Arduino based Machine Learning and IoT Smart Irrigation System

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Prakash Kanade ◽  
Jai Prakash Prasad
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Soil Salinity ◽  
Temperature Sensor ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Ph Sensor ◽  
Drainage System ◽  
Weather Condition ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Raspberry Pi ◽  
Lack Of Control

We all depend on farmers in today's world. But is anybody aware of who the farmers rely on? They don't suffer from various irrigation issues, such as over-irrigation, under irrigation, underwater depletion, floods, etc. We are trying to build a project to solve some of the problems that will help farmers overcome the challenges. Owing to inadequate distribution or lack of control, irrigation happens because of waste water, chemicals, which can contribute to water contamination. Under irrigation, only enough water is provided to the plant, which gives low soil salinity, leading to increased soil salinity with a consequent build-up of toxic salts in areas with high evaporation on the soil surface. This requires either leaching to remove these salts or a drainage system to remove the salts. We have developed a project using IoT (Internet of Things) and ML to solve these irrigation problems (machine learning). The hardware consists of different sensors, such as the temperature sensor, the humidity sensor, the pH sensor, the raspberry pi or Arduino module controlled pressure sensor and the bolt IOT module. Our temperature sensor will predict the area's weather condition, through which farmers will make less use of field water. At a regular interval, our pH sensor can sense the pH of the soil and predict whether or not this soil needs more water. Our main aim is to automatically build an irrigation system and to conserve water for future purposes

ESTIMATION OF CONSUMPTIVE USE OF POTATO CROP PIANTED UNDER DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM BY USING SWRT TECHNOLOGY

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 271-282
Author(s):  
J.N. Abedalrahman ◽  
R.J. Mansor ◽  
D.R. Abass
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Drip Irrigation ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Potato Crop ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Drip Irrigation System ◽  
Spring Season

A field experiment was carried out in the field of the College of Agriculture / University of Wasit, located on longitude  45o   50o   33.5o   East and latitude 32o 29o 49.8o North, in Spring season of the agricultural season 2019, in order to estimate the water consumption of potato crop using SWRT technology and under the drip irrigation system. The experiment was designed according to Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and four treatments that include of the SWRT treatment (the use of plastic films under the plant root area in an engineering style), and the treatment of vegetal fertilizer (using Petmos), organic fertilizer (sheep manure), and the control treatment . Potato tubers (Solanum tuberosum L.)  var. Burin was planted for spring season on 10/2/2019 at the soil depth of 5-10 cm. The highest reference water consumption for the potato crop during the season was calculated by Najeeb Kharufa, which was 663.03 mm. The highest actual water consumption for the potato crop during the season for the control treatment was 410.1 mm. The results showed increase in the values of the crop coefficient (Kc) in the stages of tubers formation and tubers filling stage as compared to the vegetative and ripening stages, ranged from 1.37-1.92 for the two stages of tubers formation and tubers filling. The SWRT treatment gave the highest water use efficiency during the season, was 3.46 kg m-3 .

Irrigation of Geraniums with an Automatic Controlled Water Table System

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 522d-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.W. Buxton ◽  
D.L. Ingram ◽  
Wenwei Jia
Keyword(s):  
Water Potential ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Nutrient Solution ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Central Area ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Optimum Water

Geraniums in 15-cm pots were irrigated automatically for 8 weeks with a Controlled Water Table (CWT) irrigation system. Plants were irrigated with a nutrient solution supplied by a capillary mat with one end of the mat suspended in a trough below the bottom of the pot. The nutrient solution remained at a constant level in the trough. Nutrient solution removed from the trough was immediately replaced from a larger reservoir. The vertical distance from the surface of the nutrient solution and the bottom of the pot determined the water/air ratio and water potential in the growing media. Treatments consisted of placing pots at 0, 2, 4, and 6 cm above the nutrient solution. Control plants were irrigated as needed with a trickle irrigation system. Geraniums grown at 0,2 and 4 CWT were ≈25% larger than the control plants and those grown at 6 CWT as measured by dry weight and leaf area. Roots of plants grown at 0 CWT were concentrated in the central area of the root ball; whereas roots of plants in other treatments were located more near the bottom of the pot. Advantages of the CWT system include: Plant controlled automatic irrigation; no run off; optimum water/air ratio.

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