Evaluation of SDS and GRAS Liquid Disinfectants for Mitigation of Hepatitis A Virus Contamination of Berries

Outbreaks of hepatitis A, Norwalk illness, and nonspecific viral gastroenteritis are associated with consumption of sewage-contaminated shellfish. Over 100 outbreaks have been reported in the United States during the past 50 years. Reported cases of shellfish-associated enteric virus illness are on the increase, whereas bacterial illness from shellfish is on the decline. As yet, there are no procedures for detecting hepatitis A virus, Norwalk virus and numerous other pathogenic viruses in environmental samples, but virus extraction and assay procedures for water and shellfish are available for the more easily cultivated enteric viruses. Current standards rely on bacterial indicators as a means to evaluate the sanitary quality of shellfish and their growing waters, but the adequacy of using bacteria as indicators of possible virus contamination is questionable. The feasibility of employing enteroviruses or rotaviruses as possible viral indiators is discussed. It is proposed that easily cultivated enteroviruses, such as poliovirus, be used as an interim indicator for the possible presence of human pathogenic viruses in seafoods, with the subsequent formulation of guidelines to limit the levels of virus contamination in shellfish.

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Occurrence of norovirus and other enteric viruses in untreated groundwaters of Korea

Journal of Water and Health ◽

10.2166/wh.2011.142 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 9 (3) ◽

pp. 544-555 ◽

Cited By ~ 25

Author(s):

Ji Hee Jung ◽

Chang Hoon Yoo ◽

Eung Seo Koo ◽

Hak Min Kim ◽

Youjin Na ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis A ◽

Heterotrophic Bacteria ◽

Hepatitis A Virus ◽

Enteric Virus ◽

Additional Treatment ◽

Total Coliforms ◽

E Coli ◽

Virus Contamination ◽

Three Samples ◽

Groundwater Wells

A total of 39 water samples from 23 different groundwater wells in Korea were collected and analyzed in order to monitor the occurrence of norovirus (NoV) and other indicator microbes as the first part of a national survey of groundwater. More than 500 L of untreated groundwater were filtered through 1MDS filters. Following elution and concentration by organic flocculation, PCR and sequence analysis were employed to detect and identify NoV, enterovirus, rotavirus, hepatitis A virus and adenovirus (Adv). Somatic and F-specific phages, heterotrophic bacteria, total coliforms and Escherichia coli were also analyzed to infer possible fecal contamination. NoVs were detected in 18% of the 39 samples. Five out of seven NoV-positive samples (71%) were identified as GI while the other two (29%) were GII. Enteroviruses and Advs were detected in two and three samples, respectively. Rotavirus and hepatitis A virus were not detected. Total coliforms, E. coli and coliphages were detected in 49, 15 and 13% of the samples, respectively, but did not appear to be suitable indicators of enteric virus contamination in groundwater. These results suggest that additional treatment may be needed for a significant number of groundwaters prior to use as drinking water.

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Outbreaks, occurrence, and control of norovirus and hepatitis a virus contamination in berries: A review

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition ◽

10.1080/10408398.2020.1719383 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 61 (1) ◽

pp. 116-138 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hayriye Bozkurt ◽

Kim-Yen Phan-Thien ◽

Floris van Ogtrop ◽

Tina Bell ◽

Robyn McConchie

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis A ◽

Hepatitis A Virus ◽

Virus Contamination ◽

And Control

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Application of solid-phase immune electron microscopy to study physical and stability characteristics of enterically transmitted non-a, non-b hepatitis virus

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100102481 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 46 ◽

pp. 80-81

Author(s):

Charles D. Humphrey ◽

E. H. Cook ◽

Karen A. McCaustland ◽

Daniel W. Bradley

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Hepatitis A ◽

Hepatitis A Virus ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Etiologic Agent ◽

World Health ◽

Health Concern ◽

Morphological Identification ◽

Immune Electron Microscopy

Enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis (ET-NANBH) is a type of hepatitis which is increasingly becoming a significant world health concern. As with hepatitis A virus (HAV), spread is by the fecal-oral mode of transmission. Until recently, the etiologic agent had not been isolated and identified. We have succeeded in the isolation and preliminary characterization of this virus and demonstrating that this agent can cause hepatic disease and seroconversion in experimental primates. Our characterization of this virus was facilitated by immune (IEM) and solid phase immune electron microscopic (SPIEM) methodologies.Many immune electron microscopy methodologies have been used for morphological identification and characterization of viruses. We have previously reported a highly effective solid phase immune electron microscopy procedure which facilitated identification of hepatitis A virus (HAV) in crude cell culture extracts. More recently we have reported utilization of the method for identification of an etiologic agent responsible for (ET-NANBH).

