Outbreaks, occurrence, and control of norovirus and hepatitis a virus contamination in berries: A review

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 116-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hayriye Bozkurt ◽  
Kim-Yen Phan-Thien ◽  
Floris van Ogtrop ◽  
Tina Bell ◽  
Robyn McConchie
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Virus Contamination ◽  
And Control

Outbreaks of Shellfish-Associated Enteric Virus Illness in the United States: Requisite for Development of Viral Guidelines

1985 ◽  
Vol 48 (9) ◽  
pp. 815-823 ◽  
Author(s):  
GARY P. RICHARDS
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
The United States ◽  
Viral Gastroenteritis ◽  
Norwalk Virus ◽  
Virus Contamination ◽  
Pathogenic Viruses

Outbreaks of hepatitis A, Norwalk illness, and nonspecific viral gastroenteritis are associated with consumption of sewage-contaminated shellfish. Over 100 outbreaks have been reported in the United States during the past 50 years. Reported cases of shellfish-associated enteric virus illness are on the increase, whereas bacterial illness from shellfish is on the decline. As yet, there are no procedures for detecting hepatitis A virus, Norwalk virus and numerous other pathogenic viruses in environmental samples, but virus extraction and assay procedures for water and shellfish are available for the more easily cultivated enteric viruses. Current standards rely on bacterial indicators as a means to evaluate the sanitary quality of shellfish and their growing waters, but the adequacy of using bacteria as indicators of possible virus contamination is questionable. The feasibility of employing enteroviruses or rotaviruses as possible viral indiators is discussed. It is proposed that easily cultivated enteroviruses, such as poliovirus, be used as an interim indicator for the possible presence of human pathogenic viruses in seafoods, with the subsequent formulation of guidelines to limit the levels of virus contamination in shellfish.

Viral Hepatitis A: Virus, Disease, and Control

1984 ◽  
pp. 365-376
Author(s):  
F. DEINHARDT ◽  
J. ABB ◽  
V. GAUSS-MüLLER ◽  
K. VON DER HELM ◽  
M. ROGGENDORF ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Viral Hepatitis A ◽  
And Control

scholarly journals Personal Hygiene, Environmental Sanitation and Hepatitis A Infections in Universitas Jember

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (7) ◽  
pp. 766-770
Author(s):  
Dian Septivita ◽  
Isa Ma’rufi ◽  
Farida Wahyu Ningtyias
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Hepatitis Virus ◽  
Control Sample ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
P Value ◽  
Environmental Sanitation ◽  
Control Approach ◽  
And Control

Hepatitis A is a disease caused by type A hepatitis virus that attacks human liver cells. The disease is closely related to the lack of clean water, inadequate sanitation and poor personal hygiene. Hepatitis A can lead to the incidence of widespread public health problems and cause outbreaks. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of personal hygiene and environmental sanitation on the incidence of hepatitis A at Universitas Jember. The researcher used observational analytics research design with case-control approach. A total of 92 respondent consisting of case and control respondents was taken as samples. Case sample selected by using simple random sampling, and control sample selected by using purposive sampling. The data were analyzed by using Chi-square test. The results showed that personal hygiene had an effect on the incidence of hepatitis A with p-value of 0.000, while environmental sanitation had no effect with p-value of 0.402. There is a need to enhance the active role of health workers in providing health promotion means in schools, such as routine health counseling to improve students' knowledge about hepatitis A and the way to prevent the disease through behavior improvement. Keywords: hepatitis A virus; personal hygiene; sanitation

scholarly journals Recovery and Sequence Analysis of Hepatitis A Virus from Springwater Implicated in an Outbreak of Acute Viral Hepatitis

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (19) ◽  
pp. 6158-6160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay A. Tallon ◽  
David C. Love ◽  
Zack S. Moore ◽  
Mark D. Sobsey
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Acute Viral Hepatitis ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Health Prevention ◽  
Fecal Indicators ◽  
Acute Hepatitis A ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT An outbreak of acute hepatitis A virus in North Carolina was linked to drinking water from a contaminated shallow spring by phylogenetic analysis of hepatitis A virus (HAV) genomic sequences. Detection of HAV and fecal indicators in the water provided useful and timely information to assist with public health prevention and control measures.

scholarly journals Occurrence of norovirus and other enteric viruses in untreated groundwaters of Korea

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 544-555 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Hee Jung ◽  
Chang Hoon Yoo ◽  
Eung Seo Koo ◽  
Hak Min Kim ◽  
Youjin Na ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Virus Contamination ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Groundwater Wells

A total of 39 water samples from 23 different groundwater wells in Korea were collected and analyzed in order to monitor the occurrence of norovirus (NoV) and other indicator microbes as the first part of a national survey of groundwater. More than 500 L of untreated groundwater were filtered through 1MDS filters. Following elution and concentration by organic flocculation, PCR and sequence analysis were employed to detect and identify NoV, enterovirus, rotavirus, hepatitis A virus and adenovirus (Adv). Somatic and F-specific phages, heterotrophic bacteria, total coliforms and Escherichia coli were also analyzed to infer possible fecal contamination. NoVs were detected in 18% of the 39 samples. Five out of seven NoV-positive samples (71%) were identified as GI while the other two (29%) were GII. Enteroviruses and Advs were detected in two and three samples, respectively. Rotavirus and hepatitis A virus were not detected. Total coliforms, E. coli and coliphages were detected in 49, 15 and 13% of the samples, respectively, but did not appear to be suitable indicators of enteric virus contamination in groundwater. These results suggest that additional treatment may be needed for a significant number of groundwaters prior to use as drinking water.

scholarly journals An outbreak of hepatitis A associated with consumption of raw blueberries

2003 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 745-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. CALDER ◽  
G. SIMMONS ◽  
C. THORNLEY ◽  
P. TAYLOR ◽  
K. PRITCHARD ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Hybridization ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Pcr Products ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Epidemiology Investigation ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control Study

This report describes the epidemiology, investigation and control of a hepatitis A (HAV) outbreak in New Zealand. Descriptive and analytical epidemiology, virology, product traceback and an orchard investigation were carried out. A case–control study revealed that 56% of 39 cases had consumed raw blueberries, compared with 14% of 71 controls (odds ratio 7·6; 95% confidence intervals 2·6–22·4). Traceback of product through retailers and wholesalers implicated a single commercial orchard. Hepatitis A virus was detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction in faecal specimens from cases as well as a blueberry product from the orchard. Presence of hepatitis A virus was confirmed by DNA hybridization and sequencing of PCR products. Sanitary audit of the orchard revealed multiple opportunities for contamination of blueberries by pickers. This outbreak highlights the need for food safety programmes in the berry fruit industry.

scholarly journals An outbreak of infectious hepatitis investigated using radioimmunoassays for hepatitis A virus antibody

1982 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. J. Skidmore ◽  
S. S. Bakhshi ◽  
R. Beedle ◽  
J. Kimberley
Keyword(s):  
Primary School ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Hepatitis A Virus ◽  
Infectious Hepatitis ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Control School ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Virus Antibody ◽  
And Control

SummaryAn outbreak of suspected infectious hepatitis in a primary school was investigated using sensitive diagnostic methods for hepatitis A. A total of 116 sera from children were tested for the presence of both IgM and IgG antibodies to hepatitis A (HAV). The results were compared to those obtained for samples from a control school. IgG antibodies were present in 45 % and 10% of the children in the outbreak and control schools respectively.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document