scholarly journals Development of a Sanitation Safety Plan for improving the sanitation system in peri-urban areas of Iringa, Tanzania

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 340-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Domini ◽  
G. Langergraber ◽  
L. Rondi ◽  
S. Sorlini ◽  
S. Maswaga
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Safety Plan ◽  
First Results ◽  
Assessment Matrix ◽  
Planning Methodology ◽  
The Given

The Sanitation Safety Planning methodology is implemented within a cooperation project in Iringa, Tanzania. The study presents the methodology and its adaptation and use for the given context, in order to assess risks and to support stakeholders in improving the current sanitation system and validate the design of an improved one. First results of the application of the methodology, obtained in one of the four peri-urban wards of Iringa, demonstrated its efficacy and utility in prioritising risks and identifying cost-effective control measures. Risks were assessed by the use of a semi-quantitative approach, and a simplified risk assessment matrix was developed for the case study. A sensitivity analysis was carried out in order to evaluate criteria for prioritising control measures to be selected for the development of an achievable improvement plan.

Water safety plans for small systems: a model for applying HACCP concepts for cost-effective monitoring in developing countries

2003 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Performance Limits ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Small Systems ◽  
Water Safety Plans ◽  
Contamination Events

The development of water safety plans (WSPs) for small systems should be based on a thorough understanding of the relationships between risk factors and contamination events. This can be achieved through the use of well-designed assessments of water quality that provide better evidence to support the identification of control measures, performance limits, monitoring parameters and verification procedures. Training of community operators is critical to the success of the WSP and the understanding gained from the assessments provides a sound basis for addressing these needs. The WSP approach provides for more effective control of water quality and the use of targeted assessments is cost-effective in improving the design of WSPs.

Nonmotorized Interference and Control Measures at Signalized Intersections in China

2003 ◽  
Vol 1846 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heng Wei ◽  
Feng Lu ◽  
Gang Hou ◽  
Abi Mogharabi
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Motor Vehicle ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Signalized Intersections ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Mixed Traffic ◽  
Vehicle Traffic ◽  
Traffic Conditions ◽  
And Control

The adverse effects of bicycles and pedestrians on motor vehicle traffic in at-grade, signalized intersections under mixed-traffic conditions have been observed at several typical intersections in Beijing. Mixed bicycle and motor vehicle traffic is a major characteristic of urban transport in China and has led to serious congestion and capacity reduction in at-grade signalized intersections in urban areas. A method is presented to quantitatively measure nonmotorized effects, and values are recommended for adjusting the model to estimate the capacity of through vehicle lanes. Several temporal segregation solutions to mixed-traffic problems in at-grade signalized intersections are described that have proven cost-effective in several Chinese cities, and suggestions for their application are provided.

Traffic Flow Control in Congested Motorway Networks Using Buffers

1998 ◽  
Vol 1612 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
Patrick T. W. Broeren ◽  
Dirk Westland
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Flow Control ◽  
Traffic Flow ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Normal Pattern ◽  
Total Delay ◽  
Design Elements ◽  
Motorway Networks

Around large urban areas, daily recurrent congestion in the form of queueing at bottlenecks is nowadays a normal pattern. Apart from the congestion that directly follows from the capacity deficit at bottlenecks, more and more motorways are affected by a secondary congestion problem due to blocking of motorway exits and entries by long queues that build up upstream of bottlenecks, causing delay to travelers who are not going through the bottleneck. A solution to avoid congestion-induced blockage is the construction of so-called buffer facilities. These are local widenings of the motorway by adding one or more lanes just before a bottleneck. Buffers can shorten queues by an amount that is more than proportional to the number of added lanes. In this way congestion-induced blockage can be avoided and total delay is reduced significantly. Buffers are a cost-effective way to fight motorway congestion. The principles and functioning of buffer facilities are explained. Design elements and criteria as well as calculation of buffer dimensions are considered. Attention is given to the control of traffic flow at the entrance and exit of buffers. This is demonstrated with a case study from the Netherlands.

