scholarly journals Estimation of Ascaris infection risks in children under 15 from the consumption of wastewater-irrigated carrots

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan Mara ◽  
Andrew Sleigh
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Microbial Risk ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Year

Ascaris lumbricoides, the large human roundworm, infects ∼1,200 million people, with children under the age of 15 being particularly at risk. Monte Carlo quantitative microbial risk analyses were undertaken to estimate median Ascaris infection risks in children under 15 from eating raw carrots irrigated with wastewater. For a tolerable additional disease burden of 10−5 DALY (disability-adjusted life year) loss per person per year (pppy), the tolerable Ascaris infection risk is ∼10−3 pppy, which can be achieved in hyperendemic areas by a 4-log unit Ascaris reduction. This reduction can be easily achieved by wastewater treatment in a 1-day anaerobic pond and 5-day facultative pond (2 log units) and peeling prior to consumption (2 log units).

scholarly journals Estimation of norovirus infection risks to consumers of wastewater-irrigated food crops eaten raw

2009 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan Mara ◽  
Andrew Sleigh
Keyword(s):  
Disease Burden ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Who Guidelines ◽  
Microbial Risk ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Pathogen Reduction ◽  
Unit Reduction ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Year

A quantitative microbial risk analysis—Monte Carlo method was used to estimate norovirus infection risks to consumers of wastewater-irrigated lettuce. Using the same assumptions as used in the 2006 WHO guidelines for the safe use of wastewater in agriculture, a norovirus reduction of 6 log units was required to achieve a norovirus infection risk of ∼10−3 per person per year (pppy), but for a lower consumption of lettuce (40–48 g per week vs. 350 g per week) the required reduction was 5 log units. If the tolerable additional disease burden is increased from a DALY (disability-adjusted life year) loss of 10−6 pppy (the value used in the WHO guidelines) to 10−5 pppy, the required pathogen reduction is one order of magnitude lower. Reductions of 4–6 log units can be achieved by very simple partial treatment (principally settling to achieve a 1-log unit reduction) supplemented by very reliable post-treatment health-protection control measures such as pathogen die-off (1−2 log units), produce washing in cold water (1 log unit) and produce disinfection (3 log units).

Health impact assessment of wastewater reuse for replenishing an urban landscape lake by disability-adjusted life year

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 371-381
Author(s):  
Rong Chen ◽  
Tingting Gao ◽  
Xiaochang Wang ◽  
Jinhong Zhou ◽  
Limei Xu
Keyword(s):  
Impact Assessment ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Health Impact Assessment ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
The United States ◽  
Infection Risk ◽  
Health Impacts ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Year

Wastewater reuse for landscape water replenishment has raised severe public concerns over potential health hazards. Thus, this study aims to quantify the health impacts due to the replenishment of Lake Cui in Kunming with reclaimed water. Based on experimental analyses, Escherichia coli and norovirus were determined as the major pathogens in Lake Cui. Three typical exposure routes, namely river cleaning, boating and road flushing were identified during a field investigation. The disease burden, expressed by disability-adjusted life year (DALY) was evaluated and compared with the infection risk obtained by quantitative microbial risk assessment. Findings showed that the disease burden due to road flushing was highest compared to the other pathways. For the different pathogens, E. coli was the leading cause of DALYs. As well, infection risk for the two pathogens exceeded the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) risk level of 10−4, while the disease burdens were below the WHO threshold of 10−6 DALYs. Thus, infection risk should not be regarded as the endpoint for health impact assessment. By contrast, the disease burden is much more suitable for quantifying the health hazard due to environmental pollution. The methodology introduced in this study provides new directions for the evaluation of health impacts related to water reuse for landscape ecology.

scholarly journals Estimation of norovirus and Ascaris infection risks to urban farmers in developing countries using wastewater for crop irrigation

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 572-576 ◽  
Author(s):  
Duncan Mara ◽  
Andrew Sleigh
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Monte Carlo Method ◽  
Risk Analysis ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Diarrhoeal Disease ◽  
Microbial Risk ◽  
Pond System ◽  
Complementary Inputs

A quantitative microbial risk analysis—Monte Carlo method was used to estimate norovirus and Ascaris infection risks to urban farmers in developing countries watering their crops with wastewater. For a tolerable additional disease burden of≤10−4 DALY loss per person per year (pppy), equivalent to 1 percent of the diarrhoeal disease burden in developing countries, a norovirus reduction of 1–2 log units and an Ascaris egg reduction to 10–100 eggs per litre are required. These are easily achieved by minimal wastewater treatment—for example, a sequential batch-fed three tank/pond system. Hygiene improvement through education and regular deworming are essential complementary inputs to protect the health of urban farmers.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Disease Burden of Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob Disease with the Surveillance Data from 2013 to 2017 in China

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chen Gao ◽  
Lina Zhang ◽  
Kang Xiao ◽  
Wei Zhou ◽  
Yuan Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prion Disease ◽  
Economic Burden ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Human Prion Disease ◽  
The Past ◽  
Predominant Component ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Year ◽  
Further Development

