Faecal pollution and solar purification of community water sources within Lake Naivasha basin, Kenya

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donde O. Omondi ◽  
Muia A. Wairimu ◽  
Wanga L. Aketch ◽  
Shivoga A. William ◽  
Charles G. Trick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Lake Naivasha ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Faecal Pollution ◽  
Community Water

As in other parts of Africa, and in other developing nations, the rise in the human population and anthropogenic activities within the Lake Naivasha basin is causing an increase in human health risks due to faecal contamination of domestic water sources. This study investigated faecal pollution of community water sources within the Lake Naivasha basin by measuring the densities of total coliforms, Escherichia coli, intestinal enterococci, Clostridium perfringens and heterotrophic bacteria in Lake Naivasha, the Malewa and Gilgil Rivers, and boreholes using membrane filtration techniques and heterotrophic plate count procedures. Selected physico-chemical parameters were also measured in situ from all the water sources sampled. Lakes and rivers had significantly higher microbial abundances than boreholes. Unlike boreholes, surface sources (rivers and lake) showed significant variation with respect to sampling sites for all the microbiological parameters (P < 0.05). The use of solar radiation in water disinfection with temperatures of 75 °C after 30 minutes from pasteurization point (time zero) fully eradicated E. coli and total coliforms from all the water sources. In conclusion, there is faecal pollution in water sources used by communities within the Lake Naivasha basin. The use of solar radiation is therefore recommended for water purification to reduce likely incidences of waterborne diseases.

Scope of potential bacterial agents of diarrhoea and microbial assessment of quality of river water sources in rural Venda communities in South Africa

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 59-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.L. Obi ◽  
N. Potgieter ◽  
P.O. Bessong ◽  
G. Matsaung
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Total Coliforms

The microbial quality of several, usually untreated, surface domestic water sources, used by rural communities in the Venda Region of South Africa, was assessed to gauge their fitness for human consumption and to highlight the possible impact of waterborne diseases. The water sources studied were six points on the Levubu River and the rivers Mutale, Ngwedi, Tshinane, Makonde, Mutshindudi and Mudaswali. Total and faecal coliform, heterotrophic bacteria, enterococci and coliphage counts were used as indicators/surrogates to estimate the degree of bacterial and viral contamination respectively by standard methods. The presence of potential bacterial agents of diarrhoea such as Salmonella, Shigella, Campylobacter, Plesiomonas, Aeromonas and Vibrio was also determined. Results showed that the ranges of counts with regard to all the water sources investigated were 2.9 × 102 - 6.3 × 104 CFU/100 mL for faecal coliforms, 6.0 × 102 - 3.7 × 104 CFU/100 mL for total coliforms, 1.8 × 102 - 1.3 × 106 CFU/mL for heterotrophic plate count, 1.0 × 101 - 3.7 × 104 CFU/100 mL for enterococci and 0-13 PFU/100 mL for coliphages. These values are far higher than the acceptable maximum limits prescribed for South Africa by the Dept of Water & Forestry and the Water Research Commission - 0 CFU/100 mL, 5 CFU/100 mL, 1.0 × 102 CFU/mL, 0 CFU/100 mL and 1 PFU/100 mL for faecal coliforms, total coliforms, heterotrophic bacteria, enterococci and coliphages respectively. Salmonella, Shigella, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter, Aeromonas and Plesiomonas were isolated from several of the water sources investigated. The use of these water sources for drinking and domestic purposes poses a serious threat to the health and well being of the users and calls for urgent government intervention.

Improved detection of acid mine water stressed coliform bacteria on media containing catalase and sodium pyruvate

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 544-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph P. Calabrese ◽  
Gary K. Bissonnette
Keyword(s):  
Mine Water ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Acid Mine Water ◽  
Sodium Pyruvate ◽  
Acid Mine ◽  
Plate Count Agar

Pure culture suspensions of two strains of exponential and stationary phase Escherichia coli exhibited significant reductions in catalase activity following exposure to acid mine water (AMW). The exogenous addition of catalase (500–2000 U) or sodium pyruvate (0.05–5%) to a nonselective recovery medium resulted in enhanced detection (12- to 465-fold) of AMW-stressed E. coli as compared with recovery on the medium lacking these supplements, whereas addition of 3,3′-thiodipropionic acid failed to improve recovery. Additional in vitro experiments utilizing selective M-FC, mT7, and M-Endo media containing 1000 U catalase or 1.0% pyruvate similarly resulted in improved detection of AMW-stressed cells, with the exception of M-Endo containing pyruvate. Appropriately modified media were then used to analyze an AMW-impacted stream by the membrane filtration technique. Addition of catalase, pyruvate, or a combination of both significantly improved recovery of fecal and total coliforms without promoting growth of noncoliforms. Supplementation of plate count agar with pyruvate and (or) catalase enhanced detection of total heterotrophs. These findings suggest that addition of catalase or pyruvate to standard recovery media may improve detection of coliform and total heterotrophic bacteria in AMW-impacted waters. Key words: acid mine water, coliforms, stress.

