scholarly journals Occurrence of norovirus and other enteric viruses in untreated groundwaters of Korea

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 544-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Hee Jung ◽  
Chang Hoon Yoo ◽  
Eung Seo Koo ◽  
Hak Min Kim ◽  
Youjin Na ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Virus Contamination ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Groundwater Wells

A total of 39 water samples from 23 different groundwater wells in Korea were collected and analyzed in order to monitor the occurrence of norovirus (NoV) and other indicator microbes as the first part of a national survey of groundwater. More than 500 L of untreated groundwater were filtered through 1MDS filters. Following elution and concentration by organic flocculation, PCR and sequence analysis were employed to detect and identify NoV, enterovirus, rotavirus, hepatitis A virus and adenovirus (Adv). Somatic and F-specific phages, heterotrophic bacteria, total coliforms and Escherichia coli were also analyzed to infer possible fecal contamination. NoVs were detected in 18% of the 39 samples. Five out of seven NoV-positive samples (71%) were identified as GI while the other two (29%) were GII. Enteroviruses and Advs were detected in two and three samples, respectively. Rotavirus and hepatitis A virus were not detected. Total coliforms, E. coli and coliphages were detected in 49, 15 and 13% of the samples, respectively, but did not appear to be suitable indicators of enteric virus contamination in groundwater. These results suggest that additional treatment may be needed for a significant number of groundwaters prior to use as drinking water.

Outbreaks of Shellfish-Associated Enteric Virus Illness in the United States: Requisite for Development of Viral Guidelines

1985 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 815-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
GARY P. RICHARDS
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Viral Gastroenteritis ◽  
Norwalk Virus ◽  
Virus Contamination ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses

Outbreaks of hepatitis A, Norwalk illness, and nonspecific viral gastroenteritis are associated with consumption of sewage-contaminated shellfish. Over 100 outbreaks have been reported in the United States during the past 50 years. Reported cases of shellfish-associated enteric virus illness are on the increase, whereas bacterial illness from shellfish is on the decline. As yet, there are no procedures for detecting hepatitis A virus, Norwalk virus and numerous other pathogenic viruses in environmental samples, but virus extraction and assay procedures for water and shellfish are available for the more easily cultivated enteric viruses. Current standards rely on bacterial indicators as a means to evaluate the sanitary quality of shellfish and their growing waters, but the adequacy of using bacteria as indicators of possible virus contamination is questionable. The feasibility of employing enteroviruses or rotaviruses as possible viral indiators is discussed. It is proposed that easily cultivated enteroviruses, such as poliovirus, be used as an interim indicator for the possible presence of human pathogenic viruses in seafoods, with the subsequent formulation of guidelines to limit the levels of virus contamination in shellfish.

Bacteriophages and bacteria as indicators of enteric viruses in oysters and their harvest waters

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (12) ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Chung ◽  
L.-A. Jaykus ◽  
G. Lovelace ◽  
M. D. Sobsey
Keyword(s):  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Indicator Bacteria ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Virus Contamination ◽  
Receiving Waters ◽  
Male Specific ◽  
Receiving Water

Reliable indicators are needed to detect enteric virus contamination of bivalve molluscan shellfish and their harvest waters. Concentrations of male-specific (F+) coliphages, Bacteroides fragilis phages, Salmonella phages and several indicator bacteria in wastewater, estuarine receiving water and its oysters were examined for their ability to predict the presence and levels of faecal contamination and enteric viruses in oysters. Enteric viruses in oysters were detected by cell culture and RT-PCR methods. F+ coliphages, Salmonella phages, B fragilis phages and faecal indicator bacteria (faecal coliforms, E coli, enterococci and Clostridium perfringens) were generally positively associated and were highest in raw sewage and progressively lower in sewage effluent and in receiving waters at increasing distance from the wastewater discharge. Indicator levels in oysters were highest for F+ coliphages and C perfringens. One F+ RNA coliphage serotype (Group II) predominated in the wastewater, receiving water and oysters. Human enteric viruses were detected in 17/31 oyster samples. The levels of most indicators in oysters and water were higher when oysters were enteric virus-positive and lower when oysters were enteric virus-negative. F+ coliphages and C perfringens were the only indicators significantly associated with the presence of enteric viruses in oysters. F+ coliphages and their serotypes are promising indicators of human enteric virus contamination in oysters and their harvest waters.

Detection of enteric viruses in sewage sludge and treated wastewater effluent

2010 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 537-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Schlindwein ◽  
C. Rigotto ◽  
C. M. O. Simões ◽  
C. R. M. Barardi
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Wastewater Effluent ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Polyethylene Glycol Precipitation

Sewage sludge and treated wastewater when contaminated with enteric virus and discharged into the environment, could pose a human health risk. The aim of study was to verify the presence and viability of enteric viruses in sewage sludge and treated wastewater at a local sewage plant in Florianopolis city, Brazil. Sewage sludge was concentrated by organic flocculation and polyethylene glycol precipitation and wastewater by electronegative membrane filtration and ultrafiltration by Centriprep Concentrator. Adenovirus (AdV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), and Rotavirus (RV) were examined for all samples for 12 months and Poliovirus (PV) was also tested for in sewage sludge samples. AdV was the most prevalent in both kind of samples, followed by RV, PV (in sludge) and HAV. Viral viability by cell culture (ICC-PCR) was: AdV: 100%, HAV: 16.7%, PV: 91.7%, RV: 25% in sludge and AdV: 66.6%, HAV: 66.6% and RV: 0% in wastewater. IFA for AdV in sludge ranged from 70 to 300 FFU/ml. QPCR for AdV ranged from 4.6 × 104 to 1.2 × 106 and from 50 to 1.3 × 104 gc/ml in sludge and wastewater, respectively. HAV quantification in sludge ranged from 3.1 × 102 to 5.4 × 102 gc/ml. In conclusion, it was possible to correlate presence and viability of enteric viruses in the environmental samples analyzed.

