scholarly journals Investigations on Bacteriological Quality of Tap Water Sources within the University of Port Harcourt

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
H. O. Stanley ◽  
C. J. Ugboma ◽  
P. C. Uzoaru
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
The University

In this study, the sanitary quality of tap water sources within the University of Port Harcourt was investigated in order to determine its suitability for drinking and other domestic applications. Eight composite samples of tap water were collected from Eight different locations within the three campuses of the University of Port Harcourt using 300 ml-capacity sterile containers. These locations included NDDC Hostel, Sports Hostel, Medical Hostel, NUH Hostel, Dan Etete Hostel, Delta A Hostel, Delta B Hostel and Choba Campus. After collection, water samples were taken to the laboratory for enumeration and identification of Total heterotrophic bacteria (THB), Total coliform (TC) and Faecal coliform (FC) using the membrane filtration method. Result showed that the average THB, TC and FC counts recorded in the tap water samples across the eight locations ranged from 12.4 CFU to 36.7 CFU, 4.3 CFU to 10.1 CFU and 2.8 CFU to 5.2 CFU per 100ml respectively. Bacterial isolates were identified as probably belonging to genera such as Bacillus spp., Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp., Staphylococcus spp., Proteus spp., Citrobacter spp., Serratia spp. and Escherichia spp., respectively. Samples from Delta B hostel and Choba campus recorded the lowest and highest THB, TC and FC counts respectively. According to WHO standard, the result of THB, TC and FC counts indicated that the tap water in all eight locations were above the limit acceptable for drinking but within acceptable limit for other domestic use such as bathing and washing.

scholarly journals Isolation of Bacterial Pathogens from Borehole Water Sources within the University of Port Harcourt

2020 ◽  
pp. 39-44
Author(s):  
H. O. Stanley ◽  
C. N. Eze
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
World Health ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Adequate Treatment ◽  
Post Graduate ◽  
Port Harcourt ◽  
Borehole Water ◽  
The University

A study about the bacteriological and physicochemical quality of borehole water at the University of Port Harcourt was carried out. Eight water samples was pooled from NUH Block B (Under graduate Hostel), Nelson Mandela Block B (Undergraduate Hostel), Intercontinental Hostel (Post Graduate Hostel), Donald Ekong Block C (Post graduate Hostel), Clinical Hostel, Staff quarters (Opposite Uniport Bottling plant), Dan Etete (Undergraduate Hostel) and Gambiama Staff quarters designated as Sample 1 to sample 8 respectively. Physical examination was conducted to as the sanitary and hygiene practices within the collection area. It was observed that the undergraduate hostels had the least sanitary practice. Total counts of heterotrophic bacteria count showed that the highest bacterial count was recorded from Sample 2 with bacterial count of 2.3x104 CFU/ml while the least bacterial count was recorded from sample 8 with bacterial count of 3.0x102 CFU/ml. The isolated bacterial species from the water sources were identified as Bacillus sp., Micrococcus sp., E. coli., Serratia sp., Staphylococcus sp., Enterobacter sp., Citrobacter sp. The presence of coliform bacteria in the sampled water source does not comply with the World Health Organization (WHO) standard for coliform bacteria of zero total coliform per 100 ml of water. The borehole water samples collected had pH values within 5.9-6.85 which does not comply with the WHO recommended range for drinking water standards which should fall between ≥7 to ≤9.2. Nitrate concentration as observed amongst the eight water samples was below the WHO standard of 50mg/l. The Total dissolved solutes was below 0.01 in all the tested waters samples. This study has revealed that borehole water from sampled sources within the University of Port Harcourt is not fit for human consumption without adequate treatment.

scholarly journals Assessment of Giardia and Cryptosporidium Assemblages/ Species and Their Viability in Potable Tap Water in Beni-Suef, Egypt Using Nested PCR/RFLP and Staining

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doaa HAMDY ◽  
Ayman El-BADRY ◽  
Wegdan ABD EL WAHAB
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Nested Pcr ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Waterborne Diseases ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
Blue Stain