scholarly journals Investigations on Bacteriological Quality of Tap Water Sources within the University of Port Harcourt

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
H. O. Stanley ◽  
C. J. Ugboma ◽  
P. C. Uzoaru
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
The University

In this study, the sanitary quality of tap water sources within the University of Port Harcourt was investigated in order to determine its suitability for drinking and other domestic applications. Eight composite samples of tap water were collected from Eight different locations within the three campuses of the University of Port Harcourt using 300 ml-capacity sterile containers. These locations included NDDC Hostel, Sports Hostel, Medical Hostel, NUH Hostel, Dan Etete Hostel, Delta A Hostel, Delta B Hostel and Choba Campus. After collection, water samples were taken to the laboratory for enumeration and identification of Total heterotrophic bacteria (THB), Total coliform (TC) and Faecal coliform (FC) using the membrane filtration method. Result showed that the average THB, TC and FC counts recorded in the tap water samples across the eight locations ranged from 12.4 CFU to 36.7 CFU, 4.3 CFU to 10.1 CFU and 2.8 CFU to 5.2 CFU per 100ml respectively. Bacterial isolates were identified as probably belonging to genera such as Bacillus spp., Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Staphylococcus spp., Proteus spp., Citrobacter spp., Serratia spp. and Escherichia spp., respectively. Samples from Delta B hostel and Choba campus recorded the lowest and highest THB, TC and FC counts respectively. According to WHO standard, the result of THB, TC and FC counts indicated that the tap water in all eight locations were above the limit acceptable for drinking but within acceptable limit for other domestic use such as bathing and washing.

Predictive indicators of the safety of swimming pool waters

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 3101-3107 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Nikaeen ◽  
M. Hatamzadeh ◽  
M. Vahid Dastjerdi ◽  
A. Hassanzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Free Chlorine ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Disinfection Process ◽  
Fecal Streptococci

Many outbreaks related to swimming pools could have been prevented or reduced if the pool had been well managed and effectively monitored. The aim of this study was to evaluate physicochemical and microbial parameters that can be proposed as an indicator for the safety of swimming pools. A total of 234 water samples, over a 10-month period in 2006–2007, were collected from indoor swimming pools in Isfahan. All water samples were analyzed for physicochemical and microbial parameters including temperature, pH, turbidity, conductivity, free chlorine, heterotrophic plate count (HPC), total (TC) and fecal coliforms (FC), fecal streptococci (FS) Staphylococcus aureus (Sa) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa). The highest isolation of microbial indicators was for total coliforms (38%) and the lowest for fecal streptococci (3%). The correlation analyses indicated that free chlorine concentration had a significant negative relationship with the heterotrophic bacteria population and total coliforms. Total coliforms presented a significant correlation with the other microbiological indicators. The results clearly showed that the hygienic quality of the swimming pools was dependent on the efficacy of disinfection. Thus, the free chlorine and pH were good operational indices for the quality control of swimming pools and must be maintained in the recommended range to ensure optimal disinfection. The results also showed that TC and HPC were reliable and practical indicators for routine quality surveillance and assessment of the efficiency of the disinfection process and safety of swimming pools.

scholarly journals The bacteriological quality of traditional water sources in north-eastern Imo State, Nigeria

1987 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Blum ◽  
S. R. A. Huttly ◽  
J. I. Okoro ◽  
C. Akujobi ◽  
B. R. Kirkwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Peak Period ◽  
Imo State ◽  
Faecal Pollution ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Filtration Technique

SUMMARYMonthly bacteriological water testing of traditional water sources (ponds, rivers, unprotected springs and traditional wells) used by five villages in northeastern Imo State, Nigeria, was conducted during the period January 1983 to August 1985. The membrane-filtration technique was used to detect faecal coliforms (FC) and faecal streptococci (FS). Evidence of faecal pollution was seen throughout the year for all water sources. During the study period, the monthly geometric mean counts per 100 ml of water (all sources combined) ranged from 760 to 17877 for FC and from 678 to 17394 for FS. The peak period of faecal pollution occurred during the transition between the dry and wet seasons and in the early wet season. During this peak pollution season (February–May), the geometric mean counts were 2·5–7·2 times higher than in the remaining part of the year for all source types except rivers, with ponds being the most heavily polluted. Preliminary findings on the sensitivity and specificity, in this tropical environment, of the standard membrane-filtration technique for enumerating FC are presented. The implications of the findings of this study for the environmental control of waterborne and hygiene-related diseases are discussed.

