scholarly journals Rainfall runoff features of permeable sidewalk pavement

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liyuan Qiu ◽  
Yu Zhang ◽  
Sheng Zhang ◽  
Jingwei Zhao ◽  
Tengfei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Precipitation Pattern ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Sponge City ◽  
Permeable Pavement ◽  
Total Runoff ◽  
Runoff Model ◽  
Flood Flow ◽  
Catchment Runoff

Abstract In urban areas, the buildings and pavements make it hard for rainwater to infiltrate into the ground. The hardened underlaying sub-crust has increased the total rainfall runoff, pushing up the peak flood flow. Drawing on the construction concept of sponge city, this paper probes deep into the materials in each layer of permeable pavement for sidewalks. Specifically, a runoff model was constructed for sidewalk pavements under rainfall conditions through numerical simulation and model testing. Using the precipitation pattern of Qingdao, China, several combinations of materials were subject to rainfall simulations, revealing how each permeable pavement controls and affects the surface runoff. The results show that the permeability of surface course and sub-crust directly bear on the starting time, peak flow, total runoff and runoff time of sub-catchment runoff; and the latter has a greater impact than the former on sub-catchment runoff.

scholarly journals Mathematical Optimization Method of Low-Impact Development Layout in the Sponge City

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Men ◽  
Hao Lu ◽  
Wenjuan Jiang ◽  
Duo Xu
Keyword(s):  
Low Impact Development ◽  
Mathematical Optimization ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Sponge City ◽  
Total Runoff ◽  
Rainfall Runoff Model ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Runoff Model

Aiming at the optimization layout of distributed low-impact development (LID) practices in the sponge city, a new mathematical method combining Stormwater Management Model (SWMM) and preference-inspired co-evolutionary algorithm using goal vectors (PICEA-g) was developed and was applied in the Ximen waterlogged area of Pingxiang City. Firstly, a block-scaled rainfall-runoff model was built in the study area by using SWMM. Then, an LIDs area optimization model was established by linking the SWMM and the PICEA-g based on the Matlab platform, which took the area ratios of various LIDs in each block as decision variables and took the total runoff, peak flow, suspended substance (SS) pollutant, and LIDs cost as objective functions. Thus, the problem of LIDs layout was turned into a mathematical optimization issue. So the cost-benefit optimal solutions with different emphases were found by using this algorithm, and the LIDs layout optimal scheme for this area was further analysed and verified by rainfall-runoff model. The results show that the total runoff reduction rates of the system reach a maximum of 21.8%, the peak flow reduction rates of the system are more than 10%, and the SS pollutant reduction rates are reduced by about 30% compared with before LIDs under the design storms of different return periods. The reduction rates of each runoff index are higher than the nondominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) method, and decision-makers can more effectively analyse the cost-benefit optimal solution from the Pareto solution sets. Therefore, the LIDs layout optimization method proposed in this paper has obvious advantages in solving similar many-objective optimization problems (MOOPs) in sponge city construction.

scholarly journals Hydrologic-environmental effects of sponge city under different spatial scales

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiake Li ◽  
Cong Mu ◽  
Chenning Deng ◽  
Menghua Ma
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Sponge City ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Total Runoff ◽  
Runoff Reduction

Abstract The storm water management models were established at three spatial scales (large, medium, and small) based on a sponge city pilot area in China to explore the hydrological and environmental effects of rainfall conditions and development modes. Results showed the following. (1) Total runoff reduction rates increased from 26.7% to 53.9% for the rainfall event of a 2-year recurrence period as the scale increased. For 5-year and above recurrence periods, total runoff reduction rates were 19.5–49.4%. These rates increased from the small to medium scale and slightly decreased from the medium to large scale. (2) The runoff coefficients were 0.87–0.29, which decreased from the small to medium scale and were basically constant from the medium to large scale. (3) The peak flow reduction rates decreased with increased recurrence periods. The rates increased initially and then decreased at the small scale, whereas the opposite trend occurred at the medium scale. (4) The reduction rates of pollutants were negatively correlated with recurrence periods under the three spatial scales. The pollution load reduction rates were 19.5–54.7%, which increased from the small to medium scale and were basically constant from the medium to large scale.

scholarly journals The February 2000 floods on the Sabie River, South Africa: an examination of their magnitude and frequency