Background: The protozoan Giardia and Cryptosporidium are responsible for most water-borne diseases all over the world. The extent and number of outbreaks of waterborne diseases suggests a significant risk of their potential transmission via drinking water. This study aimed to document the prevalence and viability of Giardia and Cryptosporidium (oo) cysts in tap water samples in Beni-Suef Governorate, Egypt and to detect the predominant Giardia and Cryptosporidium assemblages/species using nested PCR/ Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) confirmed by further sequencing of positive samples. Methods: A total of 80 tap water samples were collected throughout a year from four big centers and filtered using the membrane filtration method. Samples were stained by Lugol’s iodine, Modified Zeihl-Neelsen (MZN) (to detect prevalence) and trypan blue stain (to detect viability). Nested PCR-RFLP and sequencing were used for molecular characterizations and genotyping of the detected Giardia and Cryptosporidium. Results: Giardia and Cryptosporidium DNA was detected in 20 (25%) and 29 (36.3%) samples respectively, with predominance of Giardia assemblage B (85%) and C. hominis (75.9%). The prevalence and viability of both parasites (oo) cysts showed seasonality which peaked in summer and were greater in Beba center and in rural areas. Conclusion: To our knowledge, no studies have been done in these areas before. The anthroponotic transmission has an important role in giardiasis and crypto­sporidiosis epidemiology in this studied area.

scholarly journals The health-related microbiological quality of bottled drinking water sold in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

2006 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel R. Kassenga
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Dar Es Salaam ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
Coliform Bacteria

The consumption of bottled and plastic-bagged drinking water in Tanzania has increased largely because of the deteriorating quality of tap water. It is uncertain whether these water products are safe for drinking. In this study, the microbiological quality of bottled and plastic-bagged drinking water sold in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, was investigated. One hundred and thirty samples representing 13 brands of bottled water collected from shops, supermarkets and street vendors were analysed for total coliform and faecal coliform organisms as well as heterotrophic bacteria. These were compared with 61 samples of tap water. Heterotrophic bacteria were detected in 92% of the bottled water samples analysed. Total and faecal coliform bacteria were present in 4.6% and 3.6%, respectively, of samples analysed with a tendency for higher contamination rates in plastic-bagged drinking water. Microbiological quality of tap water was found to be worse compared with bottled water, with 49.2% and 26.2% of sampling points showing the presence of total coliform and faecal coliform organisms, respectively. The results suggest caution and vigilance to avert outbreaks of waterborne diseases from these types of drinking water.

scholarly journals Comparative Microbiological Assessment of Drinking Water Collected from Different Areas of Kathmandu Valley

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 39-43
Author(s):  
Aman Thapa Magar ◽  
Mamata Khakurel ◽  
Shree Laxmi Pandey ◽  
Kalyan Subedi ◽  
Umesh Kaji Manandhar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ground Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Bacterial Load ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Aerobic Plate Count ◽  
Filtration Technique

Objectives: This study was aimed to evaluate different water samples in terms of Total bacterial load and Total Coliform Load in comparison with different parameters such as pH, type of samples, chlorination status, turbidity, temperature and collection areas. Methods: Altogether 250 water samples were collected; 110(44%) were ground water samples, 60(24%) were public tap water samples and 80(32%) were bottled water samples. Total Coliform load was evaluated using Membrane Filtration Technique and Total Bacterial Load was evaluated using Aerobic Plate Count Technique. pH was measured using pH meter, turbidity was measured using nephelometer, temperature was measured using temperature probe and bottled water were considered chlorinated. Results: Among these 250 samples, the highest mean bacterial load was seen in public tap water samples (137×103 cfu/ml) and least mean bacterial load was seen on bottled water sample (28×103). Similarly, highest mean coliform load was seen on ground water samples (81 cfu/ml) and least mean coliform load was seen on bottled water samples (6 cfu/ml). Conclusion: This study has concluded that ground water samples contain large number of coliforms which suggest it might be fecally contaminated. Also the result had shown even bottled water contained coliforms. Therefore, it is recommended to treat ground water before using. Proper care must be taken during manufacture of bottled water.

scholarly journals Quality and Safety of Rural Community Drinking Water Sources in Guto Gida District, Oromia, Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-13
Author(s):  
Motuma Tessema Abegaz ◽  
Mulissa Jida Midekssa
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Rural Community ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Iron Manganese ◽  
Dug Well