Synergistic effect of solar radiation and solar heating to disinfect drinking water sources

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 155-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. K. Rijal ◽  
R. S. Fujioka
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Hydrogen Sulphide ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Solar Heating ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
E Coli

Waterborne diseases are still common in developing countries as drinking water sources are contaminated and feasible means to reliably treat and disinfect these waters are not available. Many of these developing countries are in the tropical regions of the world where sunlight is plentiful. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of combining solar radiation and solar heating to disinfect contaminated water using a modified Family Sol*Saver System (FSP). The non-UV transmittable cover sheet of the former FSP system was replaced with an UV transmittable plastic cover sheet to enable more wavelengths of sunlight to treat the water. Disinfection efficiency of both systems was evaluated based on reduction of the natural populations of faecal coliform, E. coli, enterococci, C. perfringens, total heterotrophic bacteria, hydrogen sulphide producing bacteria and FRNA virus. The results showed that under sunny and partly sunny conditions, water was heated to critical temperature (60°C) in both the FSP systems inactivating more than 3 log (99.9%) of the concentrations of faecal coliform and E. coli to undetectable levels of <1 CFU/100mL within 2-5 h exposure to sunlight. However, under cloudy conditions, the two FSP systems did not reduce the concentrations of faecal indicator bacteria to levels of <1 CFU/100mL. Nonetheless, sufficient evidence was obtained to show that UV radiation of sunlight plus heat worked synergistically to enhance the inactivation of faecal indicator bacteria. The relative log removal of indicator microorganism in the FSP treated water was total heterotrophic bacteria < C. perfringens < F RNA virus < enterococci < E. coli < faecal coliform. In summary, time of exposure to heat and radiation effects of sunlight were important in disinfecting water by solar units. The data indicated that direct radiation of sunlight worked synergistically with solar heating of the water to disinfect the water. Thus, effective disinfection was observed even when the water temperature did not reach 60°C. Finally, the hydrogen sulphide test is a simple and reliable test that householders can use to determine whether their water had been sufficiently disinfected.

scholarly journals Comparative Assessment of Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water using Membrane Filtration and Multiple Tube Fermentation Methods

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 853-856
Author(s):  
O.O. Adebisi ◽  
A.A. Adetomiwa ◽  
I.D. Gbala
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Water Industry ◽  
Who Guidelines ◽  
Faecal Coliforms

Comparative assessment of 13 different drinking water sources (sachet, bottled, pipe borne and borehole) was carried using the conventional direct coliform plate count (CPC), multiple tube fermentation (MTF) and membrane filtration (MF) techniques. Physicochemical analyses indicated that the water samples meet WHO guidelines for pH, temperature and turbidity. However, the bacteriological analyses showed that none of the drinkingwater source is potable according to WHO guidelines. The confirmatory and completed tests revealed the presence of faecal coliforms in some of the samples. Findings of this study demonstrate that CPC is a poor method to assess water potability while MTF and MF techniques compared relatively well. There is need to intensify effort at the monitoring of activities in the rapidly expanding packaged water industry with a view to improving the standards. Keywords: drinking water, membrane filtration, multiple tube fermentation, coliform

scholarly journals Comparative hazard evaluation of enteric bacteria in two surface water sources in Akure, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 826-839
Author(s):  
A. O. Olalemi ◽  
O. M. Ige ◽  
O. T. Oladejo ◽  
O. R. Yusuf ◽  
B. Akinmolayan
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Hazard Evaluation ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Faecal Pollution

