The uneven progress of sanitation in India

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arabinda Ghosh ◽  
Sandy Cairncross
Keyword(s):  
Close Association ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Millennium Development Goal ◽  
Development Goal ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Present Rate ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Female Literacy ◽  
Do So

The 2001 and 2011 Census of India returns are used to document the proportion of households with access to a latrine on their premises, in the different regions, states and districts of India. While some states have already achieved coverage of 90% or more, in others the proportion served is as low as 22%. There are also wide disparities between urban and rural households. Overall, more than 81.4% of urban households, but only 30.7% of rural households have a latrine. The difference varies widely across the country. Coverage has increased by 10.5% over the decade from 2001. This progress also varied widely between states and between districts within each state; 6.3% of districts made negative progress during that period. The variation between states and districts means that some have already achieved the Millennium Development Goal of halving the proportion of their population that lacks sanitation, while others, if they continue at the present rate, will not do so for many decades. Study of the causes of these differences offers the hope of finding ways to accelerate progress in the laggard states and districts. For example, we find a close association between district sanitation coverage and female literacy, suggesting an important role for education.

scholarly journals Diets, Food Choices and Environmental Impacts across an Urban-Rural Interface in Northern Vietnam

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Huong Thi Trinh ◽  
Vincent Linderhof ◽  
Vy Thao Vuong ◽  
Erin E. Esaryk ◽  
Martin Heller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Environmental Impacts ◽  
Food System ◽  
Rural Households ◽  
Food Choices ◽  
Diet Diversity ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Northern Vietnam ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
The Difference

Human diets and their associated environmental impacts differ across segments of the population. There is evidence that consumer choices of food intake can also affect the overall environmental impacts of a food system. This paper analyzes the environmental impact of diets and food choices across a rural–urban transect in Northern Vietnam by using mixed survey data from 619 adult respondents. The average greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) resulting from producing the daily food intake of adults in the urban and peri-urban districts were similar, while the average in the rural district was lower. Although starchy staples contributed the most to energy intake, pork and beef were the largest contributors to GHGE. Metrics of blue water use were higher for diets of males than those of females in all three districts. Interestingly, the difference in mean diet diversity score between urban and rural households was significant, and females’ diets were more diverse than those of males. As expected, urban households were more likely to buy food, while rural households often produced their own foods. Urban households reported prioritizing personal health and the natural content of food and would increase seafood and fruits if their income were to increase. In rural regions, interventions aimed at reducing undernutrition should address improving diet quality without significant increases to diet-related environmental impacts.

URBAN AND RURAL HOUSEHOLDS’ CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURES AS A MEASURE OF THEIR LEVEL OF LIVING

2018 ◽  
Vol XX (4) ◽  
pp. 195-199
Author(s):  
Monika Utzig
Keyword(s):  
Rural Households ◽  
Consumption Expenditures ◽  
Urban Households ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Household Budget ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Level Of Living ◽  
Culture Education ◽  
Household Budget Surveys

The aim of the study was to compare urban and rural households’ level of living. Definitions and measures of level of living were presented. Then level of living in rural and urban households as well as its changes were evaluated using the data from Household Budget Surveys. Expenditures on health, transport, recreation and culture, education, restaurants and hotels and alkoholic beverages, tobacco and narcotics were used as a measures. The results shows that the level and the share of consumption expenditures on recreation and culture as well as on restaurants and hotel were higher in urban than in rural households. The level of living in rural households is lower than in urban ones but the difference is decreasing.

Adjectives and their keyness: a corpus-based analysis of tourism discourse in English

Corpora ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabel Durán-Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Domain Specific ◽  
Adventure Tourism ◽  
Frequency Of Use ◽  
Relevant Reference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Do So

This paper attempts to shed some light on the importance of adjectives in the linguistic characterisation of tourism discourse in English in general and in adventure tourism in particular as well as to prove how significant the difference in usage is compared to the general language. It seeks to understand the role that adjectives play in this specific subdomain and to contribute to the linguistic characterisation of tourism discourse in this respect. It also aims to confirm or reject previous assumptions regarding the use, and frequency of use, of adjectives and adjectival patterns in this specialised domain and, in general, to promote the study of adjectivisation in domain-specific discourses. To do so, it proposes a corpus-based study that measures the keyness of adjectives in promotional texts of the adventure tourism domain in English by comparing their usage in the compiled corpus to the two most relevant reference corpora of English (coca and the bnc).

scholarly journals Malpigmentation of Common Sole (Solea solea) during Metamorphosis Is Associated with Differential Synaptic-Related Gene Expression

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 2273
Author(s):  
Menelaos Kavouras ◽  
Emmanouil E. Malandrakis ◽  
Ewout Blom ◽  
Kyriaki Tsilika ◽  
Theodoros Danis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Ionic Channels ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
General Term ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Common Sole

In farmed flatfish, such as common sole, color disturbances are common. Dyschromia is a general term that includes the color defects on the blind and ocular sides of the fish. The purpose was to examine the difference in gene expression between normal pigmented and juveniles who present ambicoloration. The analysis was carried out with next-generation sequencing techniques and de novo assembly of the transcriptome. Transcripts that showed significant differences (FDR < 0.05) in the expression between the two groups, were related to those of zebrafish (Danio rerio), functionally identified, and classified into categories of the gene ontology. The results revealed that ambicolorated juveniles exhibit a divergent function, mainly of the central nervous system at the synaptic level, as well as the ionic channels. The close association of chromophore cells with the growth of nerve cells and the nervous system was recorded. The pathway, glutamate binding–activation of AMPA and NMDA receptors–long-term stimulation of postsynaptic potential–LTP (long term potentiation)–plasticity of synapses, appears to be affected. In addition, the development of synapses also seems to be affected by the interaction of the LGI (leucine-rich glioma inactivated) protein family with the ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) ones.

scholarly journals A Secular Critique of Religious Ethics and Politics

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Cliteur
Keyword(s):  
Extreme Case ◽  
Moral Autonomy ◽  
Religious Ethics ◽  
Religious Leader ◽  
Political Autonomy ◽  
Central Notion ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Do So ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
Ethics And Politics

This chapter discusses the difference between a nonsecular or religious critique of religious ethics and politics and a specifically secular critique. It introduces the central notion of a secular critique, autonomy, and its two types, moral and political. Moral autonomy entails the separation of religion from ethics. The ideal of making that separation is called “moral secularism.” The opposite of moral autonomy is “moral heteronomy.” An extreme case of moral heteronomy is discussed: Abraham’s willingness to sacrifice his own son when God commanded him to do so. Next, the importance of political autonomy and political secularism is illustrated with reference to the conflict between the king Ahab (the model of a secular ruler) and the prophet Elijah (the model of a religious leader). Some stories in the holy scriptures of the monotheist religions held in common by Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are unfavorable toward secularism (both moral and political).

Reducing Child Mortality: The Contribution of Ceará State, Northeast of Brazil, on Achieving the Millennium Development Goal 4 in Brazil

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 700-706 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anamaria Cavalcante e Silva ◽  
Luciano Lima Correia ◽  
Jocileide Sales Campos ◽  
Francisca Maria de Oliveira Andrade ◽  
Dirlene Mafalda Ildefonso da Silveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Child Mortality ◽  
Millennium Development Goal ◽  
Development Goal
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