Koedoe ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
G.L. Heritage ◽  
B.P. Moon ◽  
G.P. Jewitt ◽  
A.R.G. Large ◽  
M. Rountree
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
National Park ◽  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Kruger National Park ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Major Tributary ◽  
Flood Flow ◽  
Simulated Flow ◽  
Channel Type

The floods that affected much of Southern Africa in February 2000 have been reported as the largest in living memory by many observers. However, the force of the floods damaged the majority of the gauging stations located on the affected rivers, many of which were not constructed to measure flows of such a magnitude. This paper presents an estimation of the peak flood discharge on 6 February 2000 for the bedrock influenced Sabie River in the Kruger National Park, by simulating the hydraulic and geometric characteristics of the peak flow and relating these to the roughness character of the channel. Peak water surface slope data in the form of strandline measurements at channel type breaks along the river were collected for six sites along the Sabie River within the Kruger National Park. Flood conditions within each channel type were considered to approximate to uniform flow. The cross-sections are located between major tributary inputs allowing for approximate sub-catchment flow contributions to be estimated. The results indicate that the flow peaked at around 3000 mVs at the Kruger Gate entrance to the Kruger National Park, increasing to approximately 5500mVs at Skukuza and 7000 mVs at Lower Sabie close to the Mozambique border following inputs from the Sand River sub-catchment. These estimates compare well with the simulated rainfall runoff total of 4300 mVs at Skukuza, however, precipitation inputs over the lowveld appear to indicate that the discharge only rises to 4950 mmVs at Lower Sabie. A flood flow of this magnitude has never been experienced based on the simulated flow data generated by the ACRU hydrological model calibrated against measured flows therefore suggesting a return period in excess of the 60 years of record.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Permeable Brick Pavement on the Reduction of Stormwater Runoff Using a Coupled Hydrological Model

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2821
Author(s):  
Xiaoran Fu ◽  
Jiahong Liu ◽  
Weiwei Shao ◽  
Chao Mei ◽  
Dong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Hydrological Model ◽  
Peak Flow ◽  
Stormwater Runoff ◽  
Coupled Model ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
Watershed Scale ◽  
Hydrological Models ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Storm Duration

In several cities, permeable brick pavement (PBP) plays a key role in stormwater management. Although various hydrological models can be used to analyze the mitigation efficiency of PBP on rainfall runoff, the majority do not consider the effect of multi-layered pavement on infiltration in urban areas. Therefore, we developed a coupled model to evaluate the potential effect of PBP in reducing stormwater runoff at a watershed scale. Specifically, we compared the hydrological responses (outflow and overflow) of three different PBP scenarios. The potential effects of PBP on peak flow (PF), total volume (TV), and overflow volume (OV) were investigated for 20 design rainstorms with different return periods and durations. Our results indicate that an increase in PBP ratio reduces both PF (4.2–13.5%) and TV (4.2–10.5%) at the outfall as well as the OV (15.4–30.6%) across networks. The mitigation effect of PBP on OV is linearly correlated to storm return period and duration, but the effects on PF and TV are inversely correlated to storm duration. These results provide insight on the effects of infiltration-based infrastructure on urban flooding.

scholarly journals Parameter recalculation for a rainfall-runoff model with a focus on runoff curve numbers

GeoScape ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-140
Author(s):  
Tomáš Řehánek ◽  
Michal Podhorányi ◽  
Jan Křenek
Keyword(s):  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Total Runoff ◽  
Territorial Unit ◽  
The Us ◽  
Odra River ◽  
Rainfall Runoff Model ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Risk Processes ◽  
Runoff Model

Abstract One of the fundamental issues of hydrology is determination of total runoff volume from rainfall. The mutual relationship of these quantities can be experimentally determined by measuring rainfall and runoff. Rainfall-runoff models describe natural relations on the basis of variables determining physio-geographical conditions of a territorial unit as well as hydraulic properties of the respective river network. In the proposed paper, we focused on parameter recalculation of a rainfall-runoff model with focusing on runoff curve numbers (CN). The objective of this study was to update the data (CN) in the old modelling structures within the FLOREON+ (FLOods REcognition on the Net – Study Area) system and replace them with the new ones. The parameters of runoff CN were estimated according to available GIS layers primarily related to the existing soil conditions and land use. In the first phase, the calculation procedure was prepared for the smaller Porubka and Lubina basins, and then it was applied to the whole basin area. The results showed that the new runoff CN recalculation procedure resulted in reduction of the simulated runoff (peak discharge, volume) in the Odra River sub-basins, which also led to approximation to the real measured runoff in the Ostrava-Svinov profile. The derived method is applicable to other basins as well. Highlights for public administration, management and planning: • Runoff volumes resulting from rainfall significantly contribute to risk processes, such as soil erosion and floods. • The partially automated procedure for rainfall-runoff estimation is preseted, based on data for soil conditions and land cover. • Derivation is based on the original principles determined by the US Soil Conservation Service and can be applied to any river basin in the area of the Czech Republic. • In the future, the proposed methodology will be adapted to run within the ArcMap application.