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Hepatitis A Antigen in Liver, Bile and Stool

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100115328 ◽

1975 ◽

Vol 33 ◽

pp. 340-341

Author(s):

D.R. Jackson ◽

J.H. Hoofnagle ◽

A.N. Schulman ◽

J.L. Dienstag ◽

R.H. Purcell ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis A ◽

Liver Enzymes ◽

Hepatitis A Virus ◽

Type A ◽

Initial Study ◽

Virus Like Particle ◽

Elevated Liver Enzymes ◽

Ag Particles ◽

Ag Particle ◽

Human Stool

Using immune electron microscopy Feinstone et. al. demonstrated the presence of a 27 nm virus-like particle in acute-phase stools of patients with viral hepatitis, type A, These hepatitis A antigen (HA Ag) particles were aggregated by convalescent serum from patients with type A hepatitis but not by pre-infection serum. Subsequently Dienstag et. al. and Maynard et. al. produced acute hepatitis in chimpanzees by inoculation with human stool containing HA Ag. During the early acute disease, virus like particles antigenically, morphologically and biophysically identical to the human HA Ag particle were found in chimpanzee stool. Recently Hilleman et. al. have described similar particles in liver and serum of marmosets infected with hepatitis A virus (HAV). We have investigated liver, bile and stool from chimpanzees and marmosets experimentally infected with HAV. In an initial study, a chimpanzee (no.785) inoculated with HA Ag-containing stool developed elevated liver enzymes 21 days after exposure.

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Identification of hepatitis a virus in cell cultures by solid phase immune electron microscopy

Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America ◽

10.1017/s0424820100142815 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 44 ◽

pp. 238-239

Author(s):

C.D. Humphrey ◽

T.L. Cromeans ◽

E.H. Cook ◽

D.W. Bradley

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Liquid Phase ◽

Cell Cultures ◽

Rapid Detection ◽

Hepatitis A ◽

Hepatitis A Virus ◽

Solid Phase ◽

Immune Electron Microscopy ◽

Detection And Identification

There is a variety of methods available for the rapid detection and identification of viruses by electron microscopy as described in several reviews. The predominant techniques are classified as direct electron microscopy (DEM), immune electron microscopy (IEM), liquid phase immune electron microscopy (LPIEM) and solid phase immune electron microscopy (SPIEM). Each technique has inherent strengths and weaknesses. However, in recent years, the most progress for identifying viruses has been realized by the utilization of SPIEM.

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Hepatitis A virus (HAV) fact sheet

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e411642008-002 ◽

2005 ◽

Keyword(s):

Hepatitis A ◽

Hepatitis A Virus ◽

Fact Sheet

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“In vitro” and in Animal Model Studies on a Double Virus- Inactivated Factor VIII Concentrate

Thrombosis and Haemostasis ◽

10.1055/s-0038-1649839 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 74 (03) ◽

pp. 868-873 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Silvana Arrighi ◽

Roberta Rossi ◽

Maria Giuseppina Borri ◽

Vladimir Lesnikov ◽

Marina Lesnikov ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Heat Treatment ◽

Animal Model ◽

Factor Viii ◽

Hepatitis A ◽

Hepatitis A Virus ◽

Virus Inactivation ◽

Enveloped Viruses ◽

Model Studies ◽

Heat Treated

SummaryTo improve the safety of plasma derived factor VIII (FVIII) concentrate, we introduced a final super heat treatment (100° C for 30 min) as additional virus inactivation step applied to a lyophilized, highly purified FVIII concentrate (100 IU/mg of proteins) already virus inactivated using the solvent/detergent (SID) method during the manufacturing process.The efficiency of the super heat treatment was demonstrated in inactivating two non-lipid enveloped viruses (Hepatitis A virus and Poliovirus 1). The loss of FVIII procoagulant activity during the super heat treatment was of about 15%, estimated both by clotting and chromogenic assays. No substantial changes were observed in physical, biochemical and immunological characteristics of the heat treated FVIII concentrate in comparison with those of the FVIII before heat treatment.

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