Abstract Background Sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease (sCJD) is the commonest type of human prion disease and cause 100% fatality. The morbidity of sCJD is about 1 to 2 cases/million/year worldwide.Methods The disease burden of sCJD and the indirect economic burdens in China were evaluated based on the data of Chinese National CJD Surveillance from 2013 to 2017. Results The Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) of sCJD was measured with 753 probable sCJD patients. The total DALY of 753 sCJD cases in the past five surveillance years was 16202.62 person-years. The Years of Life Lost (YLL) was the predominant component for DALY reaching to more than 95%, while the Years Lost due to Disability (YLD) accounted for less than 5% only. The highest DALY was noticed in the group of 45-50 year-old (6541.49), followed by the groups of 60-69 year-old (6311.25). Furthermore, the indirect economic burdens of 753 sCJD patients were estimated with the official capital data. Total indirect economic burden for five years was 372.08 million RMB (1US $=6.9 RMB), with the average of 494,133 RMB per case. The patients aged 45-59 year-old were the predominant population that accounted for approximate 73% of total indirect economic burden. Although still lacking of the exact annual incidence of sCJD in China, the DALY intensity of sCJD in China could be estimated and predicted as 2.2 to 4.4 person-years /100,000 with the global morbidity of sCJD. Conclusion This is the first disease burden assay for sCJD in China, which will supply fundamental evidence for further development of medical strategy.

scholarly journals Assessing the Disease Burden Due to Epilepsy by Disability Adjusted Life Year in Rural China

Epilepsia ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 2032-2037 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ding Ding ◽  
Zhen Hong ◽  
Wen-zhi Wang ◽  
Jian-zhong Wu ◽  
Hanneke M. De Boer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Disease Burden ◽  
Rural China ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Year

scholarly journals The Global Burden of Sexually Transmitted Infections Estimated from 1990 to 2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoyu Yang ◽  
Dongyu Chen ◽  
Hongxin Wang ◽  
Wenlong Fan ◽  
Xinhua Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Percentage Change ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Annual Percentage Change ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Year

Abstract Background:To explore the burden of sexually transmitted infections at national, regional, and global levels from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study database. Methods: The number of cases and age-standardized rate of prevalence, incidence, and disability-adjusted life years were used for a descriptive study of sexually transmitted infections burden from 1990 to 2019, and secular trends were assessed by counting the estimated annual percentage change. Finding:The global prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in 2019 was 128.82 million. There were 58.15% new cases than in 1990. The disability-adjusted life year burden of sexually transmitted infections was lower among males than females and peaks among under 5 and 15- to 44-year-olds. In 2019, the global disability-adjusted life year loss was mostly attributed to years of life lost (88.23%), the higher the social development index developed, the more the number of years lived with disability contributed. In 21 regions, the age-standardized rates of disability-adjusted life year (per 100, 000 population) showed that the Caribbean remained on top. At a national level, a decreasing trend of the estimated annual percentage change of disability-adjusted life year rate had been observed. Syphilis was proved as a leading cause of heavy disease burden, which carried almost 85.9% of it. The age-standardized rates of disability-adjusted life year were in positive correlation with the human development index in 2019 and had a negative correlation with the estimated annual percentage change in 1990. Conclusion: A declining trend of sexually transmitted infections was observed globally; prevention of syphilis remained a crucial strategy in the course of reducing sexually transmitted infections burden. The findings from this research can help to establish appropriate health policy and reduce the disease burden further.

scholarly journals Decomposition of years of life lost due to premature death (YLL): a method for spatial and temporal comparative assessment

2020 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nitya Saxena ◽  
Deepak Sethia
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Age Structure ◽  
Death Rate ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Premature Death ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Age At Death ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Year

Abstract Background Acceptance of Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) as a measure of health summary and progression has increased over the years, which in turn has instigated comparative analysis studies of DALY across time and geography. Thus, it is important to explore methodological underpinnings of comparative analysis. Results A crude comparison of disease burden across time or space may mislead the interpretation of the health system’s performance because the quantum and pattern of DALY can be influenced by the age structure of the society. A significant proportion of this burden is due to the Years of Life Lost (YLL) component. The paper proposes a mathematical exposition to decompose the change in YLL over time or region into burden attributed to a) population age structure, b) death rate, and c) age at death gradient. Conclusion We reasoned that the death rate and age at death burden gradient signify the real contribution of the health systems. Hence, the method of decomposition can be utilized to measure the health service progression of a region in real terms.

scholarly journals The Devils in the DALY: Prevailing Evaluative Assumptions

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-274
Author(s):  
Carl Tollef Solberg ◽  
Preben Sørheim ◽  
Karl Erik Müller ◽  
Espen Gamlund ◽  
Ole Frithjof Norheim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Burden Of Disease ◽  
Disease Burden ◽  
Global Burden Of Disease ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Time Discounting ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life ◽  
Disability Adjusted Life Year

Abstract In recent years, it has become commonplace among the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study authors to regard the disability-adjusted life year (DALY) primarily as a descriptive health metric. During the first phase of the GBD (1990–1996), it was widely acknowledged that the DALY had built-in evaluative assumptions. However, from the publication of the 2010 GBD and onwards, two central evaluative practices—time discounting and age-weighting—have been omitted from the DALY model. After this substantial revision, the emerging view now appears to be that the DALY is primarily a descriptive measure. Our aim in this article is to argue that the DALY, despite changes, remains largely evaluative. Our analysis focuses on the understanding of the DALY by comparing the DALY as a measure of disease burden in the two most significant phases of GBD publications, from their beginning (1990–1996) to the most recent releases (2010–2017). We identify numerous assumptions underlying the DALY and group them as descriptive or evaluative. We conclude that while the DALY model arguably has become more descriptive, it remains, by necessity, largely evaluative.

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