scholarly journals Enteric Virus Survival during Household Laundering and Impact of Disinfection with Sodium Hypochlorite

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (14) ◽  
pp. 4425-4428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles P. Gerba ◽  
Denise Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Enteric Viruses ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cotton Cloth ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Virus Survival

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to determine whether enteric viruses (adenovirus, rotavirus, and hepatitis A virus) added to cotton cloth swatches survive the wash cycle, the rinse cycle, and a 28-min permanent press drying cycle as commonly practiced in households in the United States. Detergent with and without bleach (sodium hypochlorite) was added to washing machines containing sterile and virus-inoculated 58-cm2 swatches, 3.2 kg of cotton T-shirts and underwear, and a soiled pillowcase designed to simulate the conditions (pH, organic load, etc.) encountered in soiled laundry. The most important factors for the reduction of virus in laundry were passage through the drying cycle and the addition of sodium hypochlorite. Washing with detergent alone was not found to be effective for the removal or inactivation of enteric viruses, as significant concentrations of virus were found on the swatches (reductions of 92 to 99%). It was also demonstrated that viruses are readily transferred from contaminated cloths to uncontaminated clothes. The use of sodium hypochlorite reduced the number of infectious viruses on the swatches after washing and drying by at least 99.99%. Laundering practices in common use in the United States do not eliminate enteric and respiratory viruses from clothes. The use of bleach can further reduce the numbers of enteric viruses in laundry.

scholarly journals Hepatitis A Virus PCR Analysis and <i>E. coli</i> Detection in Oysters at Oualidia Lagoon and Their Correlation

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (07) ◽  
pp. 884-894
Author(s):  
Naima El Moqri ◽  
Najwa Hassou ◽  
Fatiha El Mellouli ◽  
Hasnae Zekhnini ◽  
Nabil Abouchoaib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Oualidia Lagoon

Application of the PCR Technique to the Detection of Hepatitis a Virus in the Environment

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 223-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Divizia ◽  
G. Morace ◽  
R. Gabrieli ◽  
G. Pisani ◽  
A. Panà
Keyword(s):  
Cell Culture ◽  
Environmental Samples ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Elisa Method ◽  
Traditional Methods ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Hybridization Test ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
The Difference

Rapid, sensitive and specific teciiniques are needed to detect Hepatitis A virus in environmental samples. We have applied the method of Jansen et al. to concentrate river samples. In the analysis of 13 samples only two proved to be positive using the Elisa method (15.3%). Three samples were positive on cell culture (23%). The hybridization test resulted in 38.4% positive samples compared to the 67% obtained using the PCR method. The PCR showed the highest sensibility when compared to the traditional methods (cell culture and Elisa) and the differences were statistically significant. The difference between hybridization test and PCR was not statistically significant.

Outbreaks, occurrence, and control of norovirus and hepatitis a virus contamination in berries: A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayriye Bozkurt ◽  
Kim-Yen Phan-Thien ◽  
Floris van Ogtrop ◽  
Tina Bell ◽  
Robyn McConchie
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Virus Contamination ◽  
And Control

Development of PCR Methods for Enteric Virus Detection in Water

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 211-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Schwab ◽  
R. De Leon ◽  
M. D. Sobsey
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Detection System ◽  
Virus Detection ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Sample Concentration ◽  
Spin Column ◽  
Polymerase Chain

This study developed a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) detection system for enteric viruses in sample concentrates obtained by conventional filter adsorption-elution methods. One liter beef extract (BE)-glycine (G) eluant seeded with poliovirus 1 and hepatitis A virus (HAV) was used as a model system and the eluant further processed for RT-PCR compatibility. Sample concentration and purification procedures consisted of polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation, Pro-Cipitate (Affinity Technology, New Brunswick, NJ) precipitation, a second PEG precipitation, spin-column chromatography, and ultrafiltration. Sample volumes are reduced from 1 L to 20-40 µL and purified sufficiently for viral detection by RT-PCR. As little as 3 PFU of poliovirus 1 in an initial 1 L eluate were detected by RT-PCR.

scholarly journals Survival of Hepatitis A Virus (HAV), Poliovirus 1 and F-Specific Coliphages in Disposable Diapers and Landfill Leachates

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 429-432 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gray ◽  
R. De Leon ◽  
B. E. Tepper ◽  
M. D. Sobsey
Keyword(s):  
Solid Waste ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Landfill Leachates ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Waste Landfill ◽  
Disposable Diapers

The survival of HAV, poliovirus 1 and F+ coliphages was studied under various conditions in both fecally soiled disposable diapers and solid waste landfill leachates. Fecally soiled disposable diapers and leachates were seeded with viruses and incubated aerobically and/or anaerobically at 5, 25 and 40°C for 90 days. Under some conditions, viruses survived &gt;90 days in fecally soiled diapers and landfill leachates, especially at lower temperatures. In both fecal suspensions and leachates at 5°C, all viruses were inactivated slowly (&lt;1 log10 in 30 days). At 40°C, viruses were reduced to non-detectable levels (by &gt;4 log10) in 8-29 days in diapers and in as little as 2 days in leachates. Some viruses were inactivated at different rates under anaerobic versus aerobic conditions. Under most conditions, persistence of F+ phages, HAV and poliovirus 1 was similar, thus suggesting that these phages may be useful enteric virus indicators in solid waste and leachates.

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