Abstract This study was carried out to determine the level of enteric bacteria in two surface water sources (river and stream) commonly used for domestic, recreational and agricultural purposes in Akure, Nigeria. This is to gain a better understanding of the level of faecal pollution of the water sources and the potential health risks associated with usage of the waters for human activities. Water samples were collected from the river and the stream from May to September, 2019 (n = 24). The concentration of enteric bacteria in the water samples was determined using the membrane filtration technique, while the physicochemical characteristics of the water samples were determined using the standard method. Results revealed that the concentration of Escherichia coli ranged from 3.00 to 4.78 log10 cfu/100ml and 3.48 to 5.75 log10 cfu/100ml in water samples from the river and stream respectively; Bifidobacterium ranged from 4.18 to 5.00 log10 cfu/100ml and 3.87 to 4.66 log10 cfu/100ml in water samples from the river and stream respectively; Salmonella ranged from 3.30 to 4.30 log10 cfu/100ml and 2.60 to 4.32 log10 cfu/100ml in water samples from the river and stream respectively. Water temperature ranged from 22.1 to 28.5 °C and 23.64 to 25.56 °C in the river and stream respectively; turbidity ranged from 12.28 to 29.11 NTU and 17.07 to 61.80 NTU in the river and stream respectively. Spearman's rank correlation showed that Salmonella had positive relationship with temperature (r = 0.556) in water samples from the stream whereas Bifidobacterium exhibited a positive relationship with dissolved oxygen (r = 0.557) in water samples from the river. While the stream appeared to have a higher turbidity than the river, the level of enteric bacteria in the river was higher than that in the stream. Based on microbiological water quality categories, the findings from this study demonstrated that the level of enteric bacteria in the river and stream suggests strong faecal pollution that may pose potential risks of diarrheal diseases to humans. Water from these two surface water sources must be treated before use in order to protect human health.

scholarly journals Biofilm reduction potential of 0.02% polyhexanide irrigation solution in several types of urethral catheters

BMC Urology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Florian H. H. Brill ◽  
Julia Hambach ◽  
Christian Utpatel ◽  
Diana C. Mogrovejo ◽  
Henrik Gabriel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Bacterial Biofilm ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Irrigation Solution ◽  
Clinically Relevant Bacteria

Abstract Background Long-term use of urethral catheters is associated with high risk of urinary tract infection (UTI) and blockage. Microbial biofilms are a common cause of catheter blockage, reducing their lifetime and significantly increasing morbidity of UTIs. A 0.02% polyhexanide irrigation solution developed for routine mechanical rinsing shows potential for bacterial decolonization of urethral catheters and has the potential to reduce or prevent biofilm formation. Methods Using an in vitro assay with standard market-leading types of catheters artificially contaminated with clinically relevant bacteria, assays were carried out to evaluate the biofilm reduction and prevention potential of a 0.02% polyhexanide solution versus no intervention (standard approach) and irrigation with saline solution (NaCl 0.9%). The efficiency of decolonization was measured through microbial plate count and membrane filtration. Results Irrigation using a 0.02% polyhexanide solution is suitable for the decolonization of a variety of transurethral catheters. The effect observed is significant compared to irrigation with 0.9% saline solution (p = 0.002) or no treatment (p = 0.011). No significant difference was found between irrigation with 0.9% saline solution and no treatment (p = 0.74). Conclusions A 0.02% polyhexanide solution is able to reduce bacterial biofilm from catheters artificially contaminated with clinically relevant bacteria in vitro. The data shows a reduction of the viability of thick bacterial biofilms in a variety of commercially available urinary catheters made from silicone, latex-free silicone, hydrogel-coated silicone and PVC. Further research is required to evaluate the long-term tolerability and efficacy of polyhexanide in clinical practice.

Excystation ofCryptosporidium parvumat temperatures that are reached during solar water disinfection

Parasitology ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 136 (4) ◽  
pp. 393-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. GÓMEZ-COUSO ◽  
M. FONTÁN-SAINZ ◽  
J. FERNÁNDEZ-ALONSO ◽  
E. ARES-MAZÁS
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Cryptosporidium Parvum ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Solar Water ◽  
Solar Water Disinfection ◽  
Notable Increase

SUMMARYSpecies belonging to the generaCryptosporidiumare recognized as waterborne pathogens. Solar water disinfection (SODIS) is a simple method that involves the use of solar radiation to destroy pathogenic microorganisms that cause waterborne diseases. A notable increase in water temperature and the existence of a large number of empty or partially excysted (i.e. unviable) oocysts have been observed in previous SODIS studies with water experimentally contaminated withCryptosporidium parvumoocysts under field conditions. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of the temperatures that can be reached during exposure of water samples to natural sunlight (37–50°C), on the excystation ofC. parvumin the absence of other stimuli. In samples exposed to 40–48°C, a gradual increase in the percentage of excystation was observed as the time of exposure increased and a maximum of 53·81% of excystation was obtained on exposure of the water to a temperature of 46°C for 12 h (versus8·80% initial isolate). Under such conditions, the oocyst infectivity evaluated in a neonatal murine model decreased statistically with respect to the initial isolate (19·38%versus100%). The results demonstrate the important effect of the temperature on the excystation ofC. parvumand therefore on its viability and infectivity.

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