scholarly journals What Causes Waterlogging?—Explore the Urban Waterlogging Control Scheme through System Dynamics Simulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8546
Author(s):  
Weike Chen ◽  
Jing Dong ◽  
Chaohua Yan ◽  
Hui Dong ◽  
Ping Liu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
System Dynamics ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Dynamics Simulation ◽  
Coupling Mechanism ◽  
Data Governance ◽  
Sponge City ◽  
Management Optimization

It is a common phenomenon in cities that waterlogging affects people’s normal life. It is of great significance for targeted transformation and upgrading to identify the risk factors of urban waterlogging. This paper collected the waterlogging data of Tianjin in China, analyzed the coupling mechanism among waterlogging risk factors of urban drainage systems, and then selected the system dynamics theory and the Vensim software as the analysis tools due to the mixing characteristic and the limited availability of data. After that, the sensitive factors were identified by model simulation and sensitivity analysis, and the prominent impact of urban expansion on waterlogging risk was discussed. Then, through the comparison of the three simulation scenarios, it was found that, compared with the urban development focus shifting strategy, the strategies of sponge city reconstruction and management optimization could achieve the risk control goal within a shorter time. On this basis, two kinds of governance schemes with strong operability were put forward, which were the data governance strategy and the sponge city reconstruction strategy of giving priority to old urban areas. According to the simulation results, a city can reverse the increasing trend of waterlogging risk within ten years under the appropriate scheme. Furthermore, the paper puts forward the strategic reimagining of the rural revitalization strategy and the ecological restoration strategy for the long-term sustainable development transformation of Tianjin.

scholarly journals Effects of streamflow isotope sampling strategies on the calibration of a tracer‐aided rainfall‐runoff model

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jamie Lee Stevenson ◽  
Christian Birkel ◽  
Aaron J. Neill ◽  
Doerthe Tetzlaff ◽  
Chris Soulsby
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Strategies ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Rainfall Runoff Model ◽  
Runoff Model

scholarly journals Hillslope Contribution to the Clark Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph: Application to the Seolmacheon Basin, Korea

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1707
Author(s):  
Chulsang Yoo ◽  
Huy Phuong Doan ◽  
Changhyun Jun ◽  
Wooyoung Na
Keyword(s):  
Peak Flow ◽  
Peak Time ◽  
Rainfall Runoff ◽  
Maximum Rainfall ◽  
Rainfall Events ◽  
Storage Coefficient ◽  
Channel Velocity ◽  
Linear Reservoir ◽  
Mountainous Basin

In this study, the time–area curve of an ellipse is analytically derived by considering flow velocities within both channel and hillslope. The Clark IUH is also derived analytically by solving the continuity equation with the input of the derived time–area curve to the linear reservoir. The derived Clark IUH is then evaluated by application to the Seolmacheon basin, a small mountainous basin in Korea. The findings in this study are summarized as follows. (1) The time–area curve of a basin can more realistically be derived by considering both the channel and hillslope velocities. The role of the hillslope velocity can also be easily confirmed by analyzing the derived time–area curve. (2) The analytically derived Clark IUH shows the relative roles of the hillslope velocity and the storage coefficient. Under the condition that the channel velocity remains unchanged, the hillslope velocity controls the runoff peak flow and the concentration time. On the other hand, the effect of the storage coefficient can be found in the runoff peak flow and peak time, as well as in the falling limb of the runoff hydrograph. These findings are also confirmed in the analysis of rainfall–runoff events of the Seolmacheon basin. (3) The effect of the hillslope velocity varies considerably depending on the rainfall events, which is also found to be mostly dependent upon the maximum rainfall intensity.

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