The quality of drinking water has always been a major public health concern, especially in developing countries where access to improved water supply and sanitation is very low. This study aimed to assess the bacteriological and physicochemical quality of rural community drinking water sources in the Guto Gida district. A cross-sectional study was conducted in selected rural areas of the district from January to June 2016. Water samples were collected from four types of sources (protected dug well, open dug well, protected spring, and open spring) found in 8 locations of the study area. The membrane filtration technique was employed to determine the total coliform and faecal coliform load of the samples. The physicochemical characteristics such as total dissolved solid (TDS), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), turbidity, temperature, color, iron, manganese, lead, fluoride, zinc, sulphate, nitrate, and phosphate were analyzed following the American Public Health Association and WHO standard protocols. Our results revealed that 90.6% and 87.5% of water samples were positive for total coliform and faecal coliform, respectively. Thus, the majority of the studied water sources could be classified as polluted with respect to coliform load. Our results also have shown that most of the water sources showed marginally tolerable quality with respect to color, EC, TDS, turbidity, nitrate, sulphate, and phosphate. However, the protected sources had poor quality in zinc, lead, iron, manganese, and pH with values above the permissible levels. Thus, the drinking water source quality of the study areas requires appropriate interventions such as improving the existing water source infrastructure and access to sanitation services.

scholarly journals Microbial assessment of bottled drinking water of Kathmandu valley

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Timilshina ◽  
I Dahal ◽  
B Thapa
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Who Guidelines ◽  
Cross Sectional

INTRODUCTION: Due to increased demand and consumption of bottled water in Kathmandu valley, there has been a growing concern about the microbiological quality of this product. The objective of this study was to assess the microbial contamination of heterotrophs and total coliform. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross sectional study was done in randomly selected 30 different commercial brand of bottled water available in commercial market of Kathmandu valley, Nepal. Total coliform and heterotrophic bacteria were enumerated by the membrane filtration and spread plate technique, respectively. RESULTS: Nineteen samples (63.3%) showed the heterotrophic bacterial count above the acceptable range (i.e. <50 cfu/ml) and 56.6% (n=17) samples showed the total coliforms count crossed the WHO guidelines (i.e. 0 cfu/ml). 83.3% (n=25) brands of bottled water were not safe for drinking as they exceed the heterotrophic and/or total coliform count above the WHO guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of heterotrophs and the coliform in the bottled water is a serious concern for public health. Concerned authority should prioritize this issue and continuously monitor the quality of mushrooming bottled water manufacturers in Kathmandu valley to provide safe drinking water to the population. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijim.v1i2.7399 Int J Infect Microbiol 2012;1(1):84-86

scholarly journals Microbial wash water quality on dairy farms from Galicia (NW Spain)

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 2214-2221
Author(s):  
F. J. Saavedra ◽  
E. Yus ◽  
F. J. Diéguez
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Faecal Coliform ◽  
Wash Water ◽  
Nw Spain ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
Bacterial Groups ◽  
Faecal Streptococci

Abstract This study evaluated the microbiological quality of wash water used in dairy farms from Galicia (NW Spain) based on the total coliform, faecal coliform and faecal streptococci counts. The paper aimed to identify geographical areas that are at a high risk for bacterial contamination of wash water and to study the temporal distribution of positive samples. Water samples from 120 farms, whose water supply came from a private well, were tested for the presence of the three mentioned bacterial groups by the membrane filtration method. To investigate whether the presence of positive herds for a particular bacterial group in water samples was higher in some areas or during a specific time period, data were tested using the Bernoulli model. In farms without a purification system, the prevalence of positive samples for total coliform, faecal coliform and faecal streptococci was 36.7%, 13.3% and 24.5%, respectively. In farms using hydrogen peroxide, these figures were 15.4%, 7.7% and 7.7%, respectively. In farms using chlorine or ultraviolet radiation all the samples were negative for the three bacterial groups. The spatial analysis identified one statistically significant spatial cluster of herds with positive samples of faecal streptococci in an area characterized by a high cattle density. Moreover, one most likely temporal cluster was identified for each of the three groups between July and August 2017, which were the driest months in the studied area.

scholarly journals Drinking Water Quality of Kathmandu Valley

2015 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neel Kamal Koju ◽  
Tista Prasai ◽  
Sujen Man Shrestha ◽  
Prakash Raut
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Kathmandu Valley ◽  
Treated Water ◽  
Who Standards