Ecology of the maize stalk borer, Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

1987 ◽  
Vol 77 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. J. Van Rensburg ◽  
M. C. Walters ◽  
J. H. Giliomee
Keyword(s):  
Plant Development ◽  
Busseola Fusca ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Planting Dates ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
New Information ◽  
Repeated Sampling ◽  
Definite Pattern

AbstractNew information on the intraseasonal progression of larval infestations of Busseola fusca (Fuller) in South Africa was obtained through repeated sampling in maize plantings of different planting dates over various seasons. Due to the occurrence of distinct periods of moth flight, variation in planting date had a marked influence on levels of larval infestation. Also, plants were found to be most attractive as sites for oviposition between three and five weeks after emergence, resulting in a definite pattern in the time distribution of different larval instars in different plant parts. In the pre-tassel stage of plant development, most larvae occurred in localized groups within the whorls, reaching maximum numbers eight weeks after plant emergence. The emergence of the tassel forced some larvae to migrate to adjacent plants, resulting in an increase of internally damaged plants without an increase in larval numbers. It is shown that scouting for eggs over a limited period of plant development can lead to better timing of spray applications and thus to more cost-effective control measures.

scholarly journals Estimating the basic reproduction number for the 2015 bubonic plague outbreak in Nyimba district of Eastern Zambia

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (11) ◽  
pp. e0008811
Author(s):  
Joseph Sichone ◽  
Martin C. Simuunza ◽  
Bernard M. Hang’ombe ◽  
Mervis Kikonko
Keyword(s):  
Basic Reproduction Number ◽  
Reproduction Number ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Infectious Period ◽  
Bubonic Plague ◽  
Infectious Individual ◽  
Susceptible Population ◽  
The Basic Reproduction Number

Background Plague is a re-emerging flea-borne infectious disease of global importance and in recent years, Zambia has periodically experienced increased incidence of outbreaks of this disease. However, there are currently no studies in the country that provide a quantitative assessment of the ability of the disease to spread during these outbreaks. This limits our understanding of the epidemiology of the disease especially for planning and implementing quantifiable and cost-effective control measures. To fill this gap, the basic reproduction number, R0, for bubonic plague was estimated in this study, using data from the 2015 Nyimba district outbreak, in the Eastern province of Zambia. R0 is the average number of secondary infections arising from a single infectious individual during their infectious period in an entirely susceptible population. Methodology/Principal findings Secondary epidemic data for the most recent 2015 Nyimba district bubonic plague outbreak in Zambia was analyzed. R0 was estimated as a function of the average epidemic doubling time based on the initial exponential growth rate of the outbreak and the average infectious period for bubonic plague. R0 was estimated to range between 1.5599 [95% CI: 1.382–1.7378] and 1.9332 [95% CI: 1.6366–2.2297], with average of 1.7465 [95% CI: 1.5093–1.9838]. Further, an SIR deterministic mathematical model was derived for this infection and this estimated R0 to be between 1.4 to 1.5, which was within the range estimated above. Conclusions/Significance This estimated R0 for bubonic plague is an indication that each bubonic plague case can typically give rise to almost two new cases during these outbreaks. This R0 estimate can now be used to quantitatively analyze and plan measurable interventions against future plague outbreaks in Zambia.

scholarly journals Transmission Dynamics of Corynebacterium spp. Within Two Danish Dairy Cattle Herds

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Kirkeby ◽  
Tariq Halasa ◽  
Michael Farre ◽  
Galal Nazih Chehabi ◽  
Kaare Græsbøll
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Transmission Rate ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Indirect Transmission ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
Danish Dairy

Intramammary infections (IMI) can cause mastitis, a prevalent and costly infectious disease in dairy cattle worldwide. The IMI is caused by a range of bacteria, including Corynebacterium spp. Knowledge of the transmission dynamics of pathogens is generally sparse but essential to support decision-making; such as input to bioeconomic models. In this observational study, we explored the transmission dynamics of Corynebacterium spp. in two different Danish dairy cattle herds by testing monthly quarter-level milk samples of all lactating cows for 1 year. We estimated the prevalence for herd 1 and 2 to 24 and 11.7%, respectively, and the mean quarter-level incidence to be 8 and 6.5% per month, respectively. We compared a model for indirect transmission via the environment with a model with the direct contagious transmission and found that the latter model best explained the data. We estimated the daily mean quarter-level transmission rate to be 0.016 and 0.018 cases/quarter-day for herd 1 and 2, respectively. The mean recovery rate was 0.012 and 0.016 for herd 1 and 2, respectively. Consequently, the basic reproduction number for herd 1 and 2 was 1.27 and 1.10, respectively. This study highlights that Corynebacterium spp. can be prevalent within a herd and transmit directly between cows. Thus, future studies should investigate cost-effective control measures against Corynebacterium spp.

DESIGNING A SIMULATION BASED COST EFFECTIVE CONTROL SYSTEM FOR LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT OF ENTREPRENEURIAL STRATUPS: A CASE STUDY ON LOGISTIC FIRM

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shwetank Parihar ◽  
Chandan Bhar
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Waiting Time ◽  
Lead Time ◽  
Model Development ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Literature Survey ◽  
Logistics Management ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Simulation Based

The study develops a model based on simulation for logistics management. The author’sopinions are collected in the form of literature survey and major points of concern were collected and infused in the model development of the whole of the firm. The case study is of alogistics firm where the parameters are collected and then a simulation model is designed. The modelis designed on ARENA software. The parameters of the case industry are placed in the model and then it is simulated for over .1 million hours. The result shows that the lead time related problems leads to a large waiting time for the batches. This way the study helped in analyzing the risks and it involves the use of simulation for centrally monitoring the logistics management firm for fluctuations or risks.

Solution of Two-Echelon Facility Location Problems by Approximation Methods

2017 ◽  
Vol 2610 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahyar Jahangiriesmaili ◽  
Sina Bahrami ◽  
Matthew J. Roorda
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Transportation Cost ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Optimal Number ◽  
Approximation Techniques ◽  
Delivery Costs ◽  
Last Mile ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Center Potential

The two-echelon delivery structure is a strategy that can be implemented in urban areas to lower delivery costs by reducing the movement of heavy goods vehicles. In a two-echelon delivery structure, large trucks deliver shipments from a consolidation center to several terminals, where packages are transferred to smaller trucks for last-mile deliveries. This paper formulates a model that solves the two-echelon delivery structure by the use of approximation techniques. Several potential terminal locations and demand areas were identified, and the optimal number and locations of the terminals were examined, as the model evaluated the most cost-effective routes between the consolidation center, potential terminals, and demand areas. Downtown Toronto, Ontario, Canada, was chosen as the case study area to assess the model, and a cost analysis of the number and locations of the terminals was performed. The experiments showed that the number and the locations of the terminals were greatly influenced by the opening cost of the terminals and the transportation cost of the delivery trucks. It was also discovered that the likelihood of selection of terminals that were positioned near both the consolidation center and the center of the service area was higher than the likelihood of selection of terminals at any other location.

Simulation on Urban High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes - A Case Study in Nanjing

2014 ◽  
Vol 1065-1069 ◽  
pp. 3339-3342
Author(s):  
Ding Xin Wu ◽  
Wei Deng ◽  
Yan Song ◽  
Xin Luan
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Queue Length ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Urban Transport ◽  
Traffic Delays ◽  
Bus Lane ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
High Occupancy Vehicle Lanes ◽  
Hov Lanes

Dedicated bus lane (DBL) operation has been implemented in dozens of urban areas in China, and it is considered as one of the most efficient ways to solve the urban transport problem. Since the capacity of DBL is underutilized, it could be enhanced by allowing high occupancy vehicles (HOV) to use DBL lane. And this will turn DBL lane into HOV lane. However, HOV lanes are currently most used in freeways instead of urban areas especially in western countries. There is almost no HOV lane has been implemented in China nowadays.That is why research on HOV is worthy of attention. Simulation is risk-free and cost-effective way to evaluate the hypothetical implemented HOV lane. The hypothetical implemented HOV lane is located in Nanjing and evaluated using VISSIM. The simulation results shows that the HOV lane is suitable for urban areas and it can enhance speed of social vehicles with no significant effect on bus operation. At the same time, traffic delays and queue length of intersections are reduced.

Enterprise Digital Twin

2020 ◽  
pp. 68-89
Author(s):  
Souvik Barat
Keyword(s):  
Control Measure ◽  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Digital Twin ◽  
The Core ◽  
Specific Objective ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Predictive Analyses

Enterprises constantly aim to maximise their objectives while operating in a competitive and dynamic environment. This necessitates an enterprise to be efficient, adaptive, and amenable for transformation. However, understanding a complex enterprise and identifying effective control measure, adaptation choice, or transformation option to realise specific objective is not a trivial task. The digital twin that imitates the real enterprise provides an environment to conduct the necessary interrogative and predictive analyses to evaluate various control measures, adaptation choices, and transformation options in a safe and cost-effective manner without compromising the analysis precision. This chapter reflects on the core concept of the digital twin, evaluates the state-of-the-art modelling and analysis technologies, and presents a pragmatic approach to develop high-fidelity digital twin for large complex enterprises.

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