This research was conducted to analyze drinking water quality of Kathmandu valley. Total 969 water samples (392 from dug wells, 287 from deep boring, 218 from treated water, 46 from tap and 26 from other water sources) received from different places of Kathmandu, Lalitpur and Bhaktapur districts during March 2012 to March 2013. These samples were analyzed for the determination of physical (pH, temperature, conductivity, turbidity), chemical (hardness, chloride, iron, arsenic, ammonia, nitrate) and microbiological (total Coliform) parameters. It was found that the temperature and nitrate were within the WHO standards while pH, conductivity, turbidity, chloride, iron, arsenic, ammonia, and Coliform bacteria exceeded the WHO standard guideline. In ground water ( well and Boring), pH, conductivity, hardness, turbidity, iron, arsenic, chloride, ammonia and total Coliform count crossed WHO standards as 5%, 2%, 0.8%, 36%, 51%, 0.1%, 2%, 11% and 86 % respectively. Hardness was within the standard in both  reated and tap water samples. Compared to treated water, pH, arsenic and chloride were within the standard in tap water. The common problematic parameters of different sources of drinking were turbidity, iron, ammonia and conductivity. Coliform bacteria were found in 36% samples of treated water whereas 80% tap water samples were contaminated from Coliform bacteria.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v15i1.12027Nepal Journal of Science and TechnologyVol. 15, No.1 (2014) 115-120

scholarly journals Bacteriological Evaluation of Bottled Water Commercially Available in Eastern Nepal

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 54-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rojina Rai ◽  
Bindiya Kumal ◽  
Devina Rai ◽  
Arun Keshari ◽  
Rima Bhandari
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Bacillus Species ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Cross Sectional

The demand for bottled water is high in these days and it has been a growing concern about the microbiological quality of such processed water. The objective of this study was to assess the heterotrophic contamination and total coliform. This cross-sectional study was carried out in randomly selected 24 different commercial brands of bottled water available in the commercial market of the eastern region of Nepal. Total coliform and heterotrophic bacteria were enumerated by the membrane filtration and spread plate technique, respectively. Among 24 water sample processed, 62.5% (n=15) samples showed the heterotrophic bacterial count above the acceptable range (<50 CFU/0.1ml) and 75% (n=18) samples showed the total coliform count crossed the WHO guidelines (0 CFU/ml) and not acceptable for drinking. E. Coli was detected in 54.2% of water samples and Enterobacters aerogenes(45.8%), Enterococcus fecalis(20.8%), Pseudomonas sps (20.8%), Bacillus species (16.6%) and Staphylococcus aereus (4.2%) were also detected from different samples. Only 25% of bottled water was acceptable for drinking purpose. The presence of heterotrophs and the coliform in the bottled water is a serious concern for public health. Concerned authority should prioritize this issue and continuously monitor the quality of available bottled water manufacturers in the eastern region to provide safe drinking water to the population.Sunsari Technical College Journal 2015, 2(1):54-57

scholarly journals Physicochemical and biological quality of groundwater sources in Kadama Sub county, Kibuku District

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abel Wilson Walekhwa ◽  
Frederick Oporia ◽  
Ali Halage ◽  
Douglas Bulafu ◽  
Aisha Nalugya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Surrounding Water ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Biological Quality

Abstract IntroductionWater should comply with standard/regulatory physio-chemical and biological parameters to ensure that it is safe for domestic use. We therefore sought to assess the physico-chemical and biological quality of groundwater sources in Kadama subcounty, Kibuku district, Eastern Uganda. MethodsA cross-sectional quantitative study was conducted. We collected water samples from twenty-three functional water sources. We assessed the turbidity, pH and presence of Escherichia coli (E. coli) using the turbidity meter, pH meter and membrane filtration technique, respectively. Furthermore, physical sanitary inspection of the water sources was done using a standard pretested observational checklist to assess existing risk factors.ResultsThe majority, 69.5% of the water sources included in the study were boreholes, with about 43.5% of them from Nandere parish. Majority of the water sources 86.9% (20/23) had clogged/blocked drainage channels, about a third of water sources 60.9% (14/23) did not have fences/protection around them and majority of the water sources, 82.6% (19/23) had stagnated apron. Some water sources 8.7% (2/23) had open defecation around them. The water samples had a mean pH of 6.87 (SD 0.920) with 4.4% acidic, 86.9% normal/acceptable pH level and 8.6% in alkaline state. About two-thirds (65.3%) of these water sources had turbidity levels less than 5 NTUs. In addition, boreholes had a better turbidity score of 81.2% (13/16) compared to the water wells 71.4% (5/7). About half, 43.5% of the water sources were above the WHO recommended range of zero coliforms. ConclusionsSome ground water sources had sanitary risk factors and significant levels of E. coli which makes them unfit for human consumption, though they can be used for other domestic purposes including washing clothes. This calls for urgent need to keep surrounding water sources clean and continuously disinfect drinking water from groundwater sources before